Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide (1948), (United Nations), 180
Cornell Peru Project, 157, 167–72
cortisone, 129
Council on Foreign Relations, 33
Cuba: drug trafficking accusations and, 4–6, 177, 210–12, 214, 277n174; revolution and, 175, 189, 209–213
Daniel, Price, 204
Dasso, David, 28
demerol, 18, 160
Department of Commerce, 51–2, 72, 79
Department of Defense, 63, 78
Dow Chemical, 48
drugs. See narcotics
Drugs and Pharmaceutical Unit (Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce), 77
Drugs Disposal Committee (FBN), 58, 65–67
Drug Replacement Program (BEW), 41–42. See also economic warfare
Drug Resources Industry Advisory Committee (United States), 48, 78
Drug Supervisory Body (United Nations), 154, 224, 245n135
Dutch East Indies. See Netherlands East Indies
economic warfare, 11, 42, 94, 212, 235n2; blacklist and, 36–37, 241n91; commodity flows and, 15, 36, 240n58; drug trade and, 16–17, 33–34, 39–41, 43–45, 47, 49, 164; US pharmaceutical industry and, 44–46, 51, 164
Ecuador, 111, 167, 209, 211–12, 243n116, 254n7, 257n40, 277n160
Eddy, Nathan B., 156, 202
Egypt, 74, 86, 213
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 78, 90
Eli Lilly & Company, 48, 160
empire, imperialism: challenges to, 69–70, 169, 187, 189, 213–14; coca, cocaine, Coca-Cola and, 23–24, 31–32, 84, 91–92, 94, 96–97, 126, 136, 182, 278n8; definition of, 73, 87; drug control and, 1, 8, 16–17, 51, 55, 67, 126, 149, 152–54, 182–84, 190–92, 226–27, 269n33; Latin America and, 5, 34–37, 95, 97, 114, 165, 257n40; pharmaceuticals and, 1, 22, 51, 55, 74, 95, 146, 243n116, 263n31; raw materials and, 35, 68, 182; science, public health and, 106, 147, 149, 154, 177; Soviet Union and, 152–53, 177, 184, 186–87, 213; United Nations representation and, 101, 153, 177, 186–89, 269n43, 270n56; United States territories and, 152, 187–88, 269n44
England. See United Kingdom
Europe, 146; colonialism and, 22, 62, 70, 147, 149, 165, 182, 186–88; drug control and, 16, 102, 211; drug manufacturing and 7, 20, 24–27, 29, 97, 99, 222, 238n32, 254n11; US drug industry and, 27, 31, 48, 72–74, 84, 88–89, 95; World War II and, 20, 22, 24–26, 29, 31–32, 48, 254n11
Expert Committee on Drugs Liable to Produce Addiction (WHO), 155–58, 202–3
Export-Import Bank, 42
Fair Play for Cuba Committee, 213
Farley, James A., 88
Farmer, Art, 206
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (United States): Bolivia and, 128, 130; coca and, 25, 28–30, 46, 80–83, 108, 130, 134–41, 155, 176, 220, 223, 250n77; Coca-Cola and, 25, 32, 81, 84, 89, 91, 93, 129–30, 139–41, 238n31, 250n77; Cold War, communism and, 6, 115, 174, 179, 182, 194, 210–11, 214; domestic drug control and, 3, 55–61, 65–66, 76, 135–37, 155, 159–60, 162, 182, 196–205, 218, 226, 247n26, 248n54, 273n91, 274n97, 274n109; drug stockpiling and, 18, 21, 30, 55–61, 64–66, 72, 82–83, 236n11; international drug control and, 4, 20, 25–26, 98, 108–110, 130, 135, 139–41, 176, 182, 189, 196, 218–20, 226; international police collaboration and, 4, 6, 210–12; Peru and, 4, 26, 28–29, 32, 46, 108–9, 113–15, 128–29, 130; pharmaceutical industry and, 26–27, 30–31, 46, 58, 76, 78, 80–84, 91, 93, 108, 110, 128, 136–37, 140–41, 159–60, 218–20, 223, 226, 248n54, 250n77, 255n23; postwar national defense and, 18, 31, 55, 65–66, 71–72, 82–83; World War II and, 20–21, 29–31, 46, 49–50, 93, 139, 236n11
Federal Civil Rights Commission (United States), 201
Federal Security Administration (United States), 17, 20
First National Bank and Trust Company, 110
Fonda, Howard, 110, 117
Foreign Economic Administration (United States), 47
Formosa (Taiwan), 24, 49, 177, 190, 192, 254
Fort Myer, 144
France, 24, 27, 89, 91, 111, 139, 188–89, 191, 248n47, 254n12, 269n43
French Togoland, 188
General Service Administration (United States), 66
Geneva Convention (1931, United Nations), 20, 25–6, 30, 56, 139, 221, 224, 245n135
Germany, 77; coca, cocaine, Coca-Cola and, 24–25, 28–29, 31–32, 85, 89, 139; drug manufacturing and, 16, 18, 22, 24–25, 33, 39, 43, 47–48, 248n47; Latin American market and, 34–35, 37–45, 47, 73, 241n91, 243n116; narcotics control and, 48, 50, 191, 251n78; synthetic drugs and, 18, 143, 159; US pharmaceutical industry and, 18, 43–44, 48–49, 51, 73, 80, 164, 249n69, 249n73
Getz, Stan, 206–7
Gillespie, Dizzy, 207, 209
Global Commission on Drug Policy, 226
Goldwater, Barry, 195
Gonzalez, Juan, 210
Government Commission on Resource Mobilization (United States), 70–71
Graham, Billy, 194
Greece, 184, 268n29
Gregg, Eddie, 65
Guatemala, 13, 183–84, 255n24
Gutiérrez-Noriega, Carlos, 118–122, 124–25, 166, 260n84
Gutknecht, John, 202
Harrison Narcotic Act (United States), 2–3, 24, 99
Hartung, M.J., 82–3
hashish, dagga. See marijuana
Haya de la Torre, Victór Raúl, 115, 257–8n44
Hayes, Ralph, 81, 88, 91, 127–30
Hentoff, Nat, 208
Higgins, Lois L., 195
Holmberg, Allan, 167–69, 171
Howe, Hubert S., 204
Hughes, Langston, 208
imperialism. See empire
India, 21–2, 31, 74, 153, 184, 213, 227, 268n29
Indian, indigenous peoples: coca market and, 9–10, 12, 23, 94–95, 100–1, 104–5, 108, 112, 116, 119–26, 128–30, 134, 136–40, 156–57, 165–67, 220, 22–25; development and, 36–37, 86, 95, 103–5, 109, 118–26, 165–69, 173, 227; drug control and, 9–10, 12–13, 100–1, 103, 105–6, 108–12, 116–26, 128, 130, 134, 136–40, 158, 165–66, 173, 220, 225; pharmaceutical markets and, 10, 37, 146–47, 101, 146–47, 149; social and political struggles and, 9, 12–13, 101, 103–6, 112, 116, 118–26, 130, 165, 169, 173, 209, 220, 222–26
Indonesia, 24, 145, 189, 220–1, 254n7
Institute of Andean Biology, 118
Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Peru), 119
Inter-American Congress of Indians, 126
Inter-American Meeting on the Illicit Traffic in Cocaine and Coca Leaves, 211–12
International Anesthesia Research Society, 145
International Cooperation Agency (United States), 165
International Labor Organization, 167
International Opium Convention (1912, United Nations), 16
International Opium Convention (1925, United Nations), 111, 245n135
International Symposium on High Altitude Biology, 119
Interpol, 211
Iran, 184, 268n29
Isbell, Harris, 202
Ishii Shiro, 179–80
Italy, 28, 31, 38, 269n43
ivory, 71
Iwo Jima, 24
Japan: coca cultivation and, 23–24, 254n7, 254n9; drug control and, 49–50, 178, 182, 192, 268n16; Latin American investments and, 35; US pharmaceutical industry and, 51, 62, 74, 85, 164; World War II and, 16, 22, 25–26, 29, 32, 38, 49–51, 56, 77, 179–80, 192, 241n91, 268n16
Java, 24–25, 29–30, 128, 254n7. See also Indonesia
Jazz, 175, 206–9, 213
Jim Crow, 7, 196, 208–9
Joint US-Bolivian Labor Commission, 37
Jones, LeRoi, 213
Jones Miller Narcotics Import Act (1922), 102
Kenya, 169, 174–5, 183, 185, 267n4
Kenya Land and Freedom Movement (Mau Mau), 174–75, 183, 267n4
Kenyatta, Jomo, 169, 174–75, 267n4
Kerr, Adelaide, 151
Khrushchev, Nikita, 54, 189, 213
Kitchen Debate, 54
Korea: drug control and, 49; Korean War and, 63, 68, 174–75, 177–78, 180–83, 194, 208, 215, 268n21, 273n86
Ku Klux Klan, 195
Lande, Adolph, 190–1
Lazarte, Jorge A., 109
League of Nations, 25, 33, 39, 98–9, 107, 111, 224, 255n23
Lechín, Juan, 115
Lend-Lease, 31, 239n47
Lidocaine, 142
Lindesmith, Alfred R., 201
Lovett, Robert A., 78
MacArthur, Douglas, 49, 197, 273n86
Mack, Raymond, 206
Macmillan, J.W., 135, 141,
Magruder, Calbert, 37,
malaria, 21, 145–6, 263n31
Malaysia, 22
Mallincrodt, 248n54, 249n63
mandatory minimum sentences, 176, 197, 212, 215
Mansfield, Mike, 203
Mao Tze-Tung, 193
marijuana, marihuana: African Americans and, 205, 207; drug control and, 10, 13, 66, 97, 185, 197–98, 203, 226, 247n26, 247n29, 273n90; traffic in, 65, 175, 247n24
Marijuana Tax Act, 10, 247n26, 29
Martí, José, 4–5
Materials Policy Commission (United States), 68
Mau Mau (Kenya Land and Freedom Movement), 174–5, 183, 267n4
Maywood Chemical Works: coca, cocaine, and Coca-Cola, 24, 30, 46, 80–84, 88, 91–93, 103, 107, 128, 140–41, 219–20, 223, 250n74, 250n77, 251n81, 255n23; drug control and, 24, 30, 81–82, 88, 91–92, 107, 128, 219–20, 248n54, 250n77; Peru and, 24, 32, 46, 83, 107, 128, 220; US government collaboration and, 30, 32, 46, 76, 80–84, 88, 91–93, 107, 128, 141, 220, 250n77, 255n23; World War II and, 30, 32, 46, 80–81, 249n73
McLeece, Henry Spencer, 58–59, 61
McNutt, Paul V., 17, 20
Medal for Merit, 77
Merchandise #5, 91–92, 103, 250n77. See also Coca-Cola
Merck, George W., 180
Merck & Company, Inc., 144; coca, cocaine and, 24, 29, 32, 76, 93, 103, 108, 128–29, 135–36, 140–41, 255n24; Cold War and, 162, 193; drug control and, 219, 248n54; pharmaceutical industry and, 79–80, 84, 122, 140–41, 160, 248n54; World War II and, 38, 44, 76–78, 180, 249n69
Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 77
Merck’s Institute for Therapeutic Research, 129
Merriam, Alan, 206
Mexico, 5, 13, 211, 225, 277n160
Mier y Teran, Alfonso, 212
Mingus, Charles, 206–9
Moliter, Hans, 129
Monge, Carlos, 118–20, 128–29
Morales, Evo, 225
morphine, 51, 59, 78, 144, 155, 158–9, 197. See also opium
Munitions Board, 21, 66, 77–78, 236n11
Musician’s Clinic, 207
Narcotic Control Working Party (Allied Health Committee, United Nations), 49
Narcotic Farm (United States), 159–162, 202–3, 227. See also Addiction Research Center; Public Health Service
narcotics: accusations of dirty warfare with, 6, 175, 178–81, 194–96; Coca-Cola and, 25, 80–83, 88–94, 138–40; definitions of, 10, 20, 135, 154–55, 273n90; global supplies of, 28–31, 33; human research and, 159–62, 203, 227; international narcotic regulation and, 3, 20, 23, 25, 47–50, 56, 99–100, 110–11, 138–40, 152, 176, 182–85, 189–92, 196, 211–214, 218, 221–22, 247n29; national regulation and, 2–3, 10, 20, 24, 26, 55–56, 61, 81, 99, 102, 134–37, 196–205, 217, 247n29; pharmaceutical industry and, 25, 29–30, 227, 58, 66–67, 72, 76–81, 88–95, 110, 143, 159, 218; policing traffic in, 6, 47–50, 58–61, 65–67, 114; racial profiling and, 196–202, 206–7, 276n135; US global power and, 1, 18, 21, 28–31, 49–50, 72, 88–89, 134, 227; US stockpiles of, 18, 21–22, 56, 58, 62, 64–68, 72. See also Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Narcotics Control Act (1956, United States), 197–98, 205, 212
Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 213
National Advisory Council on Narcotics (United States), 207
National Biology Teachers’ Association (United States), 195
National Coca Monopoly (Peru), 113, 116, 121, 254n12
National Committee on Drug Addiction (US National Research Council), 160
National Defense Research Committee (United States), 150
National Guard (United States), 208
National Institutes of Health (United States), 123–24, 259n59
National Research Council (United States), 159–60
National Science Foundation (United States), 78, 145
National Security Act (1947, United States), 63
National Security Council (United States), 63
National Security Resources Board (United States), 78,
National Vitamin Foundation (United States), 110
Naval Supply Depot (United States), 59–61, 64, 246n11
Nehru, Jawarharlal, 213
Netherlands; 20–24, 26, 30, 188, 254n7, 269n43
Netherlands Antilles, 188
Netherlands East Indies, 20–21, 24, 26, 30, 145, 254n7
Newport Jazz Festival, 206–9
New York Academy of Medicine, 204
New York Federation of Women’s Clubs, 207
Nicholson, H.B., 85–87
Nixon, Richard, 2, 17, 54, 195–96
Non-Aligned Movement, 189, 213, 270n54
O’Brien, Mrs. Duncan, 193
Odría, Manuel A., 113–15, 129, 257n41, 44
Office of Defense Mobilization (United States), 67–68, 72
Office of Inter-American Affairs (United States), 165
Office of International Trade (United States), 72
Office of Scientific Research and Development (United States), 145
Office of US High Commission for Germany, 89, 139
opium, opiates, 158; Cold War, red-baiting and, 181–82, 190, 192–93, 271n59, 271n66, 272n70; drug control and, 2, 10, 16, 20, 49, 56, 59, 64, 77, 97, 100, 111, 154–55, 159, 177, 184–85, 203, 271n59; global supplies of, 18, 21, 31, 51, 177, 184; illicit trade in, 59, 64; pharmaceutical industry and, 18, 51, 64, 67, 77, 246n23; synthetic substitutes for, 18, 51, 159; US government stockpiling of, 17–18, 21, 56, 64, 67, 236n11, 237n24, 246n23
Pan American Sanitary Bureau, 11, 45, 220
Pan American Union, 132
Paraguay, 211
Parke, Davis & Company, 45–6, 160, 249n63, 249n66
Parker, William H., 201
Passman, Otto E., 200
Patiño Mines and Enterprises, Inc., 35, 37
Paul Winter Sextet, 209
Peace Corps, 169
Pearl Harbor, 17, 20, 32, 38, 45, 272n70
Penicillin, 18, 145, 171
Penick Company, S.B., 81–82, 249n63, 250n77
Pepsi-Cola, 82
Perkins, George, 78
Permanent Central Opium Board (United Nations), 27, 49, 245n135, 262n14
Peru: coca and, 6, 22–24, 27–30, 50, 83, 98–102, 104, 106–15, 118–26, 128–30, 157, 167, 211–12, 220, 237n28, 254n7, 255n17, 258n52, 277n160; cocaine and, 4–6, 24–31, 102, 115–16, 124, 211–12, 218–19, 238n32, 254nn10–11, 257n40, 258n52, 277n160, 279n15; Cornell Vicos Project, 168–72; drug control and, 4–6, 9, 17, 26, 50, 98–102, 105–26, 130, 135, 163, 211–12, 218–22, 224, 253n112, 256n26, 256n39, 258n52, 277n160; pharmaceutical industry and, 24–25, 32, 39–48, 83, 99–100, 107, 128–30, 149, 163, 220, 242n95, 243n116, 244n121, 254n11; US economic influence and, 16–17, 29–30, 35–36, 39–48, 94–95, 102–3, 163–65, 168–72, 244n121, 253n112, 257n40, 258n47, 260n79; US police collaboration with, 4–5, 218–19; World War II and 16–17, 22–32, 35, 38–48, 241n91, 242n95, 243n116
Peruvian Chief of Narcotics, 117
Peruvian Indian Institute, 168
Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 107
Peruvian Ministry of Public Health, 41
Peruvian Ministry of Work and Indigenous Matters, 129
Peruvian National Coca Monopoly, 113, 116, 121, 254n12
Peruvian National Committee on Coca, 118, 128–29
petroleum, 36, 244n121
Philippines, 22, 74, 269n4
4
Pinillos, Alfred, 107
poppy plant: cultivation geography of, 22; drug control and, 20, 97, 154, 182. See also opium
Portugal, 88
Proclaimed List of Certain Blocked Nationals, 38–46, 241n91
Protocol Bringing Under International Control Drugs Outside the Scope of the Convention of 13 July 1931 for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs (1948, United Nations), 151–60
Protocol for Limiting and Regulating the Cultivation of the Poppy Plant, the Production of, International and Wholesale Trade in, and Use of Opium Protocol (1953, United Nations), 182–86, 190, 193, 270n57, 271n59
Public Health Service (United States): addiction research and, 156, 159–62, 203, 267n11; coca and, 123–24, 259n59; drug control and, 156, 185, 202–3; Narcotic Farm and, 159–162, 202–3, 227, 267n11
Puerto Rico, 28, 187–89, 238n39, 255n24, 269n44
qat, 8
Quechua, 101, 104, 116, 123, 130, 134. See also Indian
quinine, 17, 21, 26, 38, 40, 71, 79, 145–46, 237n24, 240n68. See also antimalarials; chinchona; malaria
Ramsey, Henry, 42
Roa, Raul, 213–14
Roach, Max, 207–8
Robeson, Paul, 175
Rockefeller Foundation, 119
Rogers, J.A., 175
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 151–52
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 17, 38, 40
Rostow, Walt, 87
rubber, 15, 36, 71, 240n58
Russia. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Sánchez de Lozada, Enrique, 167
Schering, 38, 39, 43, 44
Schwab, Robert S., 135–37, 141
Sears, Mason, 187
Security Council (United Nations), 188
Sharman, C.H.L., 109
Sharpe & Dhome, 79, 249n63, 249n66. See also Merck & Company, Inc.
Shearing, George, 206–7
Sherman, Gene, 201
Sieminski, Alfred, 174, 205
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961, United Nations), 3, 139, 184–85, 191; coca market and, 139, 222, 224–25; US FBN’s involvement, 185, 189–90, 271n59; US pharmaceutical manufacturers and, 219–21
Siragusa, Charles, 210–12
smallpox, 4–6, 197
Sobéron, Andrés Arelino, 29, 115, 258n49
Sociedad de Proprietarios de Yungas (Bolivia), 111
Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 119
South Africa, 74
Spellman, Francis, 194
State Department (United States): drug control and, 43–45, 49, 107, 193, 271n59; Latin American market and, 28–29, 33, 37, 39–49, 107; postwar expansion and, 146–47, 193, 208–9; World War II and, 28–29, 33, 37, 39–49
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