We Sell Drugs: The Alchemy of US Empire
Page 43
Steinig, Leon, 111–12
Stepan Pharmaceutical, 223. See also Maywood Chemical Works
stimulants, 142, 168, 259n61
Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act (1946, United States), 63
Strategic Materials Act (1939, United States), 63
Sumatra, 74. See also Netherlands East Indies
Suriname, 188. See also Netherlands Antilles
Surplus Property Act (1944, United States), 63
Switzerland, 27, 91, 125, 191, 248n47, 254n11
Taiwan. See Formosa
taxation, taxes: Andean governments and, 35, 101, 116, 122, 266n83; US drug control and, 10, 28, 82, 98, 102, 247n29
tea, 94, 132, 134, 168, 207
Tennyson, Alfred L., 82
Thailand, 35
Third World: anticolonialism and, 173, 183, 187, 213–14; Cold War and, 62, 149, 175, 183, 185, 190; drug control and, 62, 149, 175, 185, 191, 248n50
Thorp, Willard L., 146–47
tin, 15, 35–37, 47, 171, 240n58, 67
tobacco, 156, 157, 173, 198, 213
Tovell, Ralph M., 144
tranquilizers, 204–5
Treasury Department (United States); drug control and, 3, 28, 56–58, 65–66, 82, 102, 134; Latin American markets and, 28, 48, 82, 121, 132; national defense and, 2, 18, 64–66, 72, 132–134
Truman, Harry, 63, 68, 78, 273n86
trust territories, trusteeship (United Nations), 152, 187, 269nn43–44
Tungsten, 35–36, 240n68
Turkey, 21–22, 184, 208, 268n29
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: coca commodities market and, 29, 31–32, 91; Cold War and, 54, 62–64, 69, 91, 146, 152, 164, 175, 177–90, 208, 213–14, 219; drug control and, 152–53, 177–90, 269n33; United Nations and, 152–53, 177–90, 267n9; World War II and, 20, 29, 31–32
United Kingdom: drug control and, 2, 152, 174, 188, 191, 193, 254n12, 258n46; imperialism and, 24, 32, 35, 74, 152–53, 188–89, 269n43; Latin American market and, 25, 33, 35–36, 43, 254n12, 260n79; pharmaceutical industry and, 21–22, 24, 27, 31, 43, 248n47; United Nations and, 152–53, 188–89, 258n46, 269n43; World War II and, 21, 25, 31, 36, 43, 188
United Nations Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf. See Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf
United Nations Committee of 24, 189
United Nations Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 189
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 225
United Nations Drug Supervisory Body, 154, 224, 245n135
United Nations Economic and Social Council, 177–78
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 119
United Nations General Assembly, 152, 177, 188, 189, 213, 225
United States Air Force, 118–19, 259n59, 259n61
United States Attorney’s Office, 65
United States Bureau of Chemistry, 90
United States Center of Military History, 180
United States Department of Agriculture, 28, 90
United States Drug Enforcement Agency, 223
United States Military Academy, 53–54, 63, 70
United States Naval Medical Research Center, 119
United States Navy Air Corps, 141–42
United States Office of Inter-American Affairs, 165, 244n121
United States Office of Naval Research, 135, 141
United States Office of Scientific Research and Development, 145
United States-Peru Trade Agreement (1942), 28
United States Public Health Service. See Public Health Service
United States Senate Subcommittees on Foreign Relations, 183, 187, 193
United States State Department. See State Department
United States Treasury Department. See Treasury Department
Utah State Hospital, Utah State Prison, 58–60
Vanadium Corporation of America, 35
Venezuela, 111, 211–12, 254n7, 277n160
Vicos, Peru, 157, 168, 169, 171, 172
vitamins, 18, 26, 77, 110, 121–22, 128, 138, 142
War Assets Administration, 59, 61, 65
War Department, 49
“War on Drugs”, 1–3, 13, 16–17, 193, 234n2, 254n7
War Production Board, 44
War Shipping Administration, 44
Welfare Council of the City of New York, 196
Western Hemisphere, 11, 23, 98, 100, 182; consumer market 18, 75; German influence 33, 51; raw materials 17, 34
Wiley, Alexander, 193
Williams, Robert F., 213
Wilson, Charles Morrow, 33
Winick, Charles, 207
Winthrop Pharmaceuticals, 48
Woodruff, Robert W., 32, 84
World Health Organization, 11; defining addiction, 154–57, 159, 202–3; drug control and, 143, 220–23; synthetic drugs, and, 145–46
WR Grace & Co., 45, 243n116, 244n121
Wright, Specs, 207
X, Malcolm, 213
Yates, G.E., 109
Yugoslavia, 21, 184, 268n29
AMERICAN CROSSROADS
Edited by Earl Lewis, George Lipsitz, George Sánchez, Dana Takagi, Laura Briggs, and Nikhil Pal Singh
1. Border Matters: Remapping American Cultural Studies, by José David Saldívar
2. The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture, by Neil Foley
3. Indians in the Making: Ethnic Relations and Indian Identities around Puget Sound, by Alexandra Harmon
4. Aztlán and Viet Nam: Chicano and Chicana Experiences of the War, edited by George Mariscal
5. Immigration and the Political Economy of Home: West Indian Brooklyn and American Indian Minneapolis, 1945–1992, by Rachel Buff
6. Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East since 1945, by Melani McAlister
7. Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown, by Nayan Shah
8. Japanese American Celebration and Conflict: A History of Ethnic Identity and Festival, 1934–1990, by Lon Kurashige
9. American Sensations: Class, Empire, and the Production of Popular Culture, by Shelley Streeby
10. Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past, by David R. Roediger
11. Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico, by Laura Briggs
12. meXicana Encounters: The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands, by Rosa Linda Fregoso
13. Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles, by Eric Avila
14. Ties That Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom, by Tiya Miles
15. Cultural Moves: African Americans and the Politics of Representation, by Herman S. Gray
16. Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920, by Paul Ortiz
17. Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America, by Alexandra Stern
18. Audiotopia: Music, Race, and America, by Josh Kun
19. Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles, by Laura Pulido
20. Fit to Be Citizens? Public Health and Race in Los Angeles, 1879–1939, by Natalia Molina
21. Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California, by Ruth Wilson Gilmore
22. Proud to Be an Okie: Cultural Politics, Country Music, and Migration to Southern California, by Peter La Chapelle
23. Playing America’s Game: Baseball, Latinos, and the Color Line, by Adrian Burgos, Jr.
24. The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance during World War II, by Luis Alvarez
25. Guantánamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution, by Jana K. Lipman
26. Between Arab and White: Race and Ethnicity in the Early Syrian-American Diaspora, by Sarah M. A. Gualtieri
27
. Mean Streets: Chicago Youths and the Everyday Struggle for Empowerment in the Multiracial City, 1908–1969, by Andrew J. Diamond
28. In Sight of America: Photography and the Development of U.S. Immigration Policy, by Anna Pegler-Gordon
29. Migra! A History of the U.S. Border Patrol, by Kelly Lytle Hernández
30. Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California, by Daniel Martinez HoSang
31. Stranger Intimacy: Contesting Race, Sexuality, and the Law in the North American West, by Nayan Shah
32. The Nicest Kids in Town: American Bandstand and Segregation in Postwar Philadelphia, by Matthew F. Delmont
33. Jack Johnson, Rebel Sojourner: Boxing in the Shadow of the Global Color Line, by Theresa Rundstedler
34. Pacific Connections: The Making of the US-Canadian Borderlands, by Kornel Chang
35. States of Delinquency: Race and Science in the Making of California’s Juvenile Justice System, by Miroslava Chávez-García
36. Spaces of Conflict, Sounds of Solidarity: Music, Race, and Spatial Entitlement in Los Angeles, by Gaye Theresa Johnson
37. Covert Capital: Landscapes of Denial and the Making of U.S. Empire in the Suburbs of Northern Virginia, by Andrew Friedman
38. How Race Is Made in America: Immigration, Citizenship, and the Historical Power of Racial Scripts, by Natalia Molina
39. We Sell Drugs: The Alchemy of US Empire by Suzanna Reiss