Revolution 1989
Page 52
14 Németh interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 8
TWENTY-THREE: ENDGAME IN POLAND1 Micknik, Letters From Freedom, p. 157
2 Alina Piekowska interview in Cold War series, LHCMA box 12
3 Author’s interview with Jerzy Urban, Warsaw, October 1995
4 Mitrokhin Archive, pp. 695-8
5 Strawomir Cenckiewicz and Piotr Gontarczyk, SB a Lech Wałesa (Rok, Warsaw, 2008)
6 Author’s interview with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995, and also Rakowski, Jak To ie Stało
7 Pryce-Jones, p. 256, and author’s conversations with Geremek, October 1995
8 Stanisław Ciosek speech at University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, conference on Solidarity, April 1999
TWENTY-FOUR: PRESIDENT BUSH TAKES CHARGE1 Author’s interview with James Baker, Houston, September 2007
2 Gates’ memo to Reagan, Beschloss and Talbott, p. 135
3 National Intelligence Estimate 11/12-9-98, USNSA, Cold War files
4 Gates, From the Shadows, p. 178
5 Author’s interview with James Baker, Houston, Texas, September 2007, and Bush and Scowcroft, pp. 93-9
TWENTY-FIVE: TRIUMPH IN MANHATTAN1 Quoted in Dobbs, p. 216
2 Gorbachev, Memoirs, p. 387
3 Nikolai Ryzhkov in off-the-record interview with several Western journalists, Yerevan, Armenia, 9 December 1988
4 Dobrynin, p. 328
5 Chernyaev diary and Beschloss and Talbott, p. 257
6 Gromyko, p. 380
7 Volkogonov, pp. 478-80
8 Chernyaev diary, December 1988, CWIHP
9 APRF, Politburo minutes for 24-5 March 1988
10 Shakhnazarov memo to Gorbachev, 6 October 1988, CWIHP
11 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive, APRF, Moscow, report to Minister, 24 February 1989.
12 Chernyaev diary, December 1988, CWIHP
TWENTY-SIX: THE WAR OF WORDS1 Népszabadság, 3 May 1988
2 In conversation with the author, Budapest, April 2004
3 Scînteia, Bucharest, 1 September 1988
4 Népszabadság, 4 October 1988
5 Thürmer, Nem Kell NATO
TWENTY-SEVEN: HAVEL IN JAIL1 General Alojs Lorenc, report on security operations 1988-1989, Vol. 4/II, Úad Dokumentace a Vyetování and at CWIHP
2 Rudé Právo, 11 January 1989
3 Havel, To the Castle and Back, p. 173
4 Quoted in Stokes, The Walls Came Tumbling Down, p. 278
TWENTY-EIGHT: THE ROUND TABLE1 Wałsa, The Struggle and the Triumph, p. 238
2 Janusz Reykowski quoted in Simpson, The Darkness Crumbles, p. 184; Mieczysław Rakowski in conversation with the author, Warsaw, October 1995
3 Hayden, Poles Apart, p. 146
4 Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995
5 Pryce-Jones, p. 168
6 Michnik, Letters from Freedom, p. 139
7 Ibid., pp. 141-9
TWENTY-NINE: SHOOT TO KILL1 For background on Chris Gueffroy and his attempted escape, see Deutschland radio’s Chronik der Mauer, website www.chronik-der-mauer.de, Taylor, The Berlin Wall, and Christopher Hilton, The Wall (The History Press, London, 2002)
THIRTY: THE FRIENDSHIP BRIDGE1 Chernyaev diary, January 1989, CWIHP
2 International Herald Tribune, 16 May 1988
3 Gromov, pp. 190-204; Chernyaev, diary and My Six Years with Gorbachev. Also Dobbs, pp. 396-404; Artyom Borovik, The Hidden War (Grove Press, New York, 2001)
4 Gromov, p. 178
5 Russian State Archive for Contemporary History, RGANI, Moscow, f89.10. doc 25. st 1-3
THIRTY-ONE: THE CURTAIN FALLS1 Minutes of meeting at GF; Gorbachev talks with Hungarian leaders, 1989
2 Cold War series LHCMA, box 11
3 Quoted in Pryce-Jones, p. 231
4 MOL (Hungarian National Archive), Budapest M-KS-288-1¼458
5 Chernyaev diary, January 1989
6 Németh interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 8 and Tarasenko interview, March 1999, OHCW
7 Interview in Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 3
THIRTY-TWO: THE CAUTIOUS AMERICAN1 James Baker in conversation with the author, Houston, September 2007, and Gates, From the Shadows, p. 298
2 Baker in conversation with the author, Houston, September 2007
3 Beschloss and Talbott, p. 156
4 Bush and Scowcroft, p. 86
5 Quoted in Weiner, pp. 349-53
6 Beschloss and Talbott, pp. 158-60
7 Record of Gorbachev/Thatcher conversation at GF, and also author in conversation with Lord Powell, London, May 2007
8 Beschloss and Talbott, p. 160
9 Bush and Scowcroft, p. 94
10 William Wohlforth, Cold War Endgame, (Penn State University Press, 2002)
11 NIE 11-4-89: Soviet Policy Towards the West, USNSA
THIRTY-THREE: THE LOYAL OPPOSITION1 Quoted in Boyes, pp. 192-6
2 Hayden, Poles Apart, p. 137
3 Pryce-Jones, p. 180
4 Hayden, Poles Apart, p. 160
THIRTY-FOUR: THE DICTATOR PAYS HIS DEBTS1 In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
2 Brucan, in conversation with the author, Bucharest, April 1990, and Almond, The Rise and Fall of Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu, pp. 160-64
3 Peter Siani-Davies, The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 (Cornell University Press, 2007), p. 139
THIRTY-FIVE: A STOLEN ELECTION1 Neues Deutschland, 8 May 1989
2 Garton Ash, ‘Sketches from Another Germany’, essay in The Uses of Adversity
3 Maier, p. 72
4 ‘Ich Liebe euch doche alle . . .’ Befehle und Lageberichte des MfS p. 113
5 Maier, p. 89
6 Dirk Philipsen, We Were the People (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1992), p. 93
THIRTY-SIX: EXPULSION OF THE TURKS1 Archive of the Bulgarian parliament, Communist Party Central Committee files, May 1989
2 GF, files on talks with Bulgarian leaders.
3 Pryce-Jones, p. 246, and also Lukanov in conversation with the author, Sofia, April 1991
4 Roumen Danov and Krassen Stanchev in conversation with the author, Sofia, September 2007
THIRTY-SEVEN: THE LANDSLIDE1 Garton Ash, We the People, and author in conversation with Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995
2 Ibid. and author in conversation with Jerzy Urban, Warsaw, October 1995
3 Garton Ash, We the People, p. 36
4 Hayden, Poles Apart, p. 168, and author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995
5 Ambassador Davis’s telegrams to State Department at USNSA , Poland briefing papers
6 Gazeta Wyborcza, Warsaw, 5 June 1989, p. 1, and quoted in Dobbs, p. 268
7 Polish Communist Party (PZPR) Secretariat files, Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
8 Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995
9 Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995, and as reported by Ambassador Davis in cable to State Department, 11 August 1989, USNSA
10 Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995
THIRTY-EIGHT: FUNERAL IN BUDAPEST1 Hungarian National Archives (Magyar Országos Levéltár), Budapest, M-KS-288/1050; Pozsgay interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
2 János Kenedi, Kis Allambistonsági Olvasokonyvy (A Secret Police Reader) (Magvet, Budapest, 1996)
3 BBC World Service radio report, 18 June 1989
4 In conversation with Maria Vásárhelyi and Miklós Haraszti, Budapest, April 2004, and Maria Kovács interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 11
5 Neues Deutschland, 11 June 1989
6 BASPMO, ZK , JIV2/2A/3225
THIRTY-NINE: A PRESIDENTIAL TOUR1 Beschloss and Talbott, pp. 186-8, and Bush and Scowcroft, pp. 144-50
2 Bush and Scowcroft, p. 152
3 Ibid., p. 157
4 Gazeta Wyborcza, 11 July 1989
5 Author in conversation with Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995, and Beschloss and Talbott, p
p. 170-72
6 Bush and Scowcroft, p. 157
7 Palmer interview in Foreign Affairs Oral History collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Library of Congress, Washington DC
8 Author’s conversation with Mazowiecki
9 Timothy Garton Ash, ‘Poland After Solidarity’, New York Review of Books, 13 June 1991, and author in conversation with Jerzy Urban, Warsaw, October 1995
10 Gazeta Wyborcza, 3 August 1989
11 Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995
12 Record of Jaruzelski’s speech in Malcolm Byrne and Vojtech Mastny (eds), A Cardboard Castle? An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact. (Central European University Press, Budapest, 2005)
13 Bronisław Geremek, Rok 1989 - opowiada, Jacek akowski pyta (The Year 1989 - Bronisław Geremek Advocates, Jacek akowski Asks, translated into French as La Rupture, Seuil, Paris, 1991)
14 Quoted in Dobbs, p. 288
15 Tarasenko interview, OHCW, March 1999
FORTY: TRAIL OF THE TRABANTS1 Otto von Habsburg interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 6
2 Author’s conversations with Miklós Haraszti and Agnes Gergely, April 2004, and Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
3 Author’s conversation with Maria Vásárhelyi, and Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
4 Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
5 Ibid., box 4
6 Palmer interview, Foreign Affairs Oral History collection, Library of Congress, Washington DC; Kovács quoted in Lévesque, The Enigma of 1989, p. 187
7 Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 3
8 Author in conversation with Dr Matthias Mueller, Berlin, November 2007
9 Quoted in McElvoy, The Saddled Cow, p. 168
10 BA SPMO, Krenz’s office mIV 2/2.039/77
FORTY-ONE: A GOVERNMENT OF DISSIDENTS1 Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995; Geremek, Rok 1989, pp. 116-8, Boyes, pp. 191-200
2 Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995, and Stokes, The Walls Came Tumbling Down, p. 227
3 Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, and Boyes, p. 196
FORTY-TWO: REFUGEES1 Dokumente zur Deutschlandpolitik: Deutsche Einheit, Sonderedition aus den Akten des Bundeskanzleramtes, 1988/1989, document 28, and Miklós Németh interview in Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
2 Ibid., Németh interview
3 GF, record of Gorbachev phone conversation with Kohl, 25 August 1989
4 BA SPMO, Krenz’s office IV 2/2.039/76, and Günter Schabowski, Das Politbüro (Rowholt, Reinbeck, 1990)
5 BASPMO, Krenz’s office, transcript of 5 September Politburo meeting, IV 2/2.039/77
6 Németh interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
7 Author in conversations with Matthias Mueller and Reinhard Schult, Berlin, November 2007, and Maier, p. 168. Jan Lässig interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 5.
8 ‘Ich Liebe euch doch alle . . .’ Befehle und Lageberichte des Mfs, pp. 450-66
9 Poppe interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 7
10 Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 11
11 Neues Deutschland, 12 September 1989
12 Schabowski, Das Politbüro, p. 127
13 Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
14 Cold War series, LHCMA box 7
FORTY-THREE: THE BIRTHDAY PARTY1 Chernyaev diary, October 1989
2 Hermann interview in Cold War series, LHCMA box 6; Schabowski in Fall of the Wall series, box 6
3 Schabowski in conversation with the author
4 Chernyaev diary, October 1989
5 Interview in Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 5
6 London Observer, 22 October 1989
7 Cold War series, LHCMA box 6
8 Quoted in McElvoy, The Saddled Cow, p. 168
9 Order MfS, ZAIG, Nr 45⅛9 quoted in ‘Ich Liebe euch doch alle . . .’ Befehle und Lageberichte des Mfs, pp. 372-5
10 In conversation with the author, Berlin, November 2007
11 Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 7
12 In conversation with the author, Berlin, November 2007
13 Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 9
14 Maier, p. 157
15 Schabowski, Das Politbüro, pp. 79-96
16 Chernyaev diary, October 1989
17 Potzl, pp. 323-6
18 For the coup against Honecker, see Pötzl; Schabowski, Das Politbüro; Krenz
FORTY-FOUR: PEOPLE POWER1 Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
2 See Potzl, pp. 310-12
3 See Uwe Müller, Supergau Deutsche Einheit (Rowohlt, Berlin, 2006), pp. 56-70
4 Cold War files at USNSA and BA SPMO, Krenz’s officeIV2/2.039/79
5 Hans-Hermann Hertle, Der Fall der Mauer (Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen, 1999), pp. 108-10
6 BA SPMO, DY30/JIV2/SA/3225 and, for Gorbachev’s private comments, Chernyaev diary
7 Neues Deutschland, 2 November 1989
8 Hertle, Der Fall der Mauer, pp. 467-75
9 Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
10 Wolf and McElvoy, p. 210
FORTY-FIVE: THE WALL COMES TUMBLING DOWN1 Neues Deutschland 9 November 1989
2 Krenz, pp. 130-34, and interview in the Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 6
3 Schabowski interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 5
4 A full transcript of the press conference is available from CWIHP
5 From several journalists present, and as recorded in the USNSA Cold War files
6 Cold War series, LHCMA box 6
7 In conversation with the author, January 2008
8 Cold War series, LHCMA box 7
9 In conversation with the author, January 2008
10 As quoted in McElvoy, The Saddled Cow, p. 189
11 Ambassador Kochemasov interview in Moscow News, 29 November 1992 and Igor Maksimichev in Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 10-11 November 1993
12 GF, telegrams to Helmut Kohl
13 Beschloss and Talbott, pp. 257-61
14 Milt Bearden, The Main Enemy (Century, London, 2003), pp. 206-7
15 USNSA , End of the Cold War file
FORTY-SIX: THE COUP1 Author in conversation with Krassen Stanchev, Sofia, October 2007.
2 Pryce-Jones, p. 325, and author in conversation with Lukanov, Sofia, April 1991, and with Rumen Danov, Sofia, October 2007
3 Lévesque, The Enigma of 1989, pp. 217-20
4 Archive of the Bulgarian Parliament, Communist Party Central Committee, October 1989 file, Sofia
5 Lukanov, in conversation with the author, Sofia, April 1991
6 Pryce-Jones, pp. 325-30, and author in conversation with Lukanov
7 Author in conversation with Stefan Fratrov, Sofia, November 1989, and with Ionni Pojarleff, Sofia, October 2007
FORTY-SEVEN: THE VELVET REVOLUTION1 Garton Ash, We the People, p. 121
2 Czech Interior Ministry archive, Documents of Defence Mobilisation Measures, OV-00174/S-89 and at CWIHP
3 All in conversation with the author, Prague, December 1989
4 In conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
5 The commission of inquiry report into the demonstration is in the Czech National Archives, Prague. Accounts of the ‘conspiracy’ in BBC Radio 4’s Pushing Back the Curtain series, and Simpson, The Darkness Crumbles.
6 Ivan Klíma, The Spirit of Prague (Granta, London, 1998), p. 95
7 USNSA, End of the Cold War file
8 Soukup in conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
9 Kocáb in conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
10 Fojtík, as told to Jacques Rupnik in conversation with author, Prague, August 2007
11 Pryce-Jones, pp. 323-30
12 In conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
13 BBC World Service report, 24 November 1989
14 In conversation with the author, August 2007
15 Kocáb in conversation with the author, and Simpson, The Darkness Crumbles , p. 345
FORTY-EIGHT: THE MOMENT OF WEAKNESS1 Scînteia, Bucharest, 22 November 1989
2 Background on László Tökés, see Tökés, With God, for the People (Crossways Books, New York, 1992); Petru Dugulescu, Ei mi-au, programat moartea (Ecclesia, Timisoara, 1991); Marius Mioc, The Anticommunist Romanian Revolution of 1989 (Editura Marineasa, Timisoara, 2002) and Siani-Davies, The Romanian Revolution of December 1989
3 Lászlo Tökés, pp. 148-57
4 The transcript of some of the meeting was published by Romania Libera, 1 February 1990. The full transcript is at the National Central Historical Archive, Bucharest, 70/89.2.33.
5 In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
6 Author’s conversations with participants Gheorghe Peletrescu, Andrei Oisteanu, Bucharest, December 1989. Accounts by Pavel Câmpeanu, Marius Mioc and the Romania Libera journalist Romulus Cristea. Simpson, The Darkness Crumbles, pp. 302-10. Ruxandra Cesereanu, December 1989, Deconstructia unei revolutii (Polirom, Iasi, 2004) pp 98-103
7 Pavel Câmpeanu, ‘The Revolt of the Romanians’, New York Review of Books, 1 February 1990
8 Victor Stanculescu, ‘Nu V Fie Mil, au 2 miliarde lei in cont’, Jurnalul National, Bucharest, 22 November 1990
9 In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
10 See Stnculescu, ‘Nu V Fie Mil’, and Siani-Davies, Romanian Revolution, p. 193
11 Interviewed in Romania Libera, 14 January 1990
12 Quoted in Siani-Davies, Romanian Revolution, p. 213
13 Dinescu at press conference in radio station, 26 December 1989, and in Cold War series, LHCMA box 13, and Caramitru quoted in Pryce-Jones, p. 284
14 Radio Free Europe interview, 31 December 1989, and Ion Iliescu, Revolutia Traita (Redactia, Bucharest, 1995), p. 96