The King's Revenge: Charles II and the Greatest Manhunt in British History

by Jordan, Don

  11 A. Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, first published posthumously 1698.

  12 The Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Algernon Sidney Esq., etc., London, 1684.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  As with any bibliography of works and sources relating to the seventeenth century, what follows hardly scratches the surface. It is intended by way of a general list of some works of scholarship the authors found helpful – and in many cases invaluable – and of a small number of key contemporary sources. For a fuller appreciation of the wide range of material consulted, the reader must refer to the references in the text or to the chapter notes. As for the body of seventeenth-century material itself, much of it is to be found in the British Library, with its wealth of data, including the Thomason Collection of Civil War tracts; at the Bodleian Library in Oxford with the Burney Collection of early newspapers and pamphlets; and the vast collections of the Public Record Office at Kew, where so much of British history resides, including Sir William Clarke’s state papers and the Parliamentary Archives, to name but two.

  Ashley, M., Charles II, The Man and Statesman (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971)

  ——Cromwell’s Generals (Jonathan Cape, 1954)

  Aubrey, J., Brief Lives (1626–95)

  Aubrey, P., Mr Secretary Thurloe (Athlone Press, 1989)

  Brandon, R., The Confession of Richard Brandon, Hang-man (1649)

  Bryant, A., King Charles II (1931)

  Budgell, E., Memoirs of the Boyles (1737)

  Burnet, G., Bishop Burnet’s History of My Own Times (1650)

  Burton, T., The Diary of Thomas Burton MP, 1656–1659 (1828)

  Carlyle, T. B., Cromwell, Oliver, Letters and Speeches (1904)

  Chapman, H., The Tragedy of Charles II 1630–1660 (Jonathan Cape, 1964)

  Charles I (posthumously in his name), Eikon Basilike (1649)

  Cobbett, William, ed., State Trials (1809 and 1810)

  Cook, J., King Charles, His Case, an Appeal to All Rational Men, concerning His Tryall at the High Court of Justice (1649)

  Coward, B., ‘Why Charles I was executed’, History Review (1 December 1998)

  Cowley, A., A vision concerning his late pretended highness Cromwell the wicked (1658)

  Dictionary of National Biography (2004)

  Falkus, C., The Life and Times of Charles II (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1992)

  Firth, C. H., The Last Years of the Protectorate (1909)

  ——Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in England (1900)

  Gardiner, S. R., History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate (1897)

  ——History of the Great Civil War (1893)

  Greaves, R. L., and R. Zaller, eds, Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the 17th Century (Harvester Press, 1982)

  Guizot, F., Memoirs of George Monck, Duke of Albermarle (1838)

  Gumble, T., La Vie du General Monk, Duc d’Albemarle (1672)

  Herbert, T., Threnodia Carolina (1678)

  Hill, C., Puritanism and Revolution (Secker & Warburg, 1958)

  ——Milton and the English Revolution (Faber & Faber, 1970)

  ——God’s Englishman: Oliver Cromwell (Penguin, 1970)

  Holmes, C., Why Was Charles I Executed? (Hambledon Continuum, 2006)

  ——‘The Trial and Execution of Charles I’, Historical Journal, Vol. 53

  Howell, W., Medulla Historiæ Anglicane. Being a comprehensive history of the lives and reigns of the monarchs of England (1679)

  Hughes, A., ‘The Causes of the English Civil War’, in Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West, ed. Parker (Routledge, 2000)

  Hutchinson, L., Memoirs of the Life of Col. John Hutchinson (c. 1670)

  Hutchinson, T., The History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (1765)

  James, J. R., ‘Political Groups in the Convention of 1660’, Historical Journal, June 1663

  Keeble, N. H., The Restoration (Blackwell, 2002)

  Lacey, A., The Cult of King Charles the Martyr (Boydell Press, 2003)

  Ludlow, Edmund, A Voyce from the Watchtower, ed. B. Worden (1978)

  ——Memoirs, ed. Firth (1794)

  Mabbott, G., Perfect Narrative of the High Court of Justice (1649)

  Marshall, A., Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II, 1660–1685 (Cambridge University Press, 1994)

  Masson, D., Life of John Milton (Macmillan, 1873)

  McIntosh, A. W., ‘The Numbers of the English Regicides’, Journal of the

  Historical Association, Vol. 67, issue 220, 1982.

  McMains, H. F., The Death of Oliver Cromwell (University Press of Kentucky, 1999)

  Muddiman, J. G., The Trial of King Charles I (1649)

  Nalson, J., A True Copy of the Journal of the High Court of Justice for the Tryal of Charles I (1684; 1731)

  Noble, M., Lives of the English Regicides (1798)

  Ogg, David, England in the Reign of Charles II (Clarendon Press, 1955)

  Peacey, J. T., ‘Order and Disorder in Europe: Parliamentary Agents and Royalist Thugs, 1649–1650’, in The Historical Journal, 40, 4, 1997

  ———ed., The Regicides and the Execution of Charles I (Palgrave Macmillan, 2001)

  Price, J., The Mystery and the Method of His Majesty’s Happy Restoration, 1680

  Roberts, Stephen, Politics and People in Revolutionary England (Black-well, 1986).

  Robertson, Geoffrey, The Tyrannicide Brief (Chatto & Windus, 2005)

  Schellinks, W., The journal of William Schellinks’ travels in England 1661–3, eds M. Exwood and H. L. Lehmann (Camden Society, 1993)

  Skinner, T., The Life of General Monck (1724)

  Sidney, Algernon, Works (1772)

  Stevenson, G., ed., Charles I in Captivity: From Contemporary Sources (1927)

  Underdown, D., Pride’s Purge, Politics in the Puritan Revolution (Oxford University Press, 1971)

  ——Royalist Conspiracy in England (Yale University Press, 1960)

  Wedgwood, C. V., The Trial of Charles I (Collins, 1964)

  Welles, L., The History of the Regicides in New England (1927)

  Wheale, N., Writing and Society: Literacy, Print and Politics in Britain, 1590–1660 (Routledge, 1999)

  Whitelocke, B., Memorials of the English Affairs (1682)

  Worden, B., The Rump Parliament, 1648–53 (Oxford University Press, 1974)

  ——Roundhead Reputations (Penguin, 2001)

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  We owe a huge debt to Tim Whiting of Little, Brown for his encouragement and belief in this project and to his brilliant team, especially the ever meticulous Vivien Redman, group managing editor, and Claudia Dyer, commissioning editor, who together did much more than weed out any dross from our prose. We are also indebted to Linda Silverman, picture editor, who discovered seventeenth-century images that we didn’t know existed, and to Edward Vallance, who read the manuscript and suggested crucial improvements. Thanks also to copy-editor Steve Gove, proofreader Dan Balado-Lopez and indexer Mark Wells. Staff at the British Library and the National Archives are owed our gratitude too, as is John Goldsmith, curator of the Cromwell Museum in Huntingdon. We would also like to thank our agent Charlie Viney, but most of all we are indebted to our wives, Eithne MacMahon and Dian Proctor Walsh, our most stringent and supportive critics.

  INDEX

  Action Party, 95, 108

  Adams, John, 327

  Aikman, James, 287

  America: regicides’ escapes to, 1–2, 167–8, 182, 202–3, 244, 255–6;

  royalist hunt for regicides in, 1–2, 244, 255–61, 306–10, 322–3;

  approval/help for republicans in, 2, 202–3, 244, 256, 257–60, 327;

  Puritanism in, 2, 168, 202, 256, 257, 261, 307, 308, 323;

  Cromwell and, 80;

  arrest warrants for Goffe and Whalley, 244, 255–6;

  expeditionary force to New England (1664), 306–10;

  influence of Algernon Sidney in, 317, 327

  Amsterdam, 168, 252, 262, 265, 27
5

  Annesley, Arthur, 172, 194, 213, 230, 231

  Argyll, Marquis of, 193–4, 254, 284, 285, 287

  Arlington, William, 298, 302, 316, 320

  army: parliamentary, 11, 13, 37, 63;

  after Restoration, 163, 168, 178, 201, 247, 292;

  see also New Model Army

  Arnett (or Harnett), William, 81–2

  Ascham, Anthony, 79–83, 288

  Ashe, John, 104

  Ashley Cooper, Sir Anthony, 197

  Atkins, Jonathan, 125

  Aubrey, John, 137, 198–9

  Axtell, Daniel, 49, 160, 183–4, 189, 200, 207, 233–4, 241;

  placed on death list, 203, 204, 205;

  trial of, 210, 215, 228–31, 239, 240

  Bampfield, Joseph, 94, 197, 266, 290

  baptism, 212, 250, 296

  Barebone, Praise-God (Puritan preacher), 149

  Barkstead, John, 111, 181, 207, 267–8, 270, 278;

  escape to/exile in Europe, 168–9, 182, 215, 267, 268, 269, 272;

  capture of in Holland, 274–8, 320

  Basadonna, Pietro, 82

  Basel (Switzerland), 288

  Behn, Aphra, 4, 266, 315, 316

  Belasyse, Lord, 90, 94–5

  Berkshire, Earl of, 191

  Bern (Switzerland), 288, 291, 293–4, 297–8, 301

  Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 58

  Bethel, Slingsby, 154, 293*, 294, 313

  Bill of General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion (May-August 1660), 10, 167, 171–5, 180–2, 247;

  bribery/enmity/influence in selection of lists, 171, 172–4, 190, 191–2, 210, 231–2, 239–40;

  death list, 171, 180, 181, 182, 188, 189, 196, 197, 200–1, 203–7, 211, 227;

  death list of seven, 171, 180, 181;

  secondary list of partial exceptions (‘twenty and no more’ list), 171, 180, 182, 188–9, 191–2, 193, 207, 237–9, 240;

  dead regicides and, 174, 206–7;

  death list of twelve, 181, 188;

  Covenanters on lists, 193–4, 253–4, 284–5;

  non-regicides placed on lists, 200, 203–5, 207, 210;

  Lords’ expansion of death list, 200–1, 203–6;

  in House of Lords, 200–2, 203–6, 210;

  Commons-Lords clash on death list, 204–5;

  becomes law (29 August 1660), 206;

  death list of thirty-two, 207;

  list for trial, 210, 211;

  trial of the regicides and, 215, 219, 224

  Billing, Edward, 142

  Birkenhead, Isaac, 85

  Bisco, John, 293*, 294

  Blagrave, Daniel, 207, 322

  Blair, Tony, 327

  Blake, Robert, 80, 273, 313

  Blood, Thomas, 297

  Booth, Sir George, 121–2, 125, 127, 129, 145–6, 148–9, 150

  Bourchier, John, 322

  Bowyer, John, 162, 172

  Boyes, William, 101, 103

  Bradshaw, Harry, 204

  Bradshaw, John, 39–40, 53, 75, 116, 123, 146, 200;

  trial of Charles I and, 37, 38, 39–40, 42, 45–7, 48–51, 111;

  defendant’s right to silence and, 40, 40*, 326–7;

  posthumous attainder of, 174, 206–7;

  disinterment and dismemberment, 245, 251–2

  Bradshaw, Richard, 75

  Brandon, Richard, 58, 62–3, 185–6, 229, 233–4

  Breda (in Dutch Republic), 84, 133, 152

  Breda, Declaration of (1 May 1660), 162–4, 168, 190, 250, 292–3

  Breedon, Thomas, 202–3

  Bridgeman, Sir Orlando, 172, 213, 215, 216, 217, 222–3, 224–5, 226, 230, 239–40

  Bridgwater (Somerset), 13

  British Library, 3

  Broghill, Lord, 104, 136, 147

  Broughton, Andrew, 36, 39, 44–5, 181, 182, 207, 289, 293*, 322

  Browne, Richard, 196, 224, 245

  Brussels, 101, 112, 113, 116, 128, 151–2, 182, 195

  Bunyan, John, 212

  Burke, Edmund, 166

  Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury, 117, 243, 251, 254, 287

  Butler, Samuel, Hudibras, 316

  Capel, Lord, 83, 185–6, 204

  Cardenca, Don Alonso, 195

  Carew, John, 38, 99, 196, 207, 213*, 220, 225;

  execution of, 240, 290

  Carisbrooke Castle (Isle of Wight), 20, 22, 25, 26

  Castlemaine, Barbara (Barbara Villiers), 211, 282, 318

  Catherine of Braganza, 282, 293

  Catholicism, 82, 86, 243, 257, 265, 295, 326, 327;

  Irish, 71, 99, 104, 268, 305;

  penal laws against, 81;

  republican antipathy to, 89, 99, 104, 108, 119, 268;

  Charles II and, 293, 296, 318*, 320, 323;

  James II and, 321

  Cawley, William, 207, 286, 289, 291, 294, 297, 322

  Cecil, John, 101, 102–3

  Challoner, Thomas, 38, 52, 207, 322

  Charing Cross execution site, 241

  Charles I, King: art collection of, 5, 19, 57–8, 60;

  religious intolerance and, 8, 22, 35;

  at Edgehill, 11;

  capture of at Newport (Isle of Wight), 18, 23–4, 26–7;

  negotiations with Scots, 18–19, 20, 21, 23, 84;

  arrest of by army at Holmby House, 19, 186–7, 196, 224, 267, 313, 319, 320;

  foreign mercenaries/troops and, 19, 20, 21, 23, 71;

  refusal to negotiate genuinely, 19, 22–3, 31, 49;

  house arrest at Hampton Court (1647), 19–20;

  escape of (11 November 1947), 20;

  at Carisbrooke Castle (Isle of Wight), 20–1;

  divine right of kings and, 22, 29, 30, 32, 44, 60, 220, 326;

  Newport treaty (December 1648), 22–3, 24, 25, 27–9, 49, 147, 164, 165, 230;

  moved to Windsor (December 1648), 23, 29–32, 33;

  at Hurst Castle (the Solent), 26–7, 29;

  meets Harrison on road to Windsor, 30, 31, 222;

  alienation of the people during reign, 35;

  physical appearance of, 43;

  execution of Strafford and, 43–4, 48, 59, 61;

  execution of (30 January 1649), 53, 54–5, 56–63, 184–5, 188, 201, 229–30, 232–3;

  unidentified executioners, 58, 61–3, 181, 182, 184–8, 194, 207, 210, 227, 229–30, 232–4;

  execution order, 59–60, 229, 231, 234;

  speech from the scaffold, 61;

  funeral and burial of, 64–6, 162;

  cult of as martyred king, 67–9, 75;

  Eikon Basilike (‘The King’s Image’), 67–9, 73, 75, 78, 79;

  Milton on, 69–70;

  letters of captured at Naseby, 71, 74;

  destruction of statue of (1649), 155–6;

  Grand Remonstrance (1641), 225;

  execution date made holy day, 246;

  see also death warrant of Charles I;

  trial of Charles I

  Charles, Prince of Wales (future King Charles II): exile in Holland, 2, 32, 56, 63, 66, 71, 75, 78, 112, 152;

  swears vengeance on regicides, 2, 73;

  exile at French court, 9, 14, 70, 78, 263;

  First Civil War and, 11, 12–13, 86;

  childhood of, 11–12;

  escape to the continent (March 1646), 13–14, 95;

  pleads for mercy for father, 32, 56, 59;

  law preventing succession of (1649), 58–9;

  learns of execution of father, 63–4;

  proclaimed as Charles II (1649), 66, 67, 73, 74–5;

  plans for English invasion/uprisings (1649–50), 71, 83–4;

  Scotland and, 71, 78, 84–5, 193–4, 253–4;

  revenge fever in northern Europe (1649–50), 73–8, 80–3;

  money raising schemes, 74–5, 81;

  assassinations (1649–50) and, 77–8, 80, 81–3, 263;

  Montrose campaign (1651) and, 78;

  Prince Rupert’s fleet, 80;

  emissaries to Spain, 81, 82–3;

  crowned king of Scots (Scone, January
1651), 85, 193–4, 253–4;

  at Battle of Worcester (3 September 1651), 85–6, 194;

  invasion of England (1651), 85–6;

  escape from England (1651), 86, 96;

  royalist-Leveller contacts, 88, 93, 100, 103;

  Sealed Knot, 89–91, 93, 94–5, 108;

  royalist uprising (1655), 95–9, 115, 199, 203, 322;

  links with Leveller conspirators, 100, 103;

  negotiations with Spain, 107, 108, 128;

  court in exile relocates to Brussels, 112;

  reaction to Cromwell’s death, 112;

  desperation to regain throne (1658–9), 113, 121, 164–5;

  royalist uprising (August 1659), 120–2, 125, 127;

  promises of clemency and, 121, 163, 167, 190;

  readiness to treat with regicides (1659), 121;

  approaches to Monck (1658–9), 124–6;

  holiday (late 1659), 128;

  overtures to France, 128;

  negotiations with Monck (March 1660), 150–2;

  relocation to Breda, 152;

  Declaration of Breda, 162–4, 168, 190, 250, 292–3;

  daughter of Lambert and, 164–5;

  demands unconditional restoration, 165;

  see also Charles II, King

  Charles II, King: character of, 3, 9, 12, 64, 78, 86, 167, 211–12, 285–6, 287, 292, 314;

  coronation of (23 April 1661), 3, 252–3;

  as interrogator of prisoners, 3, 249, 285–6;

  sex life, 4, 13, 32, 64, 211, 282, 285, 287, 317–18;

  Ludlow on, 16–17, 190;

  views on political assassination, 103, 106, 272, 305;

  property of regicides and, 162, 180, 190, 245;

  restoration as unconditional, 165–6;

  arrival in England (May 1660), 166, 176, 177, 178–9;

  Parliament gifts money to, 166;

  demands crackdown from Monck, 167;

  death lists and, 171, 190;

  parade into London, 177, 178–9;

  gushing adulation from Parliament, 178–9, 248–9;

  motives over regicides, 190;

  orders burning of Milton’s books, 192, 264;

  ambiguity of deadline proclamation, 195–6;

  Ceremony of the Royal Touch, 198–9;

  petitions from aspiring state servants (May 1660), 199;

  Bill of Indemnity in House of Lords and, 200;

  disbanding of the army and, 201, 247;

  speech to Lords (27 July 1660), 201–2, 203;

  remits execution of Vane and Lambert, 205, 281;

  trial of the regicides and, 210, 211;