Iron Curtain

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Iron Curtain Page 75

by Anne Applebaum

biography of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4

  and communist propaganda

  elections and political parties, 9.1, 9.2, 16.1

  in Moscow, 9.1, 18.1, 18.2

  persecutions and trials, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4

  in Poland, 4.1, 9.1, 11.1, 16.1, 18.1

  and public celebrations, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2

  and reconstruction of Warsaw, 14.1, 14.2

  “bikiniarze movement”

  Billig, Wilhelm, 8.1, 8.2

  Blunt, Anthony

  Bodnár, László

  Bogensee

  Bohemia

  Bojko, Szymon

  Bolków

  Bolshevik Revolution: see Russian Revolution

  Borejsza, Jerzy, 6.1, 11.1

  Borhi, Laszlo

  Borowski, Tadeusz

  Bortnowska, Halina

  Bottoni, Stefan

  Brandenburg

  Brandys, Kazimierz, 14.1, 15.1

  Bratislava

  Brecht, Bertolt, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 18.1

  Lucullus (opera)

  Breslau: see Wrocław

  Britain (also Great Britain, U.K.)

  British army, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 17.1

  and East European communists, 9.1, 12.1, 17.1

  and Polish government in London: see Polish government-in-exile

  and Second World War, 1.1, 3.1

  and Soviet Union, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 9.1

  UK embassy

  see also Cold War

  Brno, 6.1, 13.1

  Brodsky, Joseph (Iosif)

  Brooke, Sir Alan, Field Marshal

  Brotherly Aid (Bratni Pomoc, Polish student charitable organization)

  Brôning, Elfriede, 3.1, 16.1, 18.1

  Lästige Zeugen (book)

  Brus, Włodzimierz, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  Brystiger, Julia, 6.1, 11.1

  Buber-Neumann, Margarete, 3.1, 3.2

  Buchenwald, 5.1, 13.1, 17.1

  Buchwitz, Otto

  Budapest

  destruction of (in wake of Second World War), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 8.1

  ethnic minorities and civil society organizations in, 6.1, 12.1

  liberation of, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1

  and party members’ privileges

  persecutions and arrests in, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1, 12.2

  and political elections

  and political opponents, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4

  propaganda and public events in, 8.1, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 18.1

  Soviet communists in, 7.1, 12.1

  Soviet concentration camps in

  Soviet revolution in

  Budapest National Committee

  Bug River (Poland’s eastern border after Second World War)

  Bukovskii, Vladimir

  Bulganin, General Nikolai

  Bulgaria, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 12.1, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2

  Bulgarian communist party, 3.1, 9.1

  Bulgarian Fatherland Front coalition

  Burgess, Guy

  Burke, Edmund

  Bydgoszcz, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1

  Byelkin, General Fyodor, 4.1, 12.1

  Cairncross, John

  “Cambridge Five”

  Camus, Albert

  Caritas (Catholic charity), 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 16.1

  Central Committee of the Soviet communist party: see Soviet communist party

  Central Party School

  Chambers, Whittaker, 3.1, 12.1

  China, People’s Republic of, 12.1, 13.1, 18.1

  Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek (celebrations in memory of)

  Chopin Society (Poland)

  Christian Endeavour (Entschieden fôr Christus, Evangelical youth group)

  Churchill, Sir Winston

  on Eastern European ethnic minorities

  and “Iron Curtain”, 9.1, 11.1

  and Poland, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 9.1

  relations with Stalin

  on Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 9.1

  in wake of Second World War

  on war reparations to Soviet Union

  see also Tehran Conference; Yalta Conference

  CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 12.1, 18.1, 18.2

  Cold War

  anti-Soviet sentiments during

  beginning of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1

  influence of

  propaganda during

  Combat Group against Inhumanity (West German human rights group)

  Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)

  Cominform (Communist Information Bureau), 9.1, 11.1, 11.2

  Comintern (Communist International), 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 8.1, 10.1

  closing down of

  Comintern School in Ufa, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1; see also Ufa

  “Committee of Free Lawyers” (West German human rights group)

  first Comintern training center (Moscow, 1952)

  “Institute 101” (Comintern headquarters)

  Connelly, John

  Conquest, Robert

  Cottbus

  Count Széchenyi Association of War Veterans

  Crimea

  Csákberény

  Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 9.1, 9.2

  Czaplicki, Józef

  Czechoslovak communist party, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1

  Czechoslovakia

  and civil society organizations, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1

  and communist propaganda, 2.1, 7.1, 9.1

  and East European communists, 3.1, 3.2

  evictions of ethnic minorities, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

  and national economic system, 10.1, 18.1

  Nazi occupation of

  political persecutions in, 12.1, 12.2, 16.1

  Soviet invasion of (1968)

  in wake of Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 10.1

  Człuchów

  Debrecen, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 10.1

  Department of Reparations (Eastern Germany)

  Déry, Tibor

  Dessau, Paul: Lucullus (opera)

  Deutsche Rundfunk (Berlin radio station, also Reichsrundfunk), 2.1, 8.1

  Deutsche Volkszeitung (German communist party’s newspaper)

  Dilthey, Elizabeth

  Dimitrov, Georgi, 3.1, 3.2, 10.1

  Diósgyoőr

  Dix, Otto

  Djilas, Milovan

  Doenitz, Admiral Karl

  Dönhoff, Countess Marion, 6.1, 6.2

  Dost, Deacon Herbert

  Dresden, 1.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 18.1

  Dukes, Paul

  Dulles, Allen

  Dulles, John Foster, 1.1, 18.1

  Dunapentele: see Sztálinváros

  Dunaújváros: see Sztálinváros

  Duracz, Anna

  Duranty, Walter

  Dymschitz, Alexander, 14.1, 14.2

  “On the Formalist Direction in German Art” (article)

  Dzerzhinskaia, Zofia

  Dzerzhinskii, Feliks

  Dziś i Jutro (Today and Tomorrow, Catholic newspaper), 11.1, 16.1

  East German radio, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2

  East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR, or Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR)

  and civil society, 7.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 16.1, 16.2

  communist propaganda, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 14.1, 16.1

  cultural activities and socialist cities, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2

  and economic failure

  Handels organisation (HO, also “free” shops)

  as independent state

  political and cultural opponents, 17.1, 17.2

  political elections

  and religious institutions, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

  reparations imposed by Soviet Union

  socialist reforms, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 11.1

  Soviet mass imprisonments and persecutions in, 5.1, 12.1, 12.2

  Soviet Military Administration in, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 13.1, 16.1

  Soviet occupation of, 4.1, 4.2

 
“Where the Dog’s Buried” (cabaret performance)

  East Prussia

  Eckert, Edeltraude

  Eden, Anthony

  Eisenhower, General Dwight David

  Eisenhôttenstadt: see Stalinstadt

  Eisenstein, Sergei

  Eisler, Hanns

  Elbe (river, meeting of American and Red Armies)

  Ełk

  Eörsi, István

  Erdei, Ferenc

  Erfurt

  Erzgebirge

  Esch, Arno

  Eulenspiegel: see Ulenspiegel

  Ewing, Gordon

  Fallóskút

  Faludy, György, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 18.1

  Far East (Russia)

  Farkas, Mihaly, 3.1, 4.1, 12.1

  Farkas, Vladimir (son of Mihaly Farkas)

  Fedorowicz, Jacek, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1

  Bim-Bom (cabaret group)

  Fest, Ulrich, 10.1, 11.1

  Field, Noel, 12.1, 18.1

  Finkel, Stuart

  Finland

  Finn, Gerhard

  First Belorussian Front, 2.1, 5.1

  First Ukrainian Front

  First World War, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 7.1, 14.1

  France, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 14.1, 14.2

  Free German Youth (FDJ), 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5

  Free People: see Szabad Nép

  “Free Territory of Trieste”

  Freedom and Independence (Wolność i Niezawisłość [WiN]), 5.1, 6.1

  French Committee of National Liberation

  Friszke, Andrzej

  “Fulton speech”: see “Iron Curtain”

  Fôrnberg, Louis: “The Song of the Party” (“Das Lied der Partei”)

  Fôrstenberg, 15.1, 15.2

  Garasin, Rudolf, 4.1, 12.1, 12.2

  Gass, Karl

  Gati, Charles

  Gazeta Ludowa (People’s Paper, Polish Peasants’ Party newspaper), 8.1, 9.1

  Gdańsk (Danzig), 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 10.1, 16.1

  Gdynia, 6.1, 10.1

  Geminder, Bedřich, 12.1, 12.2

  Gericke, Martin

  German Academy of Art, 14.1, 17.1

  German armed forces (1935–45): see Wehrmacht

  German Association of Fine Arts

  German Central Education Administration (East Germany)

  German Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 4.1, 7.1, 9.1

  East Berlin CDU

  German Christian Democratic Youth, 7.1, 9.1

  German communist party (first KPD, then SED)

  and communist propaganda, 6.1, 9.1

  and economic reforms

  founding of German Socialist Unity Party (SED)

  German communists before Second World War, 2.1, 3.1

  German communists during Second World War, 3.1, 3.2

  and “New Course”, 18.1, 18.2

  and security organs, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1; see also German Ministry for State Security

  “The Song of the Party” (“Das Lied der Partei”)

  and Walter Ulbricht, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1, 9.2

  war reparations and plundering in Germany, 2.1, 10.1

  German Democratic Republic: see East Germany

  German Department for “People’s Education” (Volksbildung)

  German Economic Committee (Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission)

  German Free Democratic Party

  German Ministry for State Security (Stasi), 4.1, 12.1, 13.1, 15.1, 16.1

  Aktion Pfeil (espionage operation)

  German People’s Police (Volkspolizei, GDR police), 11.1, 18.1

  German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 4.1, 9.1

  Berlin SPD

  German Socialist Unity Party: see German communist party

  Germany (as political entity until 1945, then East Germany and West Germany)

  Allied Control Council in Germany

  concentration, labor and prison camps, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 11.1, 12.1, 17.1

  German politics after First World War

  German refugees, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 15.1, 17.1

  Germany’s “K5” (Department K)

  physical violence and mass deportations in, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1

  Soviet occupation and division of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1

  see also Berlin; East Germany; Weimar Republic; West Germany

  Gerő, Ernő, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 15.1, 18.1, 18.2

  Gestapo, 2.1, 3.1, 12.1, 14.1, 16.1

  Geyer, Hans-Joachim

  Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe

  Gimes, Miklós, 18.1, 18.2

  Gliwice, 2.1, 6.1, 8.1

  Gneist, Gisela, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 17.1

  Gniezno

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (celebrations in memory of)

  Goldzamt, Edmund

  Gomułka, Władysław

  and anti-Semitism

  arrest and incarceration of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

  and Cominform

  and elections in Poland, 9.1, 9.2

  and land reform in Poland

  and Polish communists, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1, 16.1

  rehabilitation of, 18.1, 18.2

  Gorky, 4.1, 13.1

  Görlitz

  Göttler, Lászlóné

  Gottwald, Klement, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 18.1

  Grabowski, Lucjan, 1.1, 5.1

  Grand Order of Emericana

  Great Britain: see Britain

  “Great Terror”/“Great Purges” (1930s and 1940s), 11.1, 12.1; see also Stalin, Iosif

  Gregory, Paul

  “Grey Ranks”: see Polish scouting movement

  Grodzieńska, Stefania

  Gross, Jan, 1.1, 6.1

  Grossman, Vasily

  Grösz, József, 11.1, 11.2

  Grotewohl, Otto, 4.1, 9.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1, 15.1, 18.1

  Gruschka, Gerhard

  Gulag system (also Soviet concentration camps), 3.1, 17.1

  East European labor camps modeled on, 4.1, 5.1, 12.1

  East Europeans sent to, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 9.1, 13.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1

  mass deportations to, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1

  release of prisoners from, 6.1, 11.1

  Gyöngyös

  Györ

  Györffy College, 7.1, 18.1

  Györgyey, Aladár

  Haganah (Jewish paramilitary organization)

  Hajdú-Gimes, Lily

  Halle, 13.1, 18.1

  Hamel, Johannes

  Hegedôs, András, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 13.1, 18.1

  Heiligenstadt

  Heine, Heinrich

  Heller, Ágnes

  Hennecke, Adolf

  Herf, Jeffrey

  Hermann, Imre

  Hernádi, Lajos

  Heroes of Labour movement: see Stakhanovite movement

  Herrnstadt, Rudolf, 2.1, 8.1, 18.1

  Herzberg, Klemens

  Hesse

  Hiss, Alger, 1.1, 3.1, 12.1

  Hitler, Adolf

  death of, 2.1, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2

  division and sovietization of Europe, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2; see also Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

  emigres and opponents, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1, 14.1

  and ethnic cleansing

  ideology of, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 14.1

  see also Hitler Youth

  Hitler-Stalin Pact (1939): see Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

  Hitler Youth, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 13.1

  Hlond, August, 11.1, 11.2

  Holocaust, 1.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 16.1

  Home Army (armed wing of Polish Resistance), 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 11.1

  dissolution of, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1

  former members of, 12.1, 12.2, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

  and “Kuibyshev gang”

  and Polish government-in-exile, 4.1, 6.1

  and USSR, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1

  see also Lublin provisional government; Polish government-in-exile (London)

  “Home
Army Youth”, 5.1, 7.1

  Homo sovieticus (“new” breed of communist man), 7.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2

  Honecker, Erich, 7.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3

  Hopkins, Harry

  Horthy, Admiral Miklós, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2

  Horvath, Elek, 15.1, 15.2

  Horváth, Lajos

  Horváth, Sándor, 15.1, 17.1

  Humboldt University (East Berlin), 9.1, 13.1

  Humer, Adam

  Hungarian Academy for Theatre and Film Art

  Hungarian Armistice Agreement

  Hungarian Association of College Students

  Hungarian Athletic Club

  Hungarian communist party (MKP, also Hungarian Workers’ Party, MDP), 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 18.1

  Hungarian Community

  Hungarian Democratic Youth Organization (Madisz), 7.1, 7.2

  Hungarian “directorate for public works” (KÖMI)

  see also Gulag system (East European labor camps)

  Hungarian Independence Party, 9.1, 9.2

  Hungarian League of Working Youth (DISZ), 7.1, 15.1, 15.2, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3

  Hungarian National Association of People’s Colleges (Nékosz), 7.1, 7.2, 16.1, 18.1

  Hungarian National Youth Council

  Hungarian Naval Association

  Hungarian Peasants’ Party

  Hungarian Press Agency

  Hungarian Radio (also Magyar Radio), 8.1, 18.1

  Hungarian Smallholders’ Party, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1

  Kis Újság (Little Gazette, party’s newspaper), 5.1, 8.1

  Hungarian Social Democratic Party (SZDP), 4.1, 4.2, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1

  Hungarian State Security Agency (AVO), 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 12.1, 12.2

  Hungarian Workers’ Party (MDP): see Hungarian communist party

  Hungarian Writers’ Association

  Irodalmi Újság (Literary Gazette, association’s newspaper), 18.1

  Hungarian Youth movements, 7.1, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1

  Hungary, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Allied Control Commission in, 1.1, 6.1, 7.1

  Allied Control Council in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

  communist propaganda in, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1

  destruction and reparations after Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1

  economic reforms, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5

  election campaigns, 9.1, 11.1

  eviction of ethnic minorities, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

  internment camps in, 4.1, 5.1, 12.1

  mass imprisonments and executions, 3.1, 5.1, 12.1, 12.2

  and “New Course”, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4

  occupation/invasion of, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1

  persecutions of civil society organizations, 12.1, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2

  reconstruction and Soviet industrialization after Second World War, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2

  and religious institutions, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 17.1

 

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