Iron Curtain

Page 77

by Anne Applebaum

Potulice

Poznań, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 12.1, 18.1

Prague, 2.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 18.1

Prohaszka Work Community

Prussia, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1

Junkers (Prussian aristocrats)

Pstrowski, Wincenty

Puciłowski, Józef

Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 14.1, 14.2

Katalin’s Marriage (film)

Mother (film)

Zhukovskii (film)

Putnam, Robert

Putrament, Jerzy

Rabka

Rackow, Lutz, 2.1, 18.1, 18.2

Radio Free Europe, 11.1, 11.2, 18.1, 18.2

Radio Luxembourg, 17.1, 17.2

Radkiewicz, Stanisław, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 13.1

Radom

Radzyminsk

Rajk, Júlia

Rajk, László, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1

arrest and trial of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4

funeral of

Rajkiewicz, Antoni

Rákosi, Mátyás

and anti-Jewish sentiments, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2

biography of, 3.1, 3.2

and civil society organizations, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

and Hungarian communists, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1

and Hungary’s “industrialization”, 15.1, 15.2

and Hungary’s “New Course”, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3

and political elections, 9.1, 10.1

political persecution and show trials, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

and public events, 13.1, 13.2

Rakowski, Mieczysław

Ravasz, László

Ravensbrôck, 2.1, 3.1

Recsk

Red Army (Soviet army)

arrival in Eastern Europe, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 14.1

forced war reparations

in Germany, 2.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 11.1, 11.2, 17.1; see also Karlshorst

in Hungary, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 18.1; see also Baden

and “Moscow communists”, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 9.1

occupation of Eastern Europe by, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2; see also Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

perceptions of, 1.1, 1.2, 8.1, 16.1

physical violence perpetrated by, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 9.1, 10.1

in Poland, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 11.1; see also Home Army

and religious institutions

see also Stalin, Iosif; “Kościuszko Division”; Soviet communism; Soviet Union

“Red Peril”; see also Red Army; Soviet Union

Reichskulturkammer (German Chamber of Culture)

Reichsrundfunk: see Deutsche Rundfunk

Rév, István

Revai, Jozsef, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 14.1

Rhineland

RIAS: see West Berlin Radio

Rokossovskii, Konstantin, 11.1, 12.1, 17.1, 18.1

Romania, 2.1, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1, 14.1, 17.1, 18.1

alliance with Nazis, 2.1, 3.1

expulsion of ethnic minorities, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

mass persecutions and imprisonments

in wake of Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1

Romanian communist party, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2

Romkowski, Colonel Roman

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1

see also Tehran Conference; Yalta Conference

Rosalak, Maciej

Rostock, 9.1, 13.1, 13.2, 18.1

Rothschild, Klára

Rożański, Henryk

Rożański, Józef

Rudinev, Lev

Rumia

Russia, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 12.1, 16.1; see also Red Army; Soviet Union

Russian Civil War (1917–22), 2.1, 4.1, 11.1, 11.2

Russian Revolution (also Bolshevik Revolution, October Revolution), 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1

Rzeszow, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1

Rzeszów special operational group, 6.1

Sachsenhausen, 1.1, 2.1, 8.1, 13.1

Soviet prison camp in (Special Camp Number Seven), 5.1, 17.1

Samuel, Raphael

Sandberg, Herbert, 14.1, 14.2, 17.1

Sapieha, Cardinal Adam Stefan, 11.1, 11.2

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 3.1, 16.1, 18.1

Sawala, Henryk

Saxony, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2

Schabowski, Gônter, 17.1, 18.1

Schmidt, Mária

Schneider, Ulrich

“shockworker movement”: see Stakhanovite movement

Schöpflin, Gyula

Schumacher, Kurt, 9.1, 9.2

Schumann, Erich

Schwanitz, Wolfgang

Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 11.1, 14.1; see also Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Selbmann, Fritz

Semyonov, Vladimir, 18.1, 18.2

Serov, General Ivan, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 11.1, 16.1, 18.1

Shore, Marci

Siberia, 12.1, 16.1; see also Gulag system

Sigalin, Józef, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3

Sikorski, General Władysław

Silesia, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 14.1

Simon, Jolán

Slánsky, Rudolf, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

Šling, Otto

Słowo Powszechny (Polish catholic newspaper)

Smolensk, 1.1, 4.1; see also Katyń Forest massacre

Snyder, Timothy: Bloodlands (book)

Sobieszyn

“Socialism in One Country” (reinterpretation of Marxist ideology by Stalin), 2.1, 3.1

socialist city, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5

socialist realism, 3.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 15.1, 18.1

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 2.1, 2.2

Sommerstein, Emil

Soviet army: see Red Army

Soviet communist ideology

anti-Western propaganda, 7.1, 13.1, 17.1, 18.1

Bolshevik ideology, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1

central planning (“Plans”), 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1

and civil society, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2

communist, anti-fascist training, 1.1, 3.1

corruption and bribery

culture of conspiracy, 3.1, 12.1, 13.1

and disillusionment, 11.1, 12.1, 15.1, 18.1, 18.2

electoral propaganda, 9.1, 9.2

jokes about

Marxism-Leninism, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2

propaganda and dissent, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 17.1, 17.2

“Soviet democracy”, 3.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 16.1

totalitarianization of Eastern Europe (also Stalinization), 9.1, 9.2, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 18.1

Soviet communist party, 2.1, 3.1

Central Committee of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1, 10.1, 15.1

Politburo (“political bureau”), 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 18.1, 18.2

Twentieth Party Congress

Soviet concentration camps: see Gulag system

Soviet historiography

Soviet Institute for World Economics and World Politics: see Vargas, Eugene

Soviet Interior Ministry, 4.1, 4.2

Soviet Military Administration and Soviet organizations: see Comintern; Cominform; Warsaw pact

Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe: see Red Army; Soviet Union; see also Baltic States; Bulgaria; Czechoslovakia; Germany; Hungary; Poland; Romania

Soviet Union (USSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

and East European communist parties, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 12.1

and East European communists: see “Moscow communists”; “Little Stalins”

on East European ethnic minorities, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

and “liberation” of Eastern Europe, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1

political violence: see “Great Terror
”/“Great Purges”

prisoner and labor camps in, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1

relations with Western Allies, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 9.1, 9.2

show trials: see “Great Terror”/“Great Purges”

socioeconomic system imported from, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 7.1, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2

Soviet occupation authorities in Eastern Europe, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 14.1, 18.1; see also East Germany, Soviet Military Administration in, and Soviet organizations: see Comintern; Cominform; Warsaw Pact

Soviet political and economic failures, 11.1, 18.1, 18.2

Soviet-style hierarchy, 3.1, 4.1, 12.1

support of “popular fronts” in Europe (1930s): see “popular fronts”

violence and persecutions in Eastern Europe, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 9.1, 11.1

war reparations and lootings by, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 10.1

Western perceptions of, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 18.1

see also Stalin, Iosif; Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact; Red Army; Soviet communist ideology

Spanish Civil War, 3.1, 12.1

Spychalski, General Marian, 12.1, 12.2

Stakhanov, Alexi

Stakhanovite movement (also “shockworker movement” or Heroes of Labour movement), 13.1, 15.1

Stalin, Iosif

cult of personality, 3.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 16.1, 18.1

death of, 3.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 18.1

on division of Europe (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact)

on Eastern European ethnic minorities, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6

end of Second World War

on German war reparations

ideology of, 1.1, 3.1, 7.1, 13.1, 14.1

and “Moscow communists”, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

and “people’s enemies”

on political and physical violence in Eastern Europe, 2.1, 5.1, 12.1

on religious and cultural institutions, 11.1, 14.1

during Russian Civil War

on socialist regimes in Eastern Europe, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 11.1

war against Germany

wartime alliance with Western countries, 1.1, 5.1, 9.1

see also “Great Terror”/“Great Purges”; Potsdam Conference; Soviet communist ideology; Tehran Conference; Yalta Conference

Stalingrad, battle of, 2.1, 8.1

Stalinstadt (earlier Eisenhôttenstadt), 13.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5

Stasi: see German Ministry for State Security

Stebnicka, Marta

Steinbach, Erika

Stola, Dariusz

Stötzer, Werner

Strempel, Horst: “Clear the Rubble! Rebuild!” (mural)

Stunde Null (“zero hour”)

Stuthoff

Sudetenland, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 15.1

Sulyok, Dezső, 9.1, 9.2

Supka, Géza

Suslov, Mikhail

Svinna

Sviridov, General Vladimir, 7.1, 7.2

Światło, Józef, 6.1, 11.1, 11.2, 16.1, 18.1

Świda-Ziemba, Hanna

Świerczewski, General Karol

Świetlik, Konrad

Świętochłowice

Switzerland, 9.1, 12.1

Szabad Nép (Free People, Hungarian communist party’s newspaper), 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 13.1, 18.1, 18.2

Szabó, István

Mephisto (film)

Szakasits, Árpád

Szálasi, Ferenc

Szare Szeregi: see Polish scouting movement

Szász, Béla, 12.1, 12.2

Szczecin, 7.1, 12.1

Szeged

Széll, Jenő, 9.1, 9.2, 18.1

Szent-Miklósy, István

Szklarska Poręba (Cominform first meeting, 1947), 9.1, 14.1

Szőnyi, Tibor

Szostak, Stanisław

Szőts, István, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3

Song of the Cornfield (film), 14.1, 14.2

Szpilman, Władysław, 8.1, 8.2

The Pianist (memoir)

Sztálinváros (earlier Dunapentele, later Dunaújváros), 13.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, 18.1

Sztandar Młodych: see Union of Polish Youth

Szymborska, Wisława

Tagesspiegel, Der (West Berlin newspaper), 8.1, 16.1

Tägliche Rundschau (Red Army sponsored newspaper in postwar Germany), 8.1, 14.1, 14.2

Tánczos, Gábor

Tarnobrzeg

Tarnów

Tehran Conference (November 1943), 1.1, 2.1

Poland’s fate, 4.1, 9.1

Tejchma, Józef, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 15.2

Telakowska, Wanda, 14.1, 14.2

Folk Creativity in Contemporary Design

Teplicany

Tevan, Zsófia, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

Thalmann, Ernst, 3.1, 7.1, 13.1, 13.2

Thorez, Maurice, 3.1, 18.1

Tildy, Zoltán

Tito, Josip Broz, 3.1, 11.1, 12.1, 18.1

“Titoism” (“right-deviationism” from Stalinist line), 11.1, 12.1, 12.2

Tóbiás, Áron

Tocqueville, Alexander de

Today and Tomorrow: see Dziś i Jutro

Togliatti, Palmiro, 3.1, 3.2, 18.1

Tömpe, András

Torun, 2.1, 17.1

Treblinka, 1.1, 6.1, 8.1, 13.1

Tribune (East German newspaper)

Trieste: see “Free Territory of Trieste”

Trotsky, Lev, 2.1, 2.2

Trotskyism (deviationism from Stalinist line), 3.1, 11.1, 12.1

“Truman Doctrine”, 9.1, 11.1

Truman, Harry, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1

beginning of Cold War (“Truman Doctrine”); see also Cold War

and rebuilding of Europe (“Marshall Plan”); see also “Marshall Plan”

Trybuna Ludu (People’s Tribune, Poland’s communist party newspaper), 8.1, 12.1, 16.1, 18.1

Trzebenice

Trznadel, Jacek, 13.1, 16.1

Tschiche, Hans-Jochen, 11.1, 17.1

Tschirschwitz, Gunter

Tugarev, Major

Túróczy, Zoltán

Tuwim, Julian

Tygodnik Powszechny (Polish Catholic weekly)

Tyrmand, Leopold, 7.1, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2

Tyulpanov, Colonel Sergei, 7.1, 9.1

Ufa (temporary headquarters of Comintern during Second World War), 3.1, 3.2, 8.1

U.K.: see Britain

Ukraine, 2.1, 5.1

conflict over lands of, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1

and mass deportations, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

mass famine, 1930s, 2.1, 10.1, 10.2

and “Moscow communists”, 4.1, 4.2

and political dissent

see also Babi Yar

Ukrainian communist party

Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 6.1, 6.2

Ukrainian Revolutionary Army

“Ulbricht Group”, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 13.1

Ulbricht, Walter, 14.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2

and Berlin riots (June 1953), 18.1, 18.2

biography of, 3.1, 3.2

on central planning and war reparations, 8.1, 10.1

on elections in Eastern Europe, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

and German communists, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2; see also “Ulbricht Group”

on political and religious opposition in Eastern Europe

public celebrations and reconstruction of East Germany, 13.1, 15.1, 15.2

Ulenspiegel (magazine, later Eulenspiegel), 14.1, 14.2, 17.1

Unger, Leopold

Union of Polish Fine Artists, 14.1, 14.2

Union of Polish Scouting (ZHP)

Union of Polish Youth (ZMP), 7.1, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 18.1, 18.2

Sztandar Młodych (Union’s newspaper), 15.1, 17.1

Unitarian Service Committee (refugee assistance organization)

United Natio
ns (UN), 1.1, 17.1, 18.1

United States (USA or America), 12.1, 12.2

aid from, 11.1, 15.1

and “American spies”

communist propaganda against, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 17.1, 17.2

and exiled dissidents, 3.1, 9.1, 12.1

perceptions about Soviet Union in

and Soviet Union: see Cold War; Soviet communist ideology

U.S. army: see American army

U.S. embassy, 5.1, 12.1, 18.1

Urbanowicz, Bohdan

USA: see United States

USSR: see Soviet Union

Varga, Béla

Vargas, Eugene (also Jeno Varga, head of Soviet Institute for World Economics and World Politics)

Vas, Zoltán, 4.1, 15.1

Vasvari Academy (Hungary)

Vatican, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 17.1

Versailles Treaty

Vienna, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1

Vilnius (also Wilno), 1.1, 5.1, 12.1

Vilnius Uprising

Vitányi, Iván, 7.1, 16.1, 18.1

Voice of America, 17.1, 17.2

Volga (river)

Volhynia, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

Volk, Das (German social democrats’ newspaper)

Volksdeutsche (Eastern Europeans with German origins), 5.1, 6.1, 10.1

Volkspolizei: see German People’s Police

Volkssturm (people’s militia)

Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2

Wajda, Andrzej, 5.1, 14.1, 15.1

Ashes and Diamonds (film)

Generation (film)

Man of Marble (film)

Wandel, Paul, 9.1, 13.1

Warsaw

culture and history of, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 16.1

end of Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 7.1, 10.1, 16.1, 17.1

Home Army “center” in

and Jews

liberation and reconstruction of, 2.1, 10.1

Marszałkowska Dzielnica Mieszkaniowa (housing estate)

mass education in, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 16.1

Old Town, reconstruction of

Palace of Culture and Science, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1

and party members’ privileges

political and cultural opponents, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 18.1

political elections, 9.1, 9.2

prisons in

public events and demonstration in

Warsaw, Battle of (1920, “The Miracle on the Vistula”), 2.1, 6.1

Warsaw ghetto, 8.1, 14.1

Warsaw Life: see Zycie Warszawy

Warsaw Pact, 18.1, 18.2

Warsaw radio stations

Warsaw Uprising (August–October 1944), 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 8.1, 11.1

Washington, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1; see also United States

Wasilewska, Wanda

Wasilewski, Eugeniusz

Ważyk, Adam

“Poem for Adults” (poem)

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