Dogs of God
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I think of this book as the last of a quartet, a series of historical works which began with my biography of Galileo, published in 1994, and was followed by The Last Apocalypse, the story of Europe at the year A.D. 1000, and Warriors of God, my account of the Third Crusade of Richard the Lionheart and Saladin. All four books share some common themes and common methodology. All have focused on stories of ancient and medieval history which have great resonance for the present day, questions of science and faith, of millennial expectations and fears, of clashes between civilizations and faiths. All four books have peered into dark corners of Christian Church history in a time when Christians often divert attention from the history of their own faith by casting aspersions on other great world religions.
Once again I have shuttled between my offices at the Library of Congress and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., and tapped the superb resources of both institutions. At the Library of Congress, I spent long periods in both the Hispanic and Middle East divisions. Reference librarians Levon Avdoyan, Mary Jane Deeb, Georgette Dorn, Michael Grunberger, David Kelly, Thomas Mann, and Carlos Oleve were, as always, eager to help. Phoebe Peacock did extensive Latin translation for me. Over the three years it has taken me to research and write this book, the Wilson Center, with the good offices of Lee Hamilton, Michael Van Dusen, and Rosemary Lyon, provided me with five diligent and whip-smart interns: Julia Choucair, Kirill Choulga, Courtney Nicolaisen, Morgan Ruthman, and Sarah Trice. Their help was crucial.
In the three research trips I made to Spain and Portugal, I held a number of important discussions with scholars. Especially useful were my talks and communications with Drs. Juan Gil and Consuela Valera in Seville, both experts on the Inquisition and Columbus, and with Dr. Francisco Domingues in Lisbon, an expert on the age of Portuguese discoveries. Their advice led me to new insights and new avenues of inquiry. For these trips I received assistance from Pilar Vico at the Tourist Office of Spain in New York; from the cultural attaché in the Embassy of Portugal in Washington, D.C., Manuel Pereira; and from cultural officers in the U.S. diplomatic service in Madrid and Barcelona: James Nealon, Edward Loo, and Carol Perez. At both the Archivo de las
Indias and the Biblioteca Colombina in Seville I was graciously and efficiently received.
Lastly, to my editors at Doubleday: I thank Bill Thomas for his unwavering support and encouragement and Katie Hall for her literary skill and exquisite attention to the manuscript.
For the help of all these individuals and institutions, I am very grateful.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
JAMES RESTON, JR., is the author of twelve previous books, including Warriors of God; The Last Apocalypse; and Galileo: A Life. He has written articles for The New Yorker, Esquire, Vanity Fair, Time, Rolling Stone, and many other publications; three plays; and the scripts for three Frontline documentaries. He lives in Chevy Chase, Maryland.
*1 The story was further promoted by the mythmakers of the twentieth-century dictatorship of Antonio Salazar, who put Henry the Navigator forward as part of the national slogan of “God, Fatherland, and Family.” But after the Carnation revolution of 1974 which threw Salazar out, the cult of Henry the Navigator suffered in popularity. He was now called Portugal’s “first fascist.”
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*2 It has subsequently been argued that Columbus’s fixation with King Solomon’s mines proved that he was Jewish, for it was the wealth of the mines, in biblical lore, that would finance the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem. In addition, the insinuation of Columbus’s Jewishness rested upon seven points: his mother’s name was the common Jewish name Suzanna; his father’s family might have been related to the Colóns of Pontevedra in northeast Spain, a well-known Jewish clan; there were Jews in Genoa known as Colombo; Columbus himself had once boasted of a connection to King David; his staunchest supporters later were Jewish; he seemed to prefer the company of conversos; and he occasionally dated his correspondence by the Jewish rather than the Christian calendar. Does that prove that Columbus was Jewish? No. Did he have to be careful of scurrilous rumor and ambitious inquisitors? Most definitely.
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*3 This was a reference to the problem of a disputed succession. Ironically, Catherine of Aragon proved her fecundity by having six children by Henry VIII before he threw her over for Anne Boleyn. Five, including two princes, were stillborn. The sole survivor was Mary, later known as “Bloody Mary.”
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PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS
• CHRISTIAN ROYALTY •
ISABELLA I , Queen of Castile and Spain
FERDINAND V , King of Aragon, Sicily, and Spain
ENRIQUE IV THE IMPOTENT , Isabella’s predecessor and half brother
ALFONSO X THE LEARNED , King of Castile (1252–84)
JOĀO II , King of Portugal
ALFONSO V , THE AFRICAN , King of Portugal (1443–81), João II’s father
HENRY THE NAVIGATOR , Prince of Portugal (1394–1460)
CHARLES VIII , King of France (1483–98)
• MOORISH ROYALTY •
BOABDIL THE UNLUCKY , the last king of the Moorish Caliphate
MULEY ABEN HASSAN , Boabdil’s father and predecessor
EL ZAGAL THE VALIANT , Boabdil’s uncle
AXYA THE CHASTE , Boabdil’s mother
• CHRISTIAN PRELATES •
TOMÁS DE TORQUEMADA , Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition
PEDRO GONZÁLEZ DE MENDOZA , Cardinal of Spain
HERNANDO TALAVERA , queen’s confessor and first archbishop of Granada
ALFONSO DE OJEDA , Inquisition’s firebrand
PEDRO ARBUÉS , inquisitor of Aragon
GIROLAMO SAVONAROLA , Dominican prior of Florence, reformer
ANTONIO DE MARCHENA , father superior of the Monastery of La Rábida
JUAN PÉREZ , Franciscan friar and booster of Columbus
• COURT RABBIS •
DON ISAAC ABRAVANEL
DON ABRAHAM SENIOR
• DISCOVERERS •
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
MARTíN ALONSO PINZÓN , captain of the Pinta
VICENTE YAÑEZ PINZÓN , captain of the Niña
DIOGO CÃO , Portuguese discoverer of the Congo
BARTHOLOMEW DIAS , Port
uguese discoverer of Cape of Good Hope
• POPES •
SIXTUS IV (1471–84)
INNOCENT VIII (1484–92)
ALEXANDER VI , previously Rodrigo Borgia (1492–1503)