by Koven, Seth
Bartholomew Fair, 5
Bartlett, Neil, 304n19
bathing: in casual ward, 83; and Greenwood, 41; Hodson on, 192; in “A Night,” 39–41; for paupers, 77; in Princess of the Gutter, 217; and public health, 40
Baudelaire, Charles, 211
Bayne, Rev. Ronald, 251
BBC: and Barnardo, 88
Beer, Mrs. Frederick, 154
Beeton, Isabella, 151
Beeton, Samuel, 151
Benson, Rev. Edward: at Oxford House, 294n19
Bentham, Jeremy: on sex between men, 57; followers of, 185; political economy of, 57
Bermondsey Settlement, 196, 200, 201
Besant, Annie Wood: autobiography of, 162; as editor of Link, 8; and matchgirls’ strike, 167; radicalism of, 169; on slumming, 8, 296n26
Besant, Walter, 217
Bethnal Green, 243, 260, 277
Beveridge, William, 273; as journalist, 153; as slum tourist, 8; on slumming, 288
Billington, Mary, 141, 334n36
Birmingham Journal: on author of “A Night,” 32
Bitter Cry of Outcast London (Mearns, 1883), 27, 228
Bittlestone: and James Greenwood, 36
Black, Clementina, 163–168, 178, 208
Blair, Eric, 81. See also Orwell, George
Blair, Tony: on Faith in the City, 376n4
Blanc, Louis, 26
Bland-Sutton, Sir John, 127
Bloxam, Rev. John Francis: and “Priest and the Acolyte,” 262–263
Bly, Nellie (Elizabeth Cochrane), 157
Bodichon, Barbara Smith, 151
Boer War: and Jack London, 82
bohemianism: of journalists, 61, 152; and Lee, 206–207; in Princess of the Gutter, 219; of slum priests, 256
Booth, Charles, 11, 94, 156, 166, 277
Bosanquet, Helen, 197, 295n23
Bostonians, The (James, 1886), 214
Boulton and Park: trial of, 315n160
Boys’ Refuge, Great Queen Street, 65
Bradlaugh, Charles: in East London, 94
Bressey, Caroline: on Williams children and Barnardo, 328n102
Bright, John, 35
Britannia Theatre, Hoxton: and Casual Ward, 52
British Museum: reading room of, 163
British Weekly: and Tempted London, 166–169
brotherhood: cross-class, 20, 229; of male journalists, 152; at Oxford, 239; as social ideal, 228; sources of, 231–236; Winnington Ingram on, 278. See also fraternity
Browning House, 191, 248
Browning, Oscar: and Greek Love, 274
Bryan, William Jennings, 146, 149
Buchanan, Patrick: and Oxford House, 363n90
Bumbledom, 55, 60, 62
Burdett-Coutts, Angela, 186–187
bureaucratization: Chadwick on, 185; of charity, 101
burial: of poor, 129
Burne-Jones, Edward, 264
Butler, Josephine, 168
Butler, Rev. Montagu, 228
Caird, Mona, 215, 223
Cairns, Hugh McCalmont, first earl, 105
Cambridge: Ashbee at, 264; and settlement movement, 242
Campaigns of Curiosity (Banks, 1894), 155, 157, 170, 179
Canadian Homes for London Wanderers, 96
Canning Town Women’s Settlement, 203, 214. See also women’s settlements
cant: definition of, 94–95
“Cap and Apron” (Banks), 156, 158–159, 160–163
Captain Lobe (Harkness, 1888), 167; Daddy in, 65; as nasty book, 218
care committees: of London County Council, 225
Carey, Rev. Walter, 279–280
Carlyle, Thomas, 15, 230, 233, 238, 264
Carpenter, Edward, 199; and Ashbee, 265– 266; on cross-class brotherhood, 235; and homosexual rights, 17; social and sexual philosophy of, 264; and Toynbee Hall, 275; on uranianism and philanthropy, 219
Carpenter, Mary, 185
cartes de visites, 105, 114
case records: and COS, 98–99
Castle, Terry, 212
casual ward: Ellen Stanley’s experiences in, 186; Parkinson on, 66; Punch on, 50; Real Casual on, 66; and women, 54, 186. See also Greenwood, James; Lambeth casual ward; “Night in a Workhouse, A”
Casual Ward, The (Hazlewood, 1866), 52–53
cattle plague (1865–66), 40
Cave, Joseph, 51, 64
Cecil, Lord Hugh, 10, 286
Cecil, Robert, third marquess of Salisbury, 10, 286
Cecil, Lord William, 10
celibacy: and Adderley, 3; among women, 203; and Barnardo, 104; episcopal, 260; as ideal, 268; and Oxford movement, 232; as sexual choice, 204, 214, 249, 259; and slum priests, 255
centralization: and scientific charity, 102; of poor relief, 34, 56
Chadwick, Edwin: on workhouse scandal, 56–57
Chalmers, Rev. Thomas, 58
Chamberlain, Joseph: and Beatrice Potter, 199
Chameleon, 153, 262, 368n132
chaperonage, 168, 173
charity: Christian, 65–66, 98, 113 (see also evangelical charity); COS on, 98 (see also Charity Organisation Society); Davies on, 58; feminization of, 7, 194, 240; for flower girls, 168; in relation to Poor laws, 58–59; and trusteeships, 90
Charity Organisation Society (COS), 240, 283; and Barnardo, 60, 91–92, 94, 98–103, 129, 132; and Barnardo Arbitration, 129; Barnett’s break with, 241; case record system of, 98; and Central Office, 91, 98, 101, 102, 322n18; committees of, 92; diversity within, 101; founding of, 58, 91; on night refuges and homeless shelters, 59; and Oxford House, 243; and Shaftesbury, 100; on sin, 100; on state interference, 354n141; and training course for women workers, 224; on vagrancy, 60
Charity Organisation Society, branches of: Bow and Bromley, 102; Deptford, 102; Kensington, 102; North Lambeth, 202; Shoreditch, 102; Whitechapel, 188
Charrington, Frederick, 91–92, 103, 108; and People’s Palace, 320–321n11; photograph of, 106; as slum evangelist, 91; theatricality of, 95
Chartism, 233
chastity, 16
Chauncey, George: on “punks” and “wolves,” 315n170
Cheap Clothes and Nasty (Kingsley, 1858), 209
Chicago Evening Post, 154
child abuse: charges of, against Barnardo, 91; Barnardo’s campaigns against, 133– 138; in Sins of the City, 269
Child of the Jago, The (Morrison, 1896), 217
child welfare: institutions of, 90; in London, 95; Margaret McMillan on, 197; in novels, 95–97; and poverty, 133; of ragged children, 130; and state legislation, 132, 225, 228. See also Barnardo, Thomas John; Barnardo’s; Fegan, James W. C.; Save the Children
children: in casual wards, 44, 47, 50, 55; as dependents, 96, 132; images of, in mines, 42; as priceless, 132; and sentimentality, 131; as sexual objects, 114, 118, 120; state regulation of, 42; as threats, 325n70; as vagrants, 90
Children in Mines and Manufactories: First Report of the Commissioner for Enquiry in the Employment Conditions of, 42
Children’s Country Holiday Fund, 211
Chitty, Arthur, 162
cholera: in London (1865–66), 40, 54, 185
Christian Socialism, 231–232, 239, 242
Church of England: on poverty in cities, 282–284; and settlement movement, 231, 241; women’s roles in, 195
City Girl (Harkness, 1887), 167–168
class, 13; Banks on, in England, 174; and dirt, 187–188; and domestic service, 160–163; and economic wealth and social prestige, 170; language of, 10–11; and men’s settlement movement, 276– 281; as relationships, 284; in sexology, 73; and social control, 18; transgression of, 46. See also cross-class brotherhood; cross-class sisterhood
classification: of paupers and homeless persons, 57, 69
Cleveland Street Scandal, 72
clothing: Barnardo’s manipulation of, 113– 114, 117, 120–121; and Driberg, 84; in Doré’s images of pauper men, 80; and erotics, 118–122, 124; removal of, 39, 120, 264; as sign of social identity, 19, 37; tearing up of, 69; washing o
f, 188; in workhouses, 188–189
clubs: and John Timbs, 357n25; men’s, 152, 234–235; and Oxford House, 277– 280; women’s, 152, 159–160; working lads’, 127
Clutton-Brock, Guy: as head of Oxford House, 279
Clutton-Brock, Molly: and Oxford House, 279
Cobbe, Frances Power, 208
Collet, Clara, 11, 239
Collins, George: and Barnardo, 124
Committee for Promoting the Establishment of Baths for the Labouring Classes, 40
commodity culture: and capitalism, 113, 162, 169, 178; and gender, 144, 151; newspapers’ role in, 151, 154; and sex, 130–134
comradeship, 127, 228, 263, 269, 368n138; at Toynbee Hall, 268
Conference on Night Refuges, 59
Conservatism (H. Cecil, 1912), 286
contagion: in casual ward, 47; sodomy as form of, 57
Contemporary Review: on fraternity, 228; on women’s roles, 172
conversion narratives: evangelical, 114
Cook, Edward Tyas, 250
Cornhill Magazine: and Matthew Arnold, 75
COS. See Charity Organization Society cotton famine: Lancashire, 33, 58
country holidays: for rough lads, 266; for slum children, 127
Covent Garden: and flower girls, 109
crippled children: program for, in slums, 201
Cripps, Rev. Arthur Shearly: and Adderley, 3
crisis of faith, 251
cross-class brotherhood: and Adderley, 2; Ashbee on, 234; Carpenter on, 235; and democracy, 279; erotics of, 72, 203; and manliness, 239; and religion, 252; and settlement movement, 229, 242; and slum priests, 256; in slums, 20
cross-class friendship: among women, 191, 225. See also cross-class sisterhood
cross-class masquerades, 141, 177. See also incognito slumming
cross-class sisterhood, 20, 184, 190–191, 193; criticisms of, 223; and dirt, 195, 226; erotics of, 216; and social reform, 229
cross-dressing: and Boulton and Park, 72; and Vernon Lee, 205
crossing sweeper: Banks’s masquerade as, 165
Cullwick, Hannah, 185
Culture and Anarchy (Arnold, 1869), 75, 76
Culture and Society (Williams, 1958), 82
Cumming, Edwards: on Toynbee Hall, 249–250
Daddy (Budge): on the bath, 41; as celebrity, 63; as music hall figure 65; and “A Night,” 39, 83; photographs of, 64; as stage actor, 64; Sims on, 64
Daily Graphic, 141
Daily News (London): on lodging house abuses, 67–68
Dakyns, Henry Graham, 71
dance halls: condemnation of, 12
dandy: Barnardo as, 104; Greenwood as, 37; James Adams on, 104; Merrick as, 128
Darwin, Charles: and photography, 117–118
Davidoff, Leonore: on separate spheres, 345n10
Davies, Rev. John Llewelyn, 58–59
Davis, Jim: on “A Night” as stage drama, 52
Dawes, Anna, 249
Dearmer, Rev. Percy: on Toynbee Hall, 244
decadence: and gender, 174
deformity: Victorian attitudes toward, 126
democracy: Ashbee on, 264; Carpenter on, 234; and cross-class brotherhood, 83; at Guild and School of Handicraft, 265; and Headlam, 256; and Holland, 253; and mass press, 162; at Oxford House, 278; in U.S., 174, 176; Whitman as poet of, 235; in working men’s clubs, 277
Denison, Rev. Edward, 360n53
Despard, Charlotte, 196, 347n43
Devereux, Roy, 222. See also Pember-Devereux, Mrs. Roy
Dickens, Charles, 26, 34, 35, 77, 115, 116, 130, 185
Dickenson, Goldsworthy Lowes, 264
dirt, 10: and class relations, 190, 192; and cross-class sisterhood, 195; and cultural anthropology, 198; erotics of, 21, 226; and gender, 185–186, 189; Hodson on, 192–193; Lee on, 208; of London, 185; politics and political economy of, 185, 190, 192, 197; and poverty, 194; and queer lives, 181; Royden on, 195; and sex, 183–184, 188, 211; and sodomy, 63; Ellen Stanley on, 186–187; therapeutic value of, 253; and tramps, 68; as trope in women’s writings, 21, 184
disguise: Banks in, 143, 173; and democracy, 83; Greenwood in, 36, 37, 51; inspectors in, 11; journalists in, 19, 32, 61; police’s use of, 38. See also incognito slumming
district visiting, 59
divorce, 223
Dock Strike (1889), 2
doctors: in slums, 25, 54, 126–127, 129
documentary photography, 116–118; of street children, 330n129
Dodgson, Charles (Lewis Carroll): as photographer, 118, 327n87
Dolling, Rev. Robert, 255–258, 262; sexual ambiguity of, 274
domestic servants: in bourgeois homes, 187; daily tasks of, 158; and mistresses, 158; at Toynbee Hall, 245. See also Banks, Elizabeth L., maidservant masquerade of
domestic service, 193; as badge of slavery, 163; and Banks, 140, 156, 163; dislike of, by working-class girls, 156
domesticity: in Banks’s masquerades, 140– 141, 143, 161, 163, 185; civilizing effects of, 61; freedom from, 285; and laboring women, 196; in representations of women journalists, 154; at Toynbee Hall, 249–250
Doré, Gustave, 74, 76–81
doubleness: as sign of male sexual dissidence, 314n151; and Symonds, 70
Dowling, Linda: on Hellenism and male homosexuality, 351n100
Down and Out in Paris and London (Orwell, 1933), 74, 82–84
Doyle, Andrew: and Report on Vagrancy (1865), 56
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 61
Dr. Barnardo’s Home Containing Startling Revelations (Reynolds, 1877), 91, 103
Driberg, Tom: sexual slumming of, 84–85
Duchess of Buckingham: in disguise, 5
Duchess of Richmond: in disguise, 5
Dusty Diamonds Cut and Polished (Ballantyne, 1884), 95–97
Dyos, H. J., 9, 296n29
early Christians: as models for Oxford House men, 244
East End Juvenile Mission. See Barnardo, Thomas John
East London, 156, 190; Barnardo’s evangelizing in, 90, 138; charities in, 92–93; Charrington’s evangelizing in, 91–92; dirtiness of, 211; and philanthropy, 128; pleasures of, 127; Scott Holland on, 253; and Schreiner, 199; women journalists in, 163; working men’s clubs in, 277
Echo, 141
Economic Journal, 164
Education (Feeding of Necessitous School Children) Act (1906), 132, 225
Edwards, David: undercover inspecting by, 11–12
Elberfeld system, 59
Elephant Man. See Merrick, Joseph
Ellis, Edith Lees: on Hinton, 16; and same-sex love, 17
Ellis, Havelock: and Hinton, 16, 299n54; on lesbianism, 209; and sexology, 87; on sexual inversion, 73; and Symonds, 72–74
Ellis, Ralph, 102
Elmy, Elizabeth Wolstenholme, 225
emigration: to Canada, 85
empire, 125; in Caribbean, 123; obligations of, 124; tropes of, in slum writings, 237, 254
Engels, Frederick: on literary realism, 341n103
English Illustrated Magazine, 164–165
English Woman’s Journal, 151
Englishwoman’s Review, 151
ethnography: and slum dwellers, 15, 37
Eton: and Oscar Browning, 274
evangelical charity: concepts of truth in, 93–103, 110, 117; conflicts within, 91–94; doctrine of atonement in, 232; and dream narratives, 110; in London: 90, 94, 111, 129; and Meade, 216; and ritualism, 256; principles of, 58, 99–100; scope of, 321n16; and sex, 104–105; sin and salvation in, 100, 138
evangelical party: decline of, in 1870s, 94
Eyre, Edward John, Governor, 62
Fabian society, 16, 208
Factory act: laundresses on, 165
Fairfax-Cholmeley, Hugh, 265
Faith in the City (1985), 282–284
fallen women. See prostitution
Family Welfare Association, 283. See also Charity Organisation Society
Farnall, H. B.: inspection by, 66; and Lambeth workhouse, 45, 56, 311nn103 and 109
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Farrel, Mick, 109–110
Fegan, James W. C., 101–102, 115
Fellowship of the New Life, 208; and Hinton, 16
femininity: Banks’s performance of, 147, 150, 160, 166; bourgeois, 100; debates about, in 1890s, 142; and womanliness, 141. See also gender, womanliness
feminism: rise of, as political movement, 222
fenianism, 26, 231
Field Lane Refuge, 77
Fitzgerald, Edward, 106–108, 133
flogging: in Barnardo’s Home, 121–122
Flowers, William, 277
Flynt, Josiah, 73
Following Fully (Shipton, 1872), 95
Ford, Emily, 208
Forster Education Act (1870), 152
Forster, Edward Morgan, 219–220, 275; on slum philanthropy, 372n182
Foucault, Michel: on discourse and human agency, 293n7; on history of homosexuality, 373n186
Fox Talbot, William Henry, 117
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 252
fraternalism, 236
fraternity: language of, 229; and male reformers, 21; among Oxford men, 228; “unnatural,” 264. See also brotherhood; cross-class brotherhood
freak show, 126–127
Fremantle, Rev. William Henry: and charity reform, 59
Freud, Sigmund: on benevolence and sexuality, 298n44
France: press in, on “A Night,” 26–27
friendly visiting, 101, 225; by women, 191
friendship: cross-class, 2, 4, 7, 200, 225–226; between men, 263; romantic, 203–204, 217–221, 269, 368n138; and social reform, 240; Trumbull on, 263; between women, 191, 193, 202
Friendship, the Master Passion (Trumbull, 1892), 263
friendship-love: definition of, 265; and homosexuality, 269. See also friendship, romantic
Friendship’s Garland (Arnold, 1871), 75–76
Frith, William Powell: and street children, 117
Froude, Rev. Richard Hurrell, 232
Fry, Roger, 264
Galton, Frank: background of, 369n156; on country holidays, 268; on Toynbee Hall men, 266
Gandhi, Mahatma: in East London, 195; at Kingsley Hall, 196
Gathorne-Hardy, first earl of Cranbrook, 63
gender: commodification of, 178; and dirt, 185–186; and journalism, 141, 151– 155, 174–175; and male reformers, 229; and men’s settlements, 248–259; and national identity, 169–177; and passionlessness, 203; as performance, 147, 150, 160, 166, 205; and religion, 248–259; and slumming, 7–8; at Toynbee Hall, 240; and transgression, 4; and women’s settlements, 186–187, 191