24. Gunn, op. cit., p. 421.
25. W. C. Taylor, M.D., A Physician’s Counsels to Woman in Health and Disease (Springfield: W. J. Holland and Co., 1871), pp. 284–85.
26. Winfield Scott Hall, Ph.D., M.D., Sexual Knowledge (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1916), pp. 202–3.
27. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957, Washington, D.C., 1960, p. 25.
28. Rachel Gillett Fruchter, “Women’s Weakness: Consumption and Women in the 19th Century,” Columbia University School of Public Health, unpublished paper, 1973.
29. Haller and Haller, op. cit., p. 59.
30. Emma Goldman, Living My Life, Vol. I (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1970, first published 1931), pp. 185–86.
31. Carroll D. Wright, The Working Girls of Boston (Boston: Wright and Potter Printing, State Printers, 1889), p. 71.
32. Ibid., pp. 117–18.
33. Lucien C. Warner, M.D., A Popular Treatise on the Functions and Diseases of Woman (New York: Manhattan Publishing, 1874), p. 109.
34. Quoted in Dr. Alice Moqué, “The Mistakes of Mothers,” Proceedings of the National Congress of Mothers Second Annual Convention, Washington, D.C., May 1898, p. 43.
35. Goldman, op. cit., p. 187.
36. Quoted in G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), p. 128.
37. Quoted in Elaine and English Showalter, “Victorian Women and Menstruation,” in Martha Vicinus (ed.), Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), p. 43.
38. “Mary Livermore’s Recommendatory Letter,” in Cott, op. cit., p. 292.
39. Mary Putnam Jacobi, M.D., in Cott, op. cit., p. 307.
40. Quoted in Haller and Haller, op. cit., p. 73.
41. Ibid., p. 47.
42. Quoted in Haller and Haller, op. cit., p. 51.
43. Hall, op. cit., p. 578.
44. Quoted in Haller and Haller, op. cit., p. 56.
45. Hall, op. cit., p. 56.
46. Ibid., p. 562.
47. Loc. cit.
48. Frederick Hollick, M.D., The Diseases of Women, Their Cause and Cure Familiarly Explained (New York: T. W. Strong, 1849).
49. Quoted in Ann Douglas Wood, “The ‘Fashionable Diseases’: Women’s Complaints and their Treatment in Nineteenth-Century America,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4, Summer 1973, p. 29.
50. Quoted in Rita Arditti, “Women as Objects: Science and Sexual Politics,” Science for the People, September 1974, p. 8.
51. W. W. Bliss, Woman and Her Thirty-Years’ Pilgrimage (Boston: B. B. Russell, 1870), p. 96.
52. Quoted in Haller and Haller, op. cit., p. 101.
53. Quoted in Veith, op. cit., p. 205.
54. M. E. Dirix, M.D., Woman’s Complete Guide to Health (New York: W. A. Townsend and Adams, 1869), pp. 23–24.
55. Quoted in Fruchter, op. cit.
56. Wood, op. cit., p. 30.
57. Barker-Benfield, op. cit., pp. 121–24.
58. Ben Barker-Benfield, “The Spermatic Economy: A Nineteenth Century View of Sexuality,” Feminist Studies 1, Summer 1972, pp. 45–74.
59. Barker-Benfield, Horrors of the Half-Known Life, p. 122.
60. Ibid., p. 30.
61. Ibid., pp. 96–102.
62. Haller and Haller, op. cit., p. 103.
63. Thomas Woody, A History of Women’s Education in the United States, Vol. II (New York: Octagon Books, 1974).
64. Haller and Haller, op. cit., p. 61.
65. Edward H. Clarke, M.D., Sex in Education, or a Fair Chance for the Girls (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1873. Reprint edition by Arno Press Inc., 1972).
66. Quoted in Haller and Haller, op. cit., p. 39.
67. Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bullough, The Subordinate Sex: A History of Attitudes Toward Women (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973), p. 323.
68. Wood, op. cit., p. 207.
69. Hall, op. cit., p. 632.
70. Ibid., p. 633.
71. Quoted in Haller and Haller, op. cit., p. 81.
72. Burr, op. cit., p. 374.
73. Woody, op. cit., p. 154.
74. Quoted in Haller and Haller, op. cit., pp. 29–30.
75. Rosalind Rosenberg, “In Search of Woman’s Nature: 1850–1920,” Feminist Studies 3, Fall 1975, p. 141.
76. Quoted in Woody, op. cit., p. 153.
77. Burr, op. cit., p. 183.
78. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House (New York: Macmillan, 1960), p. 65.
79. Burr, op. cit., p. 290.
80. Quoted in Wood, op. cit., p. 38.
81. Burr, op. cit., p. 184.
82. Quoted in Theodore Roosevelt, “Birth Reform, From the Positive, Not the Negative Side,” in Complete Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. XIX (New York: Scribner, 1926), p. 163.
83. Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 161.
84. Hall, op. cit., p. 579.
85. S. Weir Mitchell, Constance Trescot (New York: The Century Co., 1905), p. 382.
86. Quoted in Veith, op. cit., p. 217.
87. See Linda Gordon, Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America (New York: Grossman, 1977).
88. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, “The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles in Nineteenth Century America,” Social Research, 39, Winter 1972, pp. 652–78.
89. Quoted in Matthiessen, op. cit., p. 276.
90. Dirix, op. cit., p. 60.
91. Thomas S. Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness (New York: Dell, 1961), p. 48.
Notes to Chapter Five
1. Quoted in Margaret Reid, Economics of Household Production (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1934), p. 43.
2. William F. Ogburn and M. F. Nimkoff, Technology and the Changing Family (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1955), p. 152.
3. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957, Washington, D.C., 1960.
4. Elizabeth F. Baker, Technology and Women’s Work (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964), p. 4.
5. Reid, op. cit., p. 52.
6. Caroline L. Hunt, The Life of Ellen H. Richards (Washington, D.C.: The American Home Economics Association, 1958), p. 141.
7. Edward A. Ross, The Social Trend (New York: Century Co., 1922), p. 80.
8. Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Modern Library, 1934), pp. 81–82.
9. Fannie Perry Gay, Woman’s Journal, November 12, 1889, p. 365.
10. Quoted in Hunt, op. cit., p. 159.
11. Olive Schreiner, Woman and Labor (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1911), pp. 45–46.
12. Quoted in Robert H. Bremner, Children and Youth in America, A Documentary History, Volume II, 1866–1932 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 365.
13. Edmond Demolins, Anglo-Saxon Superiority: To What Is It Due? (New York: R. F. Fenne, 1898).
14. Arthur W. Calhoun, The Social History of the American Family from Colonial Times to the Present, Volume III: Since the Civil War (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1919), p. 197.
15. Russell Lynes, The Domesticated Americans (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), p. 11.
16. Quoted in Calhoun, op. cit., p. 197.
17. Calhoun, op. cit., pp. 179–98.
18. Richard Sennett, Families Against the City: Middle Class Homes of Industrial Chicago 1872–1890 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1970).
19. Edward A. Ross, Social Psychology (New York: Macmillan, 1917), p. 89.
20. Charles H. Whitaker, The Joke About Housing (College Park, Maryland: McGrath Publishing, 1969, first published 1920), p. 9.
21. David J. Pivar, The New Abolitionism: The Quest for Social Purity (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms, 1965), p. 283.
22. Quoted in Calhoun, op. cit., pp. 197–98.
23. Editorial, Ladies’ Home Journal, October 1911, p
. 6.
24. Robert Clarke, Ellen Swallow: The Woman Who Founded Ecology (Chicago: Follett, 1973), p. 51.
25. Ibid., p. 12.
26. Ibid., pp. 32–33.
27. Hunt, op. cit., p. 78.
28. Clarke, op. cit., p. 157.
29. Hunt, op. cit., p. 157.
30. Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967).
31. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference on Home Economics, Lake Placid, New York, 1904, p. 64.
32. Ibid., p. 16.
33. Eileen E. Quigley, Introduction to Home Economics (New York: Macmillan, 1974), pp. 58–59.
34. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Home Economics, Lake Placid, New York, 1902, p. 85.
35. Editorial on “Public School Instruction in Cooking,” Journal of the American Medical Association 32, 1899, p. 1183.
36. Sallie S. Cotten, “A National Training School for Women,” in The Work and Words of the National Congress of Mothers (New York: D. Appleton, 1897), p. 280.
37. Mrs. H. M. Plunkett, Women, Plumbers and Doctors, or Household Sanitation (New York: D. Appleton, 1897), p. 203.
38. Ibid., p. 11.
39. Editorial, Journal of the American Medical Association, 32, 1899, p. 1183.
40. Helen Campbell, Household Economics (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1907), p. 206.
41. Plunkett, op. cit., p. 10.
42. Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of Consumer Culture (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976), pp. 169–70.
43. Campbell, op. cit., p. 196.
44. “Squeaky Clean? Not Even Close,” Amanda Hesser, The New York Times, January 28, 2004.
45. Quoted in Hunt, op. cit., p. 161.
46. Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974), pp. 85–123.
47. Christine Frederick, “The New Housekeeping,” serialized in the Ladies’ Home Journal, September–December 1912.
48. Samuel Haber, Efficiency and Uplift: Scientific Management in the Progressive Era, 1890–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), p. 2.
49. Reid, op. cit., pp. 75–76.
50. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Home Economics, Lake Placid, New York, 1902, p. 59.
51. Carol Lopate, “Ironies of the Home Economics Movement,” Edcentric: A Journal of Educational Change, no. 31/32, November 1974, p. 40.
52. Thomas Woody, A History of Women’s Education in the United States, Vol. II (New York: Octagon Books, 1974), pp. 60–61.
53. Quoted in Woody, op. cit., p. 52.
54. Hunt, op. cit., p. 113.
55. Ellen Richards, Euthenics: The Science of Controllable Environment (Boston: Whitcomb and Barrows, 1912), p. 154.
56. Letter from “E.W.S.,” Woman’s Journal, September 10, 1898, p. 293.
57. Letter from Mrs. Vivia A. B. Henderson, Woman’s Journal, November 19, 1898, p. 375.
58. H.B.B. Blackwell, “Housework as a Profession,” Woman’s Journal, August 27, 1898, p. 276.
59. Campbell, op. cit., p. 219.
60. Haber, op. cit., p. 62.
61. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Home Economics, Lake Placid, New York, 1902, p. 36.
62. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Home: Its Work and Influence (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972, first published 1903), p. 93.
63. Ibid., pp. 179–81.
64. Calhoun, op. cit., p. 180.
65. Ibid., p. 185.
66. Hunt, op. cit., p. 161.
67. Quoted in Richards, op. cit., p. 160.
68. Quoted in Hunt, op. cit., p. 163.
69. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House (New York: Macmillan, 1960, first published 1910), p. 294.
70. Mrs. L. P. Rowland, “The Friendly Visitor,” in Proceedings of the National Conference on Charities and Corrections 1897, p. 256.
71. Calhoun, op. cit., p. 77.
72. Miss Eleanor Hanson, “Forty-three Families Treated by Friendly Visiting,” Proceedings of the National Conference on Charities and Corrections 1907, p. 315.
73. Mary E. McDowell, “Friendly Visiting,” Proceedings of the National Conference on Charities and Corrections 1896, p. 253.
74. Reverend W. J. Kerby, “Self-help in the Home,” Proceedings of the National Conference on Charities and Corrections 1908, p. 81.
75. Addams, op. cit., p. 253.
76. Quoted in Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference on Home Economics, Lake Placid, New York, 1905, p. 67.
77. Isabel F. Hyams, “Teaching of Home Economics in Social Settlements,” Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference on Home Economics, Lake Placid, New York, 1905, pp. 56–57.
78. Isabel F. Hyams, “The Louisa May Alcott Club,” Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Home Economics, Lake Placid, New York, 1900, p. 18.
79. Ibid., p. 19.
80. Jessica Braley, “Ideals and Standards as Reflected in Work for Social Service,” Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Home Economics, Lake Placid, New York, 1902, p. 49.
81. Emma Goldman, Living My Life, Vol. I (New York: Dover Publications, 1970, first published 1931), p. 160.
82. Quoted in Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Home Economics, Lake Placid, New York, 1901, p. 93.
83. Ibid., p. 69.
84. Subcommittee on Preparental Education, White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, Education for Home and Family Life, Part I: In Elementary and Secondary Schools (New York: Century, 1932), pp. 78–79.
85. Hunt, op. cit., p. 109.
86. Allie S. Freed (Chairman of the Committee for Economic Recovery), “Home Building by Private Enterprise,” address to the Cambridge League of Women Voters, February 26, 1936.
87. United States Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1973, Washington, D.C., 1973.
88. Heidi Irmgard Hartmann, “Capitalism and Women’s Work in the Home 1900–1930,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1974 (available from University Microfilms, Ann Arbor), pp. 212–75.
89. Joann Vanek, “Time Spent in Housework,” Scientific American, November 1974, p. 116.
90. Quoted in Reid, op. cit., pp. 89–90.
91. Christine Frederick, Selling Mrs. Consumer (New York: The Business Bourse, 1929), p. 169.
92. “Wonders Women Work in Marketing,” Sales Management, October 2, 1959, p. 33.
93. See Lee Rainwater, Richard P. Coleman, and Gerald Handel, Workingman’s Wife (New York: McFadden-Bartell, 1959).
Notes to Chapter Six
1. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963), p. 364.
2. Arthur W. Calhoun, Social History of the American Family, Volume III: Since the Civil War (Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1919), p. 131.
3. Quoted in Michael Lesy, Wisconsin Death Trip (New York: Pantheon, 1973) (unpaginated).
4. See René Dubos, The Mirage of Health (New York: Harper, 1959); René Dubos, Man Adapting (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965); Thomas McKeown, Medicine in Modern Society (London: Allen and Unwin, 1965); A. L. Cochrane, Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services (London: Oxford University Press, 1972).
5. See Linda Gordon, Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America (New York: Grossman, 1977).
6. William F. Ogburn and M. F. Nimkoff, Technology and the Changing Family (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1955), p. 195.
7. John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children (New York and London: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1969, first published 1906), p. 145.
8. Quoted in Spargo, op. cit., p. 179.
9. Sarah N. Cleghorn, quoted in “Child Labor,” Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 6 (New York: Americana Corp., 1974), p. 460.
10. Dr. W. N. Hailman, “Mission of Childhood,” Proceedings of the National Congress of Mothers Second
Annual Convention, May 1898, p. 171.
11. Ellen Key, The Century of the Child (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1909), pp. 100–1.
12. Theodore Roosevelt, Address to the First International Congress in America on the Welfare of the Child, under the auspices of the National Congress of Mothers, Washington, D.C., March 1908.
13. Lucy Wheelock, “The Right Education of Young Women,” speech given at the First International Congress in America on the Welfare of the Child, Washington, D.C., March 1908.
14. Bernard Wishy, The Child and the Republic: The Dawn of Modern American Child Nurture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968), p. 117.
15. Declaration of Principles, First International Congress in America on the Welfare of the Child, Washington, D.C., March 1908.
16. Mrs. Theodore W. Birney, “Address of Welcome,” The Work and Words of the National Congress of Mothers (New York: D. Appleton, 1897), p. 7.
17. Dr. Alice Moqué, “The Mistakes of Mothers,” Proceedings of the National Congress of Mothers Second Annual Convention, Washington, D.C., May 1898, p. 44.
18. Mrs. Theodore W. Birney, “Presidential Address,” Proceedings of the Third Annual Convention of the National Congress of Mothers, Washington, D.C., February 1899, p. 198.
19. Julia Ward Howe, quoted in William L. O’Neill, Everyone Was Brave: A History of Feminism in America (New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., 1974), p. 36.
20. Beatrice Forbes-Robertson Hale, What Women Want: An Interpretation of the Feminist Movement (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1914), p. 276.
21. Mrs. Harriet Hickox Heller, “Childhood, an Interpretation,” Proceedings of the National Congress of Mothers Second Annual Convention, Washington, D.C., May 1898, p. 81.
22. Mrs. Theodore W. Birney, “Address of Welcome,” Proceedings of the National Congress of Mothers Second Annual Convention, p. 17.
23. John Brisben Walker, “Motherhood as a Profession,” Cosmopolitan, May 1898, p. 89.
24. Wishy, op. cit., p. 120.
25. Eli Zaretsky, Capitalism, the Family and Personal Life (New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1976), p. 31.
26. A. A. Roback, History of American Psychology (New York: Library Publishers, 1952), p. 129.
27. Quoted in Dorothy Ross, G. Stanley Hall: The Psychologist as Prophet (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. 177.
28. Edwin G. Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950), p. 569.
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