The World in a Grain
Page 26
23. Konstantinos I. Vatalis, George Charalambides, and Nikolas Ploutarch Benetis, “Market of High Purity Quartz Innovative Applications,” Procedia Economics and Finance 24 (2015): 734–42. Part of special issue: International Conference on Applied Economics, July 2–4, 2015, Kazan, Russia.
24. Affidavit of Richard Zielke, Unimin Corporation v. Thomas Gallo and I-Minerals USA, Mitchell County Superior Court, North Carolina, July 25, 2014.
25. “Quick Facts: Mitchell County, North Carolina,” US Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/37121.
26. Rich Miller, “The Billion Dollar Data Centers,” Data Center Knowledge, April 29, 2013; http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/04/29/the-billion-dollar-data-centers/.
Chapter 6: Fracking Facilitator
1. Leonardo Maugeri, “Oil: The Next Revolution,” Harvard Kennedy School/Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, June 2012, 53.
2. “How much shale gas is produced in the United States?” US Energy Information Administration; https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=907&t=8.
3. Maugeri, “Oil,” 56–57.
4. Don Bleiwas, “Estimates of Hydraulic Fracturing (Frac) Sand Production, Consumption, and Reserves in the United States,” Rock Products 118, no. 5 (May 2015).
5. “Silica Sand Mining in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, January 2012, 4–5.
6. Stephanie Porter, “Breaking the Rules for Profit,” Land Stewardship Project, November 26, 2014, 4.
7. Bleiwas, “Estimates of Hydraulic . . .”
8. “Sand and Gravel (Industrial),” US Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2017, 144.
9. Thomas P. Dolley, “Silica,” US Geological Survey 2014 Minerals Yearbook, 66.1.
10. “Silica Sand Mining in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, January 2012, 8.
11. “High Capacity Wells,” Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Wells/HighCap/.
12. Steven Verburg, “Frac sand miners fined $60,000 for stormwater spill in creek,” Madison.com, September 9, 2014; http://host.madison.com/news/local/environment/frac-sand-miners-fined-for-stormwater-spill-in-creek/article_49ceb1e1-87eb-5177-887d-4d03b75b4c88.html.
13. Emily Chapman, et al., “Communities at Risk: Frac Sand Mining in the Upper Midwest,” Boston Action Research, September 25, 2014.
14. Ali Mokdad, et al., “Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000,” JAMA 291, no. 10 (March 10, 2004): 1238–45.
15. E. J. Esswein, et al., “Occupational exposures to respirable crystalline silica during hydraulic fracturing,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 10, no. 7 (2013): 347–56; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23679563.
16. Soren Rundquist and Bill Walker, “Danger in the Air,” Environmental Working Group, September 25, 2014; http://www.ewg.org/research/danger-in-the-air#.WekhBBOPLdQ.
17. Soren Rundquist, “Danger in the Air,” Part 2, Environmental Working Group, September 25, 2014; http://www.ewg.org/research/sandstorm/health-concerns-silica-outdoor-air#.WekhMhOPLdQ.
18. John Richards and Todd Brozell, “Assessment of Community Exposure to Ambient Respirable Crystalline Silica near Frac Sand Processing Facilities,” Atmosphere 6 (July 24, 2015): 960–82.
19. Chapman, “Communities at Risk,” 10–11.
20. Porter, “Breaking the Rules,” 4.
21. Ibid., 15.
22. Ibid., 6.
23. Steven Verburg, “Scott Walker, Legislature altering Wisconsin’s way of protecting natural resources,” Madison.com, October 4, 2015.
24. “Silica Sand Mines in Minnesota,” Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2016.
25. Karen Zamora and Josephine Marcotty, “Winona County passes frac sand ban, first in the state to take such a stand,” Star Tribune, November 22, 2016; http://www.startribune.com/winona-county-passes-frac-sand-ban-first-in-the-state-to-take-such-a-stand/402569295/.
26. Thomas W. Pearson, When the Hills Are Gone: Frac Sand Mining and the Struggle for Community (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2017), 4.
27. Leighton Walter Kille, “The environmental costs and benefits of fracking: The state of research,” Journalist’s Resource; http://journalistsresource.org/studies/environment/energy/environmental-costs-benefits-fracking.
28. “Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds,” National Intelligence Council, December 2012, 57.
Chapter 7: Miami Beach-Less
1. Ryan McNeill, Deborah J. Nelson, and Duff Wilson, “Water’s edge: the crisis of rising sea levels,” Reuters, September 4, 2014; https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/waters-edge-the-crisis-of-rising-sea-levels/.
2. “Disappearing Beaches: Modeling Shoreline Change in Southern California,” US Geological Survey, March 27, 2017.
3. Orrin H. Pilkey Jr. and J. Andrew G. Cooper, The Last Beach (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014), 14.
4. Michael Welland, Sand: The Never-Ending Story (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 18.
5. Patrick Reilly, “Without more sand, SoCal stands to lose big chunk of its beaches,” Christian Science Monitor, March 28, 2017.
6. Bob Marshall, “Losing Ground: Southeast Louisiana Is Disappearing, Quickly,” Scientific American, August 28, 2014.
7. Edward J. Anthony, et al., “Linking rapid erosion of the Mekong River delta to human activities,” Nature.com Scientific Reports 5, article no. 14745, October 8, 2015.
8. Pilkey and Cooper, The Last Beach, 25–28, 30, 32–33.
9. Pedro A. Gelabert, “Environmental Effects of Sand Extraction Practices in Puerto Rico,” papers presented at a UNESCO–University of Puerto Rico workshop entitled “Integrated Framework for the Management of Beach Resources within the Smaller Caribbean Islands,” October 21–25, 1996.
10. Pilkey and Cooper, The Last Beach, 37–38.
11. Desmond Brown, “Facing Tough Times, Barbuda Continues Sand Mining Despite Warnings,” Inter Press Service News Agency, June 22, 2013.
12. Email correspondence with Dr. Amy E. Potter, Assistant Professor of Geography, Department of History, Armstrong State University.
13. Jase D. Ousley, Elizabeth Kromhout, and Matthew H. Schrader, “Southeast Florida Sediment Assessment and Needs Determination (SAND) Study,” US Army Corps of Engineers, August 2013, 93.
14. Lisa Broad, “Treasure Coast fighting Miami-Dade efforts to ship its sand south,” Stuart News/Port St. Lucie News, September 20, 2015.
15. John Branch, “Copacabana’s Natural Sand Is Just Right for Olympic Beach Volleyball,” New York Times, August 9, 2016.
16. Pilkey and Cooper, The Last Beach, xi.
17. John R. Gillis, The Human Shore: Seacoasts in History, reprint ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 155.
18. Tatyana Ressetar, “The Seaside Resort Towns of Cape May and Atlantic City, New Jersey Development, Class Consciousness, and the Culture of Leisure in the Mid to Late Victorian Era,” thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011; http://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1704/.
19. Ibid., 16.
20. D. J. Waldie, “How Angelenos invented the L.A. summer—in the beginning was the barbecue,” Los Angeles Times, July 9, 2017.
21. Gillis, The Human Shore, 160–61.
22. T. D. Allman, Finding Florida: The True History of the Sunshine State (New York: Grove Press, 2014), 319–20, 333.
23. “History of Broward County,” http://www.broward.org/History/Pages/BCHistory.aspx.
24. Allman, Finding Florida, 337.
25. David Fleshler, “Wade-ins ended beach segregation,” Sun Sentinel, April 13, 2015.
26. “Important Broward County Milestones,” http://www.broward.org/History/Pages/Milestones.aspx.
27. Allman, Finding Florida, 347.
29. Pilkey and Cooper, The Last Beach, 168.
30. James McAuley, “Fake Seine beaches are part of a Paris summer. This year, they’re making officials nervous,” Washington Post, July 28, 2016.
31. René Kolman, “New Land by the Sea: Economically and Socially, Land Reclamation Pays,” International Association of Dredging Companies, May 2012; https://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/fck-uploaded/documents/PDF%20Articles/article-new-land-by-the-sea.pdf.
32. “Fijian Economy,” Fiji High Commission to the United Kingdom, http://www.fijihighcommission.org.uk/about_3.html.
33. McNeill, et al., “Water’s edge: the crisis of rising sea levels.”
34. Justin Gillis, “Flooding of Coast, Caused by Global Warming, Has Already Begun,” New York Times, September 3, 2016.
35. Gillis, The Human Shore, 12, 184.
36. Dylan E. McNamara, Sathya Gopalakrishnan, Martin D. Smith, and A. Brad Murray, “Climate Adaptation and Policy-Induced Inflation of Coastal Property Value,” PLoS One 10, no. 3 (March 25, 2015).
37. McNeill, et al., “Water’s edge: the crisis of rising sea levels.”
38. JoAnne Castagna, “Messages in the sand from Hurricane Sandy,” US Army Corps of Engineers, September 7, 2016; https://www.dvidshub.net/news/208990/messages-sand-hurricane-sandy.
39. Pilkey and Cooper, The Last Beach, 70.
40. Ousley, et al., “Southeast Florida Sediment Assessment and Needs Determination (SAND) Study,” 93.
41. “Beach Nourishment Viewer,” Program for the Study of the Developed Shoreline, Western Carolina University; http://beachnourishment.wcu.edu/.
42. Welland, Sand, 123.
43. Pilkey and Cooper, The Last Beach, 16–18, 21, 83–85.
44. Andres David Lopez, “Study: Sand nourishment linked to fewer marine life,” Palm Beach Daily News, April 4, 2016.
45. Sammy Fretwell, “Marine life dwindles after beach renourishment at Folly, report says,” The State, August 19, 2016.
46. Steve Lopez, “A dangerous confluence on the California coast: beach erosion and sea level rise,” Los Angeles Times, August 24, 2016.
Chapter 8: Man-Made Lands
1. Email correspondence with René Kolman, secretary general of the International Association of Dredging Companies, March 21, 2017.
2. A.G.M.Groothuizen, “World Development and the Importance of Dredging,” PIANC Magazine, January 2008.
3. “Chicago Shoreline History,” City of Chicago, http://www.cityofchicago.org/dam/city/depts/cdot/ShorelineHistory.pdf, date unknown.
4. “Making Up Ground,” 99% Invisible, September 15, 2016. http://99percentinvisible.org/episode/making-up-ground.
5. Brent Ryan et al., “Developing the Littoral Gradient,” MIT Center for Advanced Urbanism, Fall 2015.
6. René Kolman, “New Land by the Sea: Economically and Socially, Land Reclamation Pays,” International Association of Dredging Companies, May 2012.
7. Kolman, “New Land by the Sea.”
8. “Beyond Sand and Sea,” International Association of Dredging Companies, 2015.
9. Ryan, “Developing the Littoral Gradient.”
10. “Shifting Sand: How Singapore’s demand for Cambodian sand threatens ecosystems and undermines good governance,” Global Witness, May 2010.
11. Samanth Subramanian, “How Singapore Is Creating More Land for Itself,” New York Times, April 20, 2017.
12. Alister Doyle, “Coastal land expands as construction outpaces sea level rise,” Reuters, August 25,” 2016.
13. “Beyond Sand and Sea,” 50.
14. For this short history of Dubai, I relied heavily on Jim Krane’s City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009).
15. Ibid., 4.
16. Ibid., 28–29.
17. Ibid., 70.
18. Gargi Kapadia, “Palm Island Construction with Management 5 Ms,” Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research, August 12, 2013.
19. “Palm Islands, Dubai—Compression of the Soil,” CDM Smith, date unknown.
20. Krane, City of Gold, 154.
21. “Palm Islands, Dubai—Compression of the Soil.”
22. Adam Luck, “How Dubai’s $14 billion dream to build The World is falling apart,” Daily Mail, April 11, 2010.
23. Tida Choomchaiyo, “The Impact of the Palm Islands,” https://sites.google.com/site/palmislandsimpact/environmental-impacts/long-term, December 5, 2009.
24. Krane, City of Gold, 230.
25. David Medio, “Persian Gulf: The Cost of Coastal Development to Reefs,” World Resources Institute, http://www.wri.org/persian-gulf-cost-coastal-development-reefs.
26. John A. Burt, “The environmental costs of coastal urbanization in the Arabian Gulf,” City: analysis of urban trends, culture, theory, policy, action 18, no. 6 (November 28, 2014): 760–770.
27. Krane, City of Gold, 224.
28. “Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy,” US Department of Defense, August 2015, 9.
29. Ibid., 19.
30. Tian Jun-feng, et al., “Review of the ten-year development of Chinese Dredging Industry,” Port and Waterway Engineering, January 2013.
31. Andrew S. Erickson and Kevin Boyd, “Dredging Under the Radar: China Expands South Sea Foothold,” The National Interest, August 26, 2015, and Carrie Gracie, “What is China’s ‘magic island-making’ ship?,” BBC, November 6, 2017. bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-41882081.
32. “In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration,” Permanent Court of Arbitration, July 12, 2016, 352.
33. “Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy,” 19–21.
34. “In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration,” 416.
35. Greg Torode, “‘Paving paradise’: Scientists alarmed over China island building in disputed sea,” Reuters, June 25, 2015.
36. Agence France-Presse, “China’s plans to expand in the South China Sea with a floating nuclear power plant continue,” Mercury, December 25, 2017. http://www.themercury.com.au/technology/chinas-plans-to-expand-in-the-south-china-sea-with-a-floating-nuclear-power-plant-continue/news-story/bdc1bf6f6b556daf097b3199b5690182.
37. David E. Sanger, “Piling Sand in a Disputed Sea, China Literally Gains Ground,” New York Times, April 9, 2015.
38. Hrvoje Hranjski and Jim Gomez, “China rejects freeze on island building; ASEAN divided,” Associated Press, August 16, 2015.
39. David Brunnstrom and Matt Spetalnick, “Tillerson says China should be barred from South China Sea islands,” Reuters, January 12, 2017.
40. Benjamin Haas, “Steve Bannon: ‘We’re going to war in the South China Sea . . . no doubt,’” Guardian, February 1, 2017.
41. Mike Morgan, Sting of the Scorpion: The Inside Story of the Long Range Desert Group (Stroud, Glouchestershire: The History Press, 2011), Kindle Locations 401, 500.
42. Trevor Constable, “Bagnold’s Bluff: The Little-Known Figure Behind Britain’s Daring Long Range Desert Patrols,” The Journal of Historical Review 18, no. 2 (March/April 1999).
Chapter 9: Desert War
1. “SCIO news briefing on the 5th national monitoring survey of desertification and sandification,” State Council Information Office press release, December 31, 2015.
2. W. Chad Futrell, “A Vast Chinese Grassland, a Way of Life Turns to Dust,” Circle of Blue, January 21, 2008.
3. “An Introduction to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification,” http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Publications/factsheets-eng.pdf.
4. Fred Attewill, “Stopping the Sands of Time,” Metro (UK), January 18, 2012; http://metro.co.uk/2012/01/18/stopping-the-sands-of-time-plans-to-s
tem-the-tide-of-advancing-deserts-289361/.
5. “SCIO news briefing.”
6. Hong Jiang, “Taking Down the Great Green Wall: The Science and Policy Discourse of Desertification and Its Control in China,” in The End of Desertification? Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands, Roy Behnke and Michael Mortimore, eds. (Springer, 2016), 513–36.
7. Diana K. Davis, The Arid Lands: History, Power, Knowledge (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016), 7.
8. Elion Resources Group, “Elion’s Ecosystem,” 2013.
9. X. M. Wang, et al., “Has the Three Norths Forest Shelterbelt Program solved the desertification and dust storm problems in arid and semiarid China?” Journal of Arid Environments 74, no. 1 (January 2010): 13–22.
10. Jiang, “Taking Down the Great Green Wall.”
11. Shixiong Cao, et al., “Damage Caused to the Environment by Reforestation Policies in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of China,” AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 39, no. 4 (June 2010): 279–83.
12. Weimin Xi, et al., “Challenges to Sustainable Development in China: A Review of Six Large-Scale Forest Restoration and Land Conservation Programs,” Journal of Sustainable Forestry 33 (2014): 435–53.
13. Wang, et al., “Has the Three Norths . . .”
Chapter 10: Concrete Conquers the World
1. Taras Grescoe, “Shanghai Dwellings Vanish, and With Them, a Way of Life,” New York Times, January 23, 2017.
2. “Basic Statistics on National Population Census,” Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics, http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje11.htm?d1=2011tjnje/E0226.htm.
3. John E. Fernández, “Resource Consumption of New Urban Construction in China,” Journal of Industrial Ecology 11, no. 2 (April 2007): 99–115.
4. Chen Xiqing, et al., “In-channel sand extraction from the mid-lower Yangtze channels and its management: Problems and challenges,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 49, no. 2 (2006): 309–20.
5. Xijun Lai, David Shankman, et al., “Sand mining and increasing Poyang Lake’s discharge ability: A reassessment of causes for lake decline in China,” Journal of Hydrology 519 (2014): 1698–706.
6. Concrete Sustainability Council, http://www.concretesustainabilitycouncil.org/index.php?pagina=rss/pagina1.