The Norman Conquest

by Marc Morris

  47 Fleming, Kings and Lords, 227–8; Carpenter, Struggle for Mastery,81.

  48 Holt, ‘1086’, 41–64; Garnett, Short Introduction, 83–8; Carpenter, Struggle for Mastery, 105.

  49 Ibid., 83–7; Holt, ‘1086’, 50–5.

  50 Garnett, Conquered England, 354; S. Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals (Oxford, 1994), 345.

  51 F. and C. Thorn, ‘The Writing of Great Domesday Book’, Domesday Book, ed. E. Hallam and D. Bates (Stroud, 2001), 38, 70; EHD, ii, 853. Cf. D. Roffe, Domesday: The Inquest and the Book (Oxford, 2000), who argues that the book was created during the reign of William Rufus.

  52 V. H. Galbraith, The Making of Domesday Book (Oxford, 1961), 223–30; EHD, ii, 851.

  53 ASC E, 1086; WM, Gesta Regum, 482–3; JW, iii, 44–5; OV, iv, 52–3, 80–1.

  54 Thorn, ‘Writing of Great Domesday Book’, 72.

  CHAPTER 19

  1 ASC E, 1087; EHD, ii, 280; WM, Gesta Regum, 510–11.

  2 OV, iv, 78–9.

  3 Bates, Conqueror, 158–9; OV, iv, 74–5.

  4 WM, Gesta Regum, 510–11; OV, iv, 78–9; ASC E, 1087.

  5 WM, Gesta Regum, 510–11; OV, iv, 78–81, 96–101, 106–7; JW, ii, 46–7. Orderic’s account is also printed in EHD, ii, 281–9.

  6 OV, iv, 80–1, 92–5, 100–1; B. English, ‘William the Conqueror and the Anglo-Norman Succession’, Historical Research, 64 (1991), 221–36.

  7 OV, iv, 78–9; 100–7.

  8 Ibid., 78–9, 106–9.

  9 OV, ii, 134–7, 268–9; iv, 94–5.

  10 Van Houts, ‘Norman Conquest through European Eyes’, 841, 845, 848–53.

  11 Eadmer, 9; ASC E, 1087. The extant MS of ASC E was written at Peterborough c.1121 (Gransden, Historical Writing, 93) but based on an earlier version. Note particularly the author’s statement in 1087 that William Rufus became king and Henry was bequeathed innumerable treasures, which suggests no knowledge of Henry’s succession in 1100.

  12 E. Fernie, ‘The Effect of the Conquest on Norman Architectural Patronage’, ANS, 9 (1987), 71–85; Garnett, Short Introduction, 103.

  13 Eales, ‘Royal Power and Castles’, 54–63.

  14 Garnett, Short Introduction, 6, 46–56.

  15 Fleming, Kings and Lords, 109–20; ASC E, 1087.

  16 HH, 31.

  17 WM, Gesta Regum, 456–61.

  18 Above, 39–40, 61–2, 76; GND, ii, 58–61.

  19 J. C. Holt, ‘What’s in a Name? Family Nomenclature and the Norman Conquest’, idem, Colonial England, 179–96.

  20 Holt, ‘Colonial England’, 4–5,18–19; Carpenter, Struggle for Mastery, 85; van Houts, ‘Norman Conquest through European Eyes’, 841.

  21 Pelteret, Slavery, 205; Wyatt, ‘Significance of Slavery’, 345–7; Councils and Synods, ii, 678; Gillingham, English in the Twelfth Century, xvii–xviii, 266.

  22 ASC E, 1087; Gillingham, ‘1066 and the Introduction of Chivalry’, 223; Morris, Great and Terrible King, 358, 377.

  23 WM, Gesta Regum, 460–1; Barlow, English Church, 1000–1066,289–308; J. Blair, The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society (Oxford, 2005), 407–17.

  24 Clanchy, England and Its Rulers, 69; J. Burton, Monastic and Religious Orders in Britain, 1000–1300 (Cambridge, 1994), 31–3.

  25 J. Gillingham, ‘The Beginnings of English Imperialism’; idem, ‘Conquering the Barbarians: War and Chivalry in Twelfth-Century Britain and Ireland’, both in idem, English in the Twelfth Century, 3–18, 41–58.

  26 WM, Gesta Regum, 456–7 (cf. EHD, ii, 290); WM, Saints’ Lives, 122–3.

  27 S. K. Brehe, ‘Reassembling the First Worcester Fragment’, Speculum, 65 (1990), 530–1, 535–6. For a good short summary of the Conquest’s impact on language, see H. M. Thomas, The Norman Conquest: England After William the Conqueror (Lanham, USA, 2008), 131–8.

  28 28 OV, iv, 94–5; HH, 31.

  29 Ibid.; OV, ii, 268–9; WM, Gesta Regum, 456–61; Eadmer, 3, 9; ASC D, 1066; E, 1087.

  30 VER, 108–11.

  CHAPTER 20

  1 VER, 116–23.

  2 G. Garnett, ‘Franci et Angli: The Legal Distinctions Between Peoples After the Conquest’, ANS, 8 (1986), 113; HH, 31; Domesday Book, ed. Williams and Martin, 1248; ASC E, 1087.

  3 Carpenter, Struggle for Mastery, 128–38.

  4 DNB Edgar Ætheling; OV, v, 270–3; JW, iii, 46–7.

  5 D. Bates, ‘Normandy and England after 1066’, EHR, 104 (1989), 866–8; Bates, Conqueror, no (145/239 months = 60%); R. Bartlett, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225 (Oxford, 2000), 12.

  6 Van Houts, ‘Norman Conquest Through European Eyes’, 837–8.

  7 ASC E, 1107; WM, Gesta Regum, 414–15.

  8 Thomas, English and the Normans, 203–8; R. Huscroft, The Norman Conquest: A New Introduction (2009), 301.

  9 Rubenstein, ‘Liturgy Against History’, 282, 289; Garnett, Short Introduction, 12.

  10 L. Reilly, ‘The Emergence of Anglo-Norman Architecture: Durham Cathedral’, ANS, 19 (1997), 335–51. More generally, Fernie, Architecture, 34–41.

  11 DNB William of Malmesbury; HH, 4. Lanfranc described himself as a ‘novice Englishman’ (novus Anglicus) as early as 1073, but was perhaps being ironic.

  12 H. M. Thomas, ‘The Gesta Herwardi, the English and their Conquerors’, ANS, 21 (1998), 213–32. Thomas cautiously dates the Gesta to 1109 x 1174, but others (e.g. Williams, English and the Norman Conquest, 49n) suggest 1109 x 1131.

  13 DNB William of Malmesbury; I. Short, ‘Patrons and Polyglots: French Literature in Twelfth-Century England’, ANS, 14 (1992), 229–30; DNB Gaimar.

  14 Carpenter, Struggle for Mastery, 7–8, 83; Lewis, ‘Domesday Jurors’, passim; C.-J. N. Bailey and K. Maroldt, ‘The French Lineage of English’, Pidgins – Creoles – Languages in Contact, ed. J. Meisel (Tübingen, 1977), 21–53. Cf. I. Singh, The History of English: A Student’s Guide (Oxford, 2005), 127–36.

  15 Williams, English and the Norman Conquest, 198–200; Domesday Book, ed. Williams and Martin, 1147; E. Searle, ‘Women and the Legitimization of Succession at the Norman Conquest’, ANS, 3 (1981), 159–71; EHD, ii, 176.

  16 E. Cownie. ‘The Normans as Patrons of English Religious Houses, 1066–1135’, ANS, 18 (1996), 47–62; B. Golding, ‘Anglo-Norman Knightly Burials’, Medieval Knighthood I (1986), 35–48.

  17 Crouch, Normans, 160; Handbook of British Chronology, ed. E. B. Fryde, D. E. Greenway, S. Porter and I. Roy (3rd edn, 1986), 235; WM, Gesta Regum, 8–9, 716–17.

  18 ASC E, 1137.

  19 I. Short, ‘Tam Angli quam Franci: Self-Definition in Anglo-Norman England’, ANS, 18 (1996), 172; Barlow, Confessor, 280–1; VER, xxxvii.

  20 Ashe, Fiction and History, 32–3.

  21 Bartlett, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 12.

  22 Ashe, Fiction and History, 11–14, offers a good short summary. For more extensive treatments, see J. Hudson, The Formation of the English Common Law (1996) and P. Brand, The Making of the Common Law (1992).

  23 Short, ‘Tam Angli’, 155–8; EHD, ii, 523.

  24 Ibid.; Carpenter, Struggle for Mastery, 6–7. The quote is from Magna Vitae Sancti Hugonis, ed. D. L. Douie and D. H. Farmer (2 vols., Oxford, 1961), ii, 113–14, where ‘timid’ is translated as ‘scrupulous’.

  25 Carpenter, Struggle for Mastery, 8; S. Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300 (Oxford, 1997), 268.

  26 D. A. Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and Saint Edward the Confessor: The Origins of the Cult’, EHR, 122 (2007), 865–91; R. M. Wilson, ‘English and French in England, 1100–1300’, History, 28 (1943), 46, 56; Morris, Great and Terrible King, passim.

  27 Holt, ‘Colonial England’, 13; Williams, English and the Norman Conquest, 217–18.

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