by Marc Morris
Coutances (Manche), bp of, 87; see also Geoffrey of Mowbray
Coventry (Warks), 263
Crediton, 98, 258, 384; see also Leofric
Crowland (Lincs), abbey, 306
crown-wearing, 232, 236, 298–9, 318
Crusade, First, 9, 344
Cumbria, 121, 126–7
Cynesige, abp of York 107, 125
Danelaw, 121
Danes, 17–18, 29, 61, 97, 121, 123, 212–13, 226–9, 243–6, 253, 259, 269–70, 297, 306, 312, 341, 345, 385; see also Vikings
Dean, forest of, 226, 291
Deheubarth, kingdom of, 292; king of, see Rhys ap Tewder
Denmark, 29, 31–2, 37, 60–2, 66, 147, 150, 157–9, 225, 245, 304; king of, see Cnut; Swein
Derbyshire, 128
Derwent, river, 163–4
Devon, 25, 220, 224, 227
Dieppe (Seine-Mar.), 83, 211
Dives, river, 94, 153, 168
Dives-sur-Mer (Calvados), 150, 153, 166, 168, 172
Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine), castle, 272, 327
Domesday: reasons for name, 307, 310; book, 5, 76, 107, 149, 194–5, 202, 214, 230, 233, 277–9, 282–3, 286, 291, 295–6, 307–13, 315, 317–18, 325–6, 335–6, 338, 344, 348; purpose of, 322–4; survey, 307–12, 317–18, 320, 322, 324–5, 333; Great Domesday, 307–8, 324, 326; Little Domesday, 307, 317, 326; Exon Domesday, 316–17, 322; judicial inquiry, 309–12; jurors, 283, 286, 309–11, 348; waste, 313, 315–16; geld inquiry, 316–17; returns brought to WTC at Salisbury, 322
Domesday Book and Beyond, 317
Domfront (Orne), 81–3, 93–4, III Dorchester-upon-Thames (Oxon), 258
Dover (Kent), 35, 71, 206, 209, 226, 248; castle, 116, 195, 202, 207, 209–10
Duncan I, king of Scots (1034–40) father of Malcolm III, 125
Duncan II, king of Scots (1094), son of Malcolm III, 252
Dunsinane (Perths), battle of, 125
Durham, city, 125, 127, 223–4, 247, 251–3, 267, 290, 314; county, 121, 233; castle, 252, 270, 290; cathedral, 123, 346–7; abbey, 340; bp of, see Æthelric; Æthelwine; Walcher; William
Eadmer, monk of Canterbury, chronicler, 116–19, 259, 333, 342
Eadnoth the Staller (d. 1068), 222
Eadric the Grabber (Streona) (d. 1017) 14, 17–19
Eadric the Wild, 209, 218, 227
Eadsige, abp of Canterbury (d. 1050), 65, 69
Eadwig (d. 1017), son of Æthelred the Unready, 19
Eadwine, earl of Mercia (d. 1071), son of Earl Ælfgar: becomes earl of Mercia, 128; supports northern rebels, 128–9; attends dedication of Westminster Abbey (1065), 136; allies with Harold, 139; drives off Tostig (1066), 148; defeated at Fulford, 162, 192; withdraws from London, 196; submits to WTC (1067), 202, 378–9; hostage in Normandy, 203, 217, 253; attends Matildas coronation (1068), 216; promised marriage to WTC’s daughter, 218, 253; erosion of power, 217–18, 247–8; rebels but quickly submits (1068), 218–19; rebels again (1071), 248; betrayal and death, 250, 320
Eadwine (d. 1039), uncle of Earl Ælfgar, 105
Eadwulf, earl (d. 1041), 40, 126, 263
Ealdgyth, sister of Eadwine and Morcar, wife of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn and Harold Godwineson, 137, 139, 141, 192, 212
ealdormen, 27–8
Ealdred, abt of Abingdon, 239, 382–3
Ealdred, bp of Worcester, abp of York ASC D compiled in his circle, 74, 104; Godwine sympathizer, 102, 107; sent to find Edward the Exile (1054–5) 102–3, 369; becomes abp of York, 107; crowns Harold (1066), 139; champions Edgar ÆEtheling, 191, 195; crowns WTC, 199–200; crowns Matilda (1068), 216; curses Urse d’Abetôt, 284; attempts to quell rebellion, 219; dies, 226, 240
Ealdred, earl of Northumbria (d. 1038), son of Uhtred, 265
earls, 28
East Anglia, 12, 27–8, 63, 71, 75, 99, 101, 104, 107, 243, 245, 258, 267, 269, 283; bishop of, 240; see also Æthelmaer; Stigand; earl of, see Ælfgar; Gyrth; Harold; Ralph; Thorkell
Edgar, king of England (959–75), 138
Edgar Ætheling, son of Edward the Exile: throne-worthiness, 106, 132, 138, 191; rights set aside by Harold and allies, 138, 140; elected king (1066), 191–3, 195, 197; surrenders to WTC, 196; hostage in Normandy (1067), 203; rebels (1068), 219; flees to Scotland, 220, 222; attacks York (1069), 223; returns to Scoland, 224; joins Danish invasion, 226; flees to Scotland (1070), 233, 247, 251; flees to Flanders (1072), 252–3; submits to WTC (1074), 266–7, 271; friends with Robert Curthose, 345
Edith, ETC’s queen (d. 1075), dau. of Earl Godwine, character and accomplishments, 63; age, 64–5, 67; marriage to ETC, 63–4; childlessness, 64, 69, 97, 102; relationship with ETC, 64, 72–3, 134–5; banishment (1051), 72–3; return (1052), 79, 95; power and influence, 104, 127, 263–4; rebuilds Wilton Abbey, 129; grief at Tostig’s fall, 130; proxy for ETC, 131; at ETC’s deathbed, 133–7; submits to WTC, 193
Edith, Henry I’s queen (d. 1118), 349–51
Edith Swan-Neck, wife of Harold Godwineson, 137, 190, 212
Edmund, son of Edmund Ironside, 102
Edmund, son of Harold, 220
Edmund Ironside, king of England (1016), 17–18, 102
Edward I, king of England (1272–1307) 4, 151, 353
Edward of Salisbury, 320
Edward the Confessor, king of England character, 11, 97; piety, 11, 96–8; chastity, 64, 69, 73, 96–7, 365; supports Church reform, 98, 368–9; friendships, 63, 69, 75, 78, 95, 208; builds palace and abbey at Westminster, 96–7, 131, 198, 258, 334, 368; hunting, 120, 291; canonization and cult, 11, 97, 350; cult, 353 family relationships: with his mother, Emma, 41, 59–60, 97; with cousin, Robert, 20–1; with father-in-law, Godwine, 64, 73; with wife, Edith, 63–4, 73, 134; with brothers-in-law, Harold and Tostig, 108, 120, 140 selective chronological survey: birth (1002 x 1005), 13; exile in Normandy 15; return to England (1014), 17–18; exile in Normandy 19–20; attempted return to England (c. 1033), 20–2, 37, 51; attempted return to England (1036), 34, 37, 51; return to England (1041), 41–2; accession (1042), 42, 59; coronation (1043), 59, 140, 197; fears attack from Norway (1042–7) 59–62, 157, 337; marries Edith (1045), 63–4; dominated by Godwine, 62–6; plan to remove Godwine, 66, 68, 75; promises succession to WTC (1051), 69–70, 73–5, 115–18, 173; clash with Godwine (1051), 70–2; prepares against Godwine’s return (1051–2) 75–6; forced to readmit Godwine (1052), 77–9, 95; dominated by Godwinesons (1053–66) 100–9; his Part in Harold’s visit to Normandy (1064/5), 113, 115–19; reaction to northern rebellion (1065), 129–31; illness and final days, 131–41, 343, 346; death (1066), 11, 131, 141
Edward the Exile (d. 1057), son of Edmund Ironside, 102–3, 105–6, 132, 138
Eilífr, earl, 28–9
Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of England (d. 1204), 351
Elizabeth, queen of Harold Hardrada, 160
Elmham (Norfolk), 258
Ely (Cambs), 36, 243–52, 264, 278, 306, 309, 314; abbey, 242, 284; abt of, 246; castle, 251; inquest, 308–9, 314
Emma, dau. of Richard I of Normandy, queen of England (d. 1052): marriage to, Æthelred, 16–17, 30; marriage to Cnut, 19–20, 30–1; schemes for the succession (1035–40) 32–9; relationship with ETC, 19, 37, 41, 59–60, 68; patron of Stigand, 99; death and burial, 97, 100; children of, see Alfred; Edward; Godgifu; Gunhilda; Harthacnut
Emma, dau. of William fitz Osbern, 268, 270
Encomium Emmae Reginae, 32–8, 41–2, 61, 132
England (selected references): origins, 11–13; population, 25, social conditions and society, 25–7; changes as a result of Danish conquest, 28–30; political maturity, 31, 309; absence of castles in, 208; prevalence of slavery, 25–6, 294–5; and political murder, 263–5; Church in, 235–42, 256–8; naval power, 143–4; changes as a result of Norman Conquest, 7–8, 319–24; 334–42; see also burhs; commendation; coronation; courts; Danelaw; hides; hundreds; military obligation; shires; taxation
The English (selected references): origins, 11–13; conversion, 12; hairstyles, 2; military techniques, considered backwards by their det
ractors, 2, 178–9; brave and warlike, according to their defenders, 178, 208; considered barbarous by Continentals, 263–5; transformed by French fashions, 266; accused of gluttony, drunkenness and lechery, 26, 177, 336–7; reluctance to write about Conquest, 115, 333, 342; effect of Conquest on, 7–8, 319–21, 332–42, 344–53
Erik, earl of Northumbria (d: 1023), 28–30, 122
Ermenfrid, bp of Sion, papal legate, 92, 239
Essex, 12, 18, 66, 68
Estrith, sister of King Cnut, 61
Eu (Seine-Mar.), 68, 114
Eustace, count of Boulogne, 71, 209–10
Evesham (Worcs), abbey, 230, 260, 285–6; abt of, see Æthelwig; Walter
Evreux, 328; bp of, 331
Exeter, 212–14, 217, 220, 227, 258; castle, 214; bp of, see Leofric
Exning (Suffolk), 268
Falaise (Calvados), 43, 53, 55, 56
Fawdon, nr Cambridge, 270
Fécamp (Seine-Mar.), 21, 87, 203; abbey, 87, 98, 150, 261
feigned flight, 181–3
feudalism, 7, 48, 50–1, 144–5, 240,
feudal incidents, 323–4
Flanders, 37, 50, 67–8, 71–2, 75, 77, 105, 113, 130, 144, 146–7, 158, 225, 245, 252, 254, 266 count of, see Arnulf; Baldwin; Robert
Flat Holm, 214, 220, 225
fleets see ships
Flemings, 37
Florence of Worcester see John of Worcester
Folkestone, Castle Hill, 208
Fontevraud (Maine-et-Loire), abbey, 351
Forest, royal, 291, 316, 333–4; see also New Forest Forth, river, 252
France, kingdom of, 8–9, 15, 37, 44–50, 82, 88, 91, 98, no, 151, 203, 254, 267, 273, 304–5, 327; origins, 44–5; kings of, see Henry; Philip; Robert
Francia, Franks, see France, origins Freeman, Edward Augustus, historian (d. 1892), 6–8; History of the Norman Conquest, 6, 8
French Revolution, 3
Frisia, 225
Frutolf of Michelsberg, 332, 338
Fulbert, undertaker/chamberlain, 43, 81
Fulford (Yorks), battle of, 162, 164,
Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou (987–1040) 46, 80
Fulk Réchin, count of Anjou (1068–1109), 111, 254–5, 272, 304
Gaimar see Geoffrey
Gascony, 303
Gateshead (Durham), 290
geld see taxation
Geoffrey de Mandeville, 278
Geoffrey Gaimar, chronicler, 158, 347–8
Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou (1040–60) 80–2, 84–5, 93–4, 110–11, 254
Geoffrey of Mowbray, bp of Coutances (1049–93), 91–2, 199
Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou (d. 1151), 351
Geoffrey the Bearded, count of Anjou (1060–8) III, 254
Gerald of Wales
Gerberoy (Oise), castle, 288, 327
Gerbod, earl of Chester, 247, 292
Germany, German Empire, 33, 303; see also Henry III, Henry IV
Gesta Guillelmi see William of Poitiers
Gesta Herewardi, 243, 246, 249, 347
Gilbert, count of Brionne (d. c. 1040), 51–2, 88, 283
Gilfard, 186
Giso, bp of Wells (1061–88) 108, 216
Glamorgan, 293
Glastonbury (Somerset), abbey, 24, 261, 346; abt of, see Thurstan
Gloucester, 60, 71, 290–1, 298–9, 306
Godgifu, sister of ETC, 16, 19, 71, 75, 102
Godwine, earl of Wessex (d. 1053), his rise under Cnut, 28–30, 321; supports Harthacnut, 32; switches to Harold Harefoot, 35; complicit in death of Alfred, 35–6, 39, 62, 263, 294; facilitates ETC’s return, 41–2, 62, 133; his ship, 62, 362; relationship with ETC, 62–6, 72–3, 75; clash with ETC (1051), 69–72, 97, 248; forcible return to power (1052), 76–9, 95, 148; connections with Stigand, 98–100; death, 100–1; his wife, see Gytha; his sons, see Gyrth; Harold; Leofwine; Swein; Tostig; Wulfuoth; his daughter, see Edith
Godwine, son of Harold, 220
Gospatric, earl of Northumbria (d.1073 x 1075), 216–17, 219–20, 222–4, 226, 233, 247, 252, 264, 266
Gospatric (d. 1064), son of Earl Uhtred, 126–8, 210, 264
Grandmesnil, family, 89, 275
Gregory VII, pope (1073–85) 289, 300–1, 333, 373
Grestain (Eure), abbey, 89
Grimoald of St Plessis, 57
Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, king of Wales (d. 1063), 104–5, 107, 109, 137, 292
Guernsey, 86
Guildford (Surrey), 36
Guitmund, bp of Aversa, 286–7
Gundulf, bp of Rochester (1077–1108), 263, 266
Gunhilda, dau. of Emma and Cnut, 30, 33
Gunhilda, niece of Cnut, 62, 68
Guy, bp of Amiens (d. 1075), author of the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio, 167, 169, 187
Guy, count of Brionne, 55–7, 66
Guy, count of Ponthieu (d. 1100), 113
Gwcharis the Irishman, 294
Gwynedd, king of, 293–4
Gyrth Godwineson, earl of East Anglia (d. 1066), 107, 136, 175, 189, 202, 212, 267
Gytha, wife of earl Godwine, 29, 130, 175, 190, 212–15, 217, 225
Hakon, earl, 28–9
Hakon, son of Earl Swein, hostage, 116, 118, 137–8
Halley, Edmond (d. 1742), 146
Halley’s Comet, 146–7
Hampshire, 73, 194–5, 202, 291, 311
Harold, brother of King Cnut, 29
Harold Godwineson, king of England (1066): character, 100, 140, 200, 206; rivalry with Ælfgar, 75, 128, 101; relationship with Tostig, 104, 129–30, 138, 147–8, 165; affinity, 107; sons, 212, 217, 220–2, 224–5; written out of history by Normans, 335 selective chronological survey: becomes earl of East Anglia (1045), 63; flees to Ireland (1051), 72, 102; returns to England (1052), 77, 294; resigns East Anglia, becomes earl of Wessex (1053), 100–1; leads army against Ælfgar and Gruffudd, negotiates peace (1055), 105; visits Flanders (1056), 105; power behind the throne (1057–66) 108; invades Wales and topples Gruffudd (1062–3) 109, 124, 144, 158, 292; visits Normandy (1064/5), 109, 112–19, 137–8; swears oath to William, 4, 114–17, 129, 142, 177, 332, 370; participates in Breton campaign, 114; returns to ETC, 119; builds hunting lodge at Portskewett (1065), 120; negotiates with northern rebels (1065), 129–30; allies with Eadwine and Morcar, marries Ealdgyth (1065/6), 136–9; succeeds ETC as king (1066), 131–41; coronation, 2, 131, 139–41, 195; visits York, 141; prepares against invasion, 146–9, 152, 154, 166, 218; learns of Norwegian invasion, marches north, 161–2; defeats Norwegians at Stamford Bridge, 163–5; learns of Norman invasion, marches south, 171–2, 376; exchanges messages with WTC, 172–3; hurries towards Hastings, 174–5, 191, 248; surprised by WTC, 176–7; his banner, 201, 278; fights WTC at Hastings, 2, 177–80; death, 2–3, 10, 183–8, 210, 265; burial, 190
Harold Hardrada (Sigurdson), king of Norway (1047–66) 62, 155–65; his banner, ‘Land-Waster’, 162
Harold Harefoot, king of England (1035–40) 31–3, 35–40, 44, 132–3, 361–2, 368
harrying, 13, 15, 40, 71, 77, 111, 1 £ 130, 174, 194–5, 199, 219, 222, 233, 251, 290, 306, 313, 328
Harrying of the North, 229–30, 233, 236, 245–6, 248, 313–14, 332, 334–5, 340–1
Harthacnut, king of Denmark (1035–42) and England (1040–2): loses England to Harold I due to delay in Denmark, 30–3, 35, 44, 60, 132–3; supposed deal over England with Magnus of Norway, 60, 157; prepares to invade England, 37–8; accedes peacefully after Harold I’s death, 38, 142; unpopularity, 38–41, 64, 71, 76; shares power with ETC, 41–2, 133; death, 42, 59, 61; burial, 42, 97, 100
Hastings (Sussex), 171, 174, 176, 178, 191–2, 194, 221; castle, 171, 174, 207; rape of, 313
Hastings, battle of, 2, 4, 7–8, 167, 172, 179–93, 197–8, 202, 206, 210, 215, 217, 225, 233, 236–7, 240, 277–8, 335–6, 341; burial of the dead after, 190, 192
Henry I, king of England (1100–35), son of WTC, 273–5, 318–19, 329–30, 344–5, 347, 349–51, 392
Henry I, king of France (1031–60) 44, 52–3, 56–7,
67, 80, 82–5, 93–4, 110, 254–5, 364; death, 110, 254
Henry II, king of England (1154–89) 350–2
Henry III, emperor of Germany (1046–56) 30, 67–8 91, 103, 144
Henry III, king of England (1216–72) 353
Henry IV, king of Germany (1056–1106) 300–1
Henry de Ferrers, 278, 319
Henry of Huntingdon, chronicler, 172, 179, 183, 186, 284, 322, 336, 341, 344, 347–8
Herbert II, count of Maine (d. 1062), 111
Hereford, 105, 218, 247; castle, 209; bp of, see Robert; Walter; earl of, see Roger; William
Herefordshire, 105, 208–9, 269
Hereward the Wake, 243–6, 248–50, 284, 347
Herleva, mother of WTC, 43–4, 68, 81
Herluin, abt of Bec (d. 1078), 88
Herluin, organizer of WTC’s funeral, 331
Herluin de Conteville, stepfather of WTC, 44, 68, 89
Hermann, bp of Sherborne and Salisbury (1045–78) 98–9, 318, 369
Hertfordshire, 194–5, 315 hides, 26–7, 76, 121, 240, 307–8, 312–13, 315–16, 320, 325, 353
Holderness (Yorks), 161
Holy Island see Lindisfarne
Holy Land, 9, 25, 43–4, 51, 352
horses, 1–2, 47, 150, 153, 169, 171, 174, 178, 337
hostages, 18–19, 77–8, 116–18, 125, 137–8, 163, 173, 196, 202–3, 210, 213, 219, 252–3, 329
housecarls, 24, 32, 40, 128, 162, 181, 195, 243
Hrani, earl, 28
Hrolfr see Rollo
Hugh, bp of Bayeux (d. 1049), 50
Hugh, bp of Lisieux (1049–77) 90
Hugh de Montfort, 210
Hugh (of Avranches), earl of Chester (d. 1101), 292, 299, 302, 313, 321
Hugh fitz Baldric, sheriff of Yorkshire, 235
Hugh of Ponthieu, 186
Hugh of Vermandois (d. 1101), brother of Philip I, 305
Humber, river, 12, 122, 125, 148, 161, 165, 226–7, 229, 242–3
hundreds, 121, 279, 309–13, 317–18, 338, 353
Hungary, 102–3, 138, 191
hunting, 108, 120, 141, 199, 226, 273, 291–2, 327, 344
Huntingdon, castle, 220
Hurst Head (Hursteshevet), 41
Icknield Way, 195
intermarriage, 266, 348–9, 352
Ipswich (Suffolk), 226
Ireland, 72, 77, 104, 126, 212, 214, 220, 224–5, 294–5, the Irish, 157, 293–4
Irish Sea, 104, 121, 293
Italy, 9, 87, 92, 303