by Marc Morris
Ivo de Grandmesnil, 275
Ivry, castle, 49–50
Jarrow (Durham), abbey, 340
Jersey, 21
Jerusalem, 22, 95
John, king of England (1199–1216), 352–3
John of Avranches, abp of Rouen (1067–79) 257
John of Worcester, 39–40
Judith (d. 1094), dau. of Baldwin of Flanders, wife of Tostig Godwineson, 123, 125
Judith, niece of WTC, wife of Earl Waltheof, 253, 271
Julius Caesar, 84, 203, 295
Jumièges (Seine–Mar.), abbey, 90, 96, 204, 298; see also Robert of Jumièges; William of Jumièges
Kent, 12, 61, 66, 68, 77, 194, 202, 209–10, 278, 280, 283, 285; earl of, see Leofwine; Odo
King Harold’s Saga, 156
King’s Evil, 96, 98
knights, 2, 47–50
knight service: in Normandy, 89, 144–5, 151; in England, 240–2, 280–1, 302, 323; see also military obligation
Lambeth (Surrey), 42
Lancashire, 121
land: English dispossessed of, 202, 215, 217, 221, 234–5, 238, 251; English allowed to buy back, 202, 241; Normans rewarded with, 202, 215, 221, 234–5; nature of redistribution, 277–87, 310, 337–8
Lanfranc, abp of Canterbury (1070–89) early life, 88; prior of Bec, 88; quarrel with WTC, 88; advisor and mentor to WTC, 88, 92–3, 112; attends Leo IX (1049–50) 92; abt of St Stephen’s, Caen (1063–70) Leofwine, bp of Lichfield 370; teacher of Alexander II, 143; becomes abp of Canterbury, 255–6; vicegerent for WTC, 256, 268–70; reform of English Church, 256–7, 339; rebuilds Canterbury cathedral, 257–8; suspicious of English saints at first, 259–60; softens his stance later, 346; punishes rebellious monks, 262; impartiality, 263; describes English as barbarous, 265; letters to Earl Roger (1075), 268–9; advises Waltheof (1075), 271; attends dedication of St Stephen’s (1077), 273; complains to WTC of Odo’s usurpations, 286; insists WTC bans slave trade, 295, 338; relations with Gregory VII, 301; counsels dispersal of mercenary army (1085), 305; asked to crown Rufus (1087), 330
language, 9, 13, 121, 199–200, 246, 260–1, 341, 347–8, 351, 353
law, laws: of Cnut, 41, 130; of WTC, 295–6; WTC’s promises to uphold existing English, 199, 201, 238, 241, 335; Church, 256; Forest, 291, 333; Common, 338, 351 ) 353; see also murdrum
Lawrence of Durham, 339
Leo IX, pope (1049–54), 67–8, 70, 80–1, 91–2, 98, 112, 238
Leofric, bp of Crediton and Exeter (1046–72) 98, 216, 365, 369, 383
Leofric, earl of Mercia (d. 1057), 29–31, 65, 72, 75, 101, 104–6, 250, 321
Leofwine, bp of Lichfield (1053–70) 239
Leofwine, ealdorman (d. 1023), father of Earl Leofric, 29
Leofwine Godwineson (d. 1066), 72, 77, 107, 136, 189, 202, 212
Leominster, abbess of, 65
Lewes (Sussex), 295; castle and rape, 215
Liber Eliensis, 249
Lichfield, bp of, 240, 258; see also Leofwine
Life of King Edward, 63, 108, 342–3
Lillebonne (Seine-Mar.), 143
Lincoln, 128, 313; bp of, 258, 319; see also Alexander; castle, 220, 258, 313; cathedral, 258, 298
Lincolnshire, 15, 17, 128, 148, 227–8, 243, 248, 278, 297; sheriff of, see Mærleswein
Lindisfarne, 125–6, 246
Loire, river, 46
London, 15, 19, 32, 36, 39, 42, 69, 72, 77–8, 96, 122, 154, 161–3, 168, 172–6, 191–6, 198, 200–1, 207, 211, 278, 335, 344, 379; bridge, 194; Tower of, 198–9, 201, 297, 334; St Paul’s Cathedral, 24, 106, 334, 344; council of, 257–8; bp of, 319; see also Robert of Jumièges; William
Lotharingia (Lorraine), 98, 368
Lothen and Yrling, Viking raiders, 66, 68
Lothian, 121
Lugg, river, 209
Lulach, king of Scots (1157–8) 125
Lumphanan (Aberdeens), battle of, 125
Lyfing, bp of Worcester (d. 1046), 39
Lyre (Eure), monastery, 89
Macbeth, king of Scots (1140–57) 95, 103, 125
Magna Carta, 307, 352–3
Magnus I, king of Norway (d. 1047), 60–2, 64–66, 157
Magnus II, king of Norway (d. 1069), son of Harold Hardrada, 157, 160
Magnus, son of Harold, 220
Magyars, 45
Maidstone (Kent), 285
Maine, 80–1, 93, 111, 151, 234, 254–5, 274, 289, 304, 316; count of, 81; see also Herbert; Walter
Mainer, abt of St Evroult, 298–9
Mainz (Germany), cathedral, 298
Maitland, Frederick William (d. 1906), historian, 317
Malcolm III, king of Scots (1058–93), 125–6, 148, 158, 160, 220, 222, 251–3, 267, 289–90
Maldon (Essex), battle of, 13, 27–8
Malfosse, 189, 377, 379
Malmesbury (Wilts), abbey, 99
Le Mans (Sartre), 81, 111, 194, 254, 351; bp of, 80–1; viscount of, 304, 326
Mantes (Yvelines), 327–8
Margaret, queen of Scotland (d. 1093), sister of Edgar Ætheling, 251, 267, 349
Marianus Scotus, 164
Marlborough (Wilts), 239
Marsh Gibbon (Bucks), 314; see also Æthelric
Matilda, dau. of Henry I (d. 1167), empress, 349–51
Matilda, queen of England (d. 1083), WTC’s wife: myth about her height, 67, 365; marriage to William, 91–2, 254; founds Holy Trinity, Caen, 112, 149–50; prepares WTC’s flagship, 170; regent in Normandy (1066–7) 215; coronation (1068), 197–8, 216, 319; return to Normandy (1069), 224; her children, 273–4; support for Robert Curthose, 288–9; death, 302–4
Mauger, abp of Rouen, WTC’s uncle, 86, 90, 92–3, 239
Mauritius, abp of Rouen (1054–67), 93, 368
Mayenne, castle, 111
Mærleswein, sheriff of Lincolnshire, 218–20, 222–4, 226, 233, 235, 247, 278
mercenaries, 32, 39, 75–6, 104, 151, 212, 222, 235, 241, 288, 293, 305–6, 312, 316, 321, 325
Mercia, 12, 29–31, 101, 104, 107, 122–3, 128–30, 205, 218, 230, 233, 247; earl of, see Ælfgar; Eadwine; Leofwine
Michael Calaphates, Byzantine emperor (d. 1042), 156
Middlesex, 194
military obligation, 76–7, 89, 144–5, 148–52, 213, 240–2, 280–2, 323, 352
Monkwearmouth (Durham), abbey, 340
Monomachus, Byzantine emperor (d. 1055), 156
Montacute (Somerset), 227
Montgomery (Powys), 292
Montivilliers (Seine-Mar.), abbey, 87
Montreuil-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais), castle, 267
Mont St Michel (Manche), 21, 114
The Mora, WTC’s flagship, 170
Morcar, earl of Northumbria: supports northern rebels, becomes earl of Northumbria, 128–30, 136, 210; cedes north of earldom to Oswulf, 210; attends dedication of Westminster Abbey (1065), 136; allies with Harold, 139; drives off Tostig (1066), 148; defeated at Fulford, 162, 192; withdraws from London, 196; submits to WTC (1067), 202, 378–9; hostage in Normandy, 203, 217, 253; attends Matilda’s coronation (1068), 216; lack of power after Conquest, 217–18, 247–8; rebels but quickly submits (1068), 218–19; rebels again, goes to Ely (1071), 248; imprisoned, 249–51, 264, 270, 320; released, 329; re-incarcerated, 345
Mortain (Manche), 93–4; count of, 93–4; see also Robert
Mortemer (Seine-Mar.), 85; battle of, 85, 89, 114
murdrum, 262–3, 385
Mynydd Cam, battle of, 293–4
Napoleon Bonaparte (d. 1821), 3
The Naze (Essex), 78
Nazis, 3
Neustria, 15
Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Northumb), 290, 296, 334
New Forest (Hants), 291, 344, 349
Newmarket (Suffolk), 268
Nicaea, 22
Nijmegen (Netherlands), 67
Norman Conquest, myths and misconceptions, 7–9
Normandy (selected references): origins, 15–16, 48; aristocracy of, 49, 53–6; social changes in during early eleventh century, 48–51; Church in, 86
–93; loss of (1204), 352; abandonment of slavery in, 295; see also knight service; military obligation
Normans (selected references): conversion, 16, 48, 86; adoption of Frankish culture, 16, 48–9; adoption of Church reform, 87–93; opinions on, 44, 332, 337, 341–2; see also chivalry
Northallerton (Yorks), 224
Northampton, 129–30
Northamptonshire, 313; geld roll, 313, 315
Northumbria, 12, 25, 27–8, 30, 101, 103–4, 120–30, 141, 160–1, 163, 210–11, 216, 218, 220, 222–4, 226, 252, 263, 289–90, 294, 296; earl of, see Erik; Gospatric; Siward; Tostig; Uhtred; Walcher; Waltheof
Norton (Northants), 316
Norway, 29, 31, 33, 60–2, 66, 155, 157, 158–60
Norwich (Norfolk), 226, 258; castle, 270, 313, 334
Nottingham, 219; castle, 219, 247
Nottinghamshire, 128
Nuneham Courtenay (Oxon), 277
Odda, earl (d. 1056), 75, 77, 95, 106
Odo, bp of Bayeux, earl of Kent (d. 1096), half-brother of WTC: reputation, 91, 206–7, 209, 276–7; probable patron of Bayeux Tapestry, 3–4, 357; becomes bp of Bayeux, 90–1; counsellor of WTC, 143; provides ships for invasion, 146; fights at Hastings, 2, 4, 182, 276–7, 386; becomes earl of Kent, 202, 268, 278; acts as regent (1067), 202, 206–7, 209–10, 255; later periods as regent, 255, 276–8, 280; makes grants of land, 277, 280; abuse of power, 285–286; harries Northumbria (1080), 290; downfall and imprisonment (1082), 299–302, 304, 319; his lands, 321; released from prison (1087), 329; supports Curthose against Rufus, 344
Odo, brother of Henry I of France, 84–5
Offa’s Dyke, 292
Olaf II, king of Norway (d. 1030), 155
Olaf III, king of Norway (d. 1093), son of Harold Hardrada, 165
Old Sarum (Wilts), 259, 318, 334; see also Salisbury
Orderic Vitalis (selected references), 51, 89, 218, 250, 252, 268, 274–5, 302, 328–32, 348, 379; English origins and sympathies of, 175, 205–9, 218, 229–31, 250, 266, 268, 286, 302, 348, 379; on WTC’s death, 328–32
Orkney, 158, 160
Orleans (Loiret), 82
Orne, river, 56–7
Osbern (d. 1041), ducal steward, 52, 55
Osgod Clapa, 62, 66, 68
Oslo (Norway), 159
Osmund, WTC’s secretary, 316
Oswine, king of Northumbria (d. 651), 127
Oswulf (d. 1067), nephew of Gospatric, 210–11, 216
Ouse, river, 161–2, 165, 224
Oxford, 31–3, 38, 130
Oxfordshire, 195
papacy, 11, 45, 91–2, 285, 300–2; see also Alexander II; Benedict X; Gregory VII; Leo IX
papal banner, 143, 145, 201, 373
papal legates, 16, 92, 237–9, 247; see also Ermenfrid
Paris, 3
Parliament, 8, 97
Paul, abt of St Albans, 260
Peace of God, Truce of God, 50, 55, 58, 61, 365
peasants, 9, 26, 47–8, 315, 352
Penenden Heath (Kent), 285–6, 301
Penitential Ordinance, 144, 236–7, 386
Peterborough (Cambs), 244–5; abbey, 123, 197, 243–5, 247, 392; abt of, 197; see also Turold
Pevensey (Sussex), 171–2, 191, 202–3; castle, 171, 174, 207; Roman fort, 171
Philip I, king of France (1060–1108), 110, 254–5, 267, 272, 276, 288, 304, 326–9
Pickenham (Norfolk), 348
Picot, sheriff of Cambridge, 284, 311
Le Plessis-Grimoult, castle, 57
Po, river, 302
Poitou, 151; count of, 80
Poland, 225
Pontefract (Yorks), 228
Ponthieu, 113, 116, 167, 169; count of, see Guy
Portskewett (Gwent), 120, 292
Pyrenees, 351
Quadripartitus, 41
Ralph de Gaël, earl of East Anglia, 267–70, 272, 280, 321
Ralph fitz Gilbert, 348
Ralph Glaber, 44, 362
Ralph (of Mantes, ‘the Timid’), earl (d. 1057), nephew of ETC, 75, 77, 102, 105–6
Ralph Pagnell, 235, 278
Ralph Taisson, 57
Ralph (the Staller), earl of East Anglia, 267–8
rape see women
Rapes see Sussex
Reading (Berks), abbey, 349
Regenbald, priest, 215–16
Rémalard (Orne), castle, 276
rents, 314–15, 338
Rheims, council of (1049), 67–8 91–2, 98
Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn (d. 1070), 209
Rhuddlan (Denbigh), 109
Rhys ap Tewder, king of Deheubarth (d. 1093), 292–3, 296
Riccall (Yorks), 161–5
Richard I, count of Rouen (d. 996), 16, 49
Richard I (the Lionheart), king of England (1189–99) 352
Richard II, duke of Normandy (996–1026) 16, 19–20, 30, 49, 55, 83, 87, 359
Richard III, duke of Normandy (1026–7) 20, 50, 359
Richard, son of WTC (d. 1069x1075), 273, 291
Richard fitz Gilbert, lord of Tonbridge, 283–4, 285, 319, 321
Richard fitz Nigel, treasurer of the Exchequer, 311, 352
Richmond (Yorks), castle, 282
Risle, river, 66, 88
Robert, abp of Rouen (d. 1037), 50–1, 86
Robert, count of Mortain (d. 1095), half-brother of WTC, 93, 143, 146, 227, 279, 319, 321, 329
Robert I, duke of Normandy (1027–35) father of WTC, 20–2, 43–4, 50–2, 87, 362
Robert II ‘the Pious’, king of France (996–1031) 46,
Robert Cumin, earl of Northumbria (d. 1069), 222–4, 252
Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, son of WTC (d.1134), 273–6, 288–90, 299, 303–4, 326, 329–30, 344–5
Robert fitz Wimarc, steward of ETC, 133–4, 173
Robert Losinga, bp of Hereford (1079–95) 281, 311, 319, 325
Robert of Bellême, son of Roger of Montgomery, 275
Robert of Jumièges, bp of London (1044–51) abp of Canterbury (1051–2) 69–71, 73, 75, 78–9, 90, 95–6, 98–100, 115, 238
Robert of Rhuddlan (d. 1093), 319
Robert (the Frisian), count of Flanders (1071–93) 254–5, 272, 276, 305, 326
Robert the Steward see Robert fitz Wimarc
Rochester (Kent), 284; cathedral, 258; bp of, see Gundulf; Siward
Rodulf, count, 49–50
Rodulf of Gacé, 52
Roger Cauchois, 274–5
Roger fitz Turold, 150
Roger fitz Walter, 281
Roger of Breteuil, earl of Hereford (1071–5) son of William fitz Osbern, 268–72, 275, 280, 292–3, 321, 329
Roger of Montgomery, earl of Shrewsbury (d. 1094), friend and counsellor of WTC, 55, 143, 145–6, 277, 299, 319; monastic foundations, 89, 349; his toponymic surname, 337; provides ships for invasion, 145–6; remains in Normandy as regent (1066), 215; his lands in England, 215, 218, 247, 277–8, 280; his conquests in Wales, 292; his burial, 349; son of, see Robert of Bellême
Roger of Wendover, chronicler, 241
Rollo, leader of the Vikings of Rouen [thus in Crouch], 16
Romanesque, 2, 89–90, 96, 112, 257–8, 334, 353
Rome, 24, 37, 68, 70, 89–92, 98, 100, 105, 108, 125–6, 142–3, 289, 297–8, 301, 339, 350, 373; St Peter’s, 298
Romney (Kent), 192, 194
Rouen (Seine-Mar.), 15, 16, 58, 68, 84, 87, 112, 141, 150, 203, 275, 295, 319, 328–30, 370; abp of, 330; see also John; Mauger; Maurilius; Robert; castle/palace, 49, 114, 275, 302; cathedral, 330, 367; count of, see William Longsword; Richard I; Holy Trinity, 150; St Gervase, 329–30
Round, John Horace, historian (d. 1928), 8
St Albans, abbey, 258, 298; abt of, 239
St Cuthbert, 224
St David’s (Pembrokes), 293
St Dunstan, 259, 346
St Evroult (Orne), abbey, 89, 205, 275, 298; abt of, see Mainer
St Omer (Pas-de-Calais), 37
St Oswald, 340
St Pierre-sur-Dives (Calvados), abbey, 204
St Suzanne (Mayenne), castle of, 304, 326
St Swithin, 24, 346
St Valéry-sur-Somme (Somme), 168–70, 173
St Wandrille (Seine-Mar.), monastery of, 19, 306
Salisbury (Wilts), 129, 233, 235, 258, 318–19, 322, 324–6, 334; bp of, 258, 318–19; see also Hermann; castle, 318; cathedral, 258–9, 318, 334; ceremony at (1086), 318–19, 322, 324–5; see also Old Sarum
Sandwich (Kent), 18, 61, 76–7, 148–9, 157, 226, 337
Saracens, 45
Saxony, 225
Scarborough (Yorks), 161
Scotland, 9, 95, 103, 121, 124–6, 148, 158, 160, 220, 222, 224, 233, 247–8, 250–3, 266–7, 289–90, 292, 333; kings of, 103, 347; see also Duncan; Macbeth; Malcolm
Second World War, 3, 112
Séez, bp of, 91–2
Selby (Yorks), abbey, 340
Selsey (Sussex), 258
Senlac, 176; see Hastings
Settrington (Yorks), 265, 278
Severn, river, 40, 120, 269, 292
Shaftesbury (Dorset), 23
Shakespeare, William, 103
Sherborne (Dorset), 23, 258
sheriffs, 149, 247, 260, 268–9, 284–5, 318, 324, 338; see also Hugh; Mærleswein; Picot; Urse
Shetland, 160
shield-wall, 178–81, 183
Ship List, 145, 150–1, 170
ships and fleets: 2, 14, 16, 20–2, 24, 28, 32, 34, 37–40, 61–2, 65–6, 75–8, 104, 109, 113, 143–8, 150–2, 154, 157–8, 160–1, 163–6, 168–71, 174, 176, 203, 208, 212, 224–7, 229, 244–5, 249, 252, 270, 304–5, 312, 321, 337
shire courts, 27
shires, 12
Shrewsbury (Salop), 205, 218, 227, 233, 247, 268; abbey, 349; castle, 227, 247, 313
Shropshire, 205, 218, 278, 280
Sicily, 9, 156
Simeon of Durham, chronicler, 125, 216, 222–4, 230, 233, 246, 266, 290, 314
Siward, bp of Rochester (d. 1075), 383
Siward, earl of Northumbria (d. 1055), 30, 32, 72, 75, 101, 103, 122, 125–7, 253, 263, 321
Siward Barn, 247, 264, 278, 329
Slaves, slavery, 16, 25–7, 36, 130, 294–6, 338
Somerset, 220, 227, 294
Snorri Sturluson, historian (d. 1241), 147, 156–62, 164
Snowdonia, 292
Southampton (Hants), 34–5, 41, 312
Southwark (Surrey), 77–8
Speyer (Germany), cathedral, 298
Stafford, 228; castle, 233, 247
Stamford (Lincs), 313
Stamford Bridge (Yorks), battle of, 163–5, 171–3, 175, 218, 375
Stephen (of Blois), king of England (1135–54) 350
Steyning (Sussex), 150
Stigand, bp of Winchester (1047–70) abp of Canterbury (1052–70): early career, 99; pluralism, 100; pariah status as abp, 108, 143, 199, 216, 255; present at ETC’s death, 133–4, 140; depicted at Harold’s coronation, 139; submits to WTC, 195; hostage in Normandy (1067), 203; deposed (1070), 238