The Norman Conquest

by Marc Morris

  Coutances (Manche), bp of, 87; see also Geoffrey of Mowbray

  Coventry (Warks), 263

  Crediton, 98, 258, 384; see also Leofric

  Crowland (Lincs), abbey, 306

  crown-wearing, 232, 236, 298–9, 318

  Crusade, First, 9, 344

  Cumbria, 121, 126–7

  Cynesige, abp of York 107, 125

  Danelaw, 121

  Danes, 17–18, 29, 61, 97, 121, 123, 212–13, 226–9, 243–6, 253, 259, 269–70, 297, 306, 312, 341, 345, 385; see also Vikings

  Dean, forest of, 226, 291

  Deheubarth, kingdom of, 292; king of, see Rhys ap Tewder

  Denmark, 29, 31–2, 37, 60–2, 66, 147, 150, 157–9, 225, 245, 304; king of, see Cnut; Swein

  Derbyshire, 128

  Derwent, river, 163–4

  Devon, 25, 220, 224, 227

  Dieppe (Seine-Mar.), 83, 211

  Dives, river, 94, 153, 168

  Dives-sur-Mer (Calvados), 150, 153, 166, 168, 172

  Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine), castle, 272, 327

  Domesday: reasons for name, 307, 310; book, 5, 76, 107, 149, 194–5, 202, 214, 230, 233, 277–9, 282–3, 286, 291, 295–6, 307–13, 315, 317–18, 325–6, 335–6, 338, 344, 348; purpose of, 322–4; survey, 307–12, 317–18, 320, 322, 324–5, 333; Great Domesday, 307–8, 324, 326; Little Domesday, 307, 317, 326; Exon Domesday, 316–17, 322; judicial inquiry, 309–12; jurors, 283, 286, 309–11, 348; waste, 313, 315–16; geld inquiry, 316–17; returns brought to WTC at Salisbury, 322

  Domesday Book and Beyond, 317

  Domfront (Orne), 81–3, 93–4, III Dorchester-upon-Thames (Oxon), 258

  Dover (Kent), 35, 71, 206, 209, 226, 248; castle, 116, 195, 202, 207, 209–10

  Duncan I, king of Scots (1034–40) father of Malcolm III, 125

  Duncan II, king of Scots (1094), son of Malcolm III, 252

  Dunsinane (Perths), battle of, 125

  Durham, city, 125, 127, 223–4, 247, 251–3, 267, 290, 314; county, 121, 233; castle, 252, 270, 290; cathedral, 123, 346–7; abbey, 340; bp of, see Æthelric; Æthelwine; Walcher; William

  Eadmer, monk of Canterbury, chronicler, 116–19, 259, 333, 342

  Eadnoth the Staller (d. 1068), 222

  Eadric the Grabber (Streona) (d. 1017) 14, 17–19

  Eadric the Wild, 209, 218, 227

  Eadsige, abp of Canterbury (d. 1050), 65, 69

  Eadwig (d. 1017), son of Æthelred the Unready, 19

  Eadwine, earl of Mercia (d. 1071), son of Earl Ælfgar: becomes earl of Mercia, 128; supports northern rebels, 128–9; attends dedication of Westminster Abbey (1065), 136; allies with Harold, 139; drives off Tostig (1066), 148; defeated at Fulford, 162, 192; withdraws from London, 196; submits to WTC (1067), 202, 378–9; hostage in Normandy, 203, 217, 253; attends Matildas coronation (1068), 216; promised marriage to WTC’s daughter, 218, 253; erosion of power, 217–18, 247–8; rebels but quickly submits (1068), 218–19; rebels again (1071), 248; betrayal and death, 250, 320

  Eadwine (d. 1039), uncle of Earl Ælfgar, 105

  Eadwulf, earl (d. 1041), 40, 126, 263

  Ealdgyth, sister of Eadwine and Morcar, wife of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn and Harold Godwineson, 137, 139, 141, 192, 212

  ealdormen, 27–8

  Ealdred, abt of Abingdon, 239, 382–3

  Ealdred, bp of Worcester, abp of York ASC D compiled in his circle, 74, 104; Godwine sympathizer, 102, 107; sent to find Edward the Exile (1054–5) 102–3, 369; becomes abp of York, 107; crowns Harold (1066), 139; champions Edgar ÆEtheling, 191, 195; crowns WTC, 199–200; crowns Matilda (1068), 216; curses Urse d’Abetôt, 284; attempts to quell rebellion, 219; dies, 226, 240

  Ealdred, earl of Northumbria (d. 1038), son of Uhtred, 265

  earls, 28

  East Anglia, 12, 27–8, 63, 71, 75, 99, 101, 104, 107, 243, 245, 258, 267, 269, 283; bishop of, 240; see also Æthelmaer; Stigand; earl of, see Ælfgar; Gyrth; Harold; Ralph; Thorkell

  Edgar, king of England (959–75), 138

  Edgar Ætheling, son of Edward the Exile: throne-worthiness, 106, 132, 138, 191; rights set aside by Harold and allies, 138, 140; elected king (1066), 191–3, 195, 197; surrenders to WTC, 196; hostage in Normandy (1067), 203; rebels (1068), 219; flees to Scotland, 220, 222; attacks York (1069), 223; returns to Scoland, 224; joins Danish invasion, 226; flees to Scotland (1070), 233, 247, 251; flees to Flanders (1072), 252–3; submits to WTC (1074), 266–7, 271; friends with Robert Curthose, 345

  Edith, ETC’s queen (d. 1075), dau. of Earl Godwine, character and accomplishments, 63; age, 64–5, 67; marriage to ETC, 63–4; childlessness, 64, 69, 97, 102; relationship with ETC, 64, 72–3, 134–5; banishment (1051), 72–3; return (1052), 79, 95; power and influence, 104, 127, 263–4; rebuilds Wilton Abbey, 129; grief at Tostig’s fall, 130; proxy for ETC, 131; at ETC’s deathbed, 133–7; submits to WTC, 193

  Edith, Henry I’s queen (d. 1118), 349–51

  Edith Swan-Neck, wife of Harold Godwineson, 137, 190, 212

  Edmund, son of Edmund Ironside, 102

  Edmund, son of Harold, 220

  Edmund Ironside, king of England (1016), 17–18, 102

  Edward I, king of England (1272–1307) 4, 151, 353

  Edward of Salisbury, 320

  Edward the Confessor, king of England character, 11, 97; piety, 11, 96–8; chastity, 64, 69, 73, 96–7, 365; supports Church reform, 98, 368–9; friendships, 63, 69, 75, 78, 95, 208; builds palace and abbey at Westminster, 96–7, 131, 198, 258, 334, 368; hunting, 120, 291; canonization and cult, 11, 97, 350; cult, 353 family relationships: with his mother, Emma, 41, 59–60, 97; with cousin, Robert, 20–1; with father-in-law, Godwine, 64, 73; with wife, Edith, 63–4, 73, 134; with brothers-in-law, Harold and Tostig, 108, 120, 140 selective chronological survey: birth (1002 x 1005), 13; exile in Normandy 15; return to England (1014), 17–18; exile in Normandy 19–20; attempted return to England (c. 1033), 20–2, 37, 51; attempted return to England (1036), 34, 37, 51; return to England (1041), 41–2; accession (1042), 42, 59; coronation (1043), 59, 140, 197; fears attack from Norway (1042–7) 59–62, 157, 337; marries Edith (1045), 63–4; dominated by Godwine, 62–6; plan to remove Godwine, 66, 68, 75; promises succession to WTC (1051), 69–70, 73–5, 115–18, 173; clash with Godwine (1051), 70–2; prepares against Godwine’s return (1051–2) 75–6; forced to readmit Godwine (1052), 77–9, 95; dominated by Godwinesons (1053–66) 100–9; his Part in Harold’s visit to Normandy (1064/5), 113, 115–19; reaction to northern rebellion (1065), 129–31; illness and final days, 131–41, 343, 346; death (1066), 11, 131, 141

  Edward the Exile (d. 1057), son of Edmund Ironside, 102–3, 105–6, 132, 138

  Eilífr, earl, 28–9

  Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of England (d. 1204), 351

  Elizabeth, queen of Harold Hardrada, 160

  Elmham (Norfolk), 258

  Ely (Cambs), 36, 243–52, 264, 278, 306, 309, 314; abbey, 242, 284; abt of, 246; castle, 251; inquest, 308–9, 314

  Emma, dau. of Richard I of Normandy, queen of England (d. 1052): marriage to, Æthelred, 16–17, 30; marriage to Cnut, 19–20, 30–1; schemes for the succession (1035–40) 32–9; relationship with ETC, 19, 37, 41, 59–60, 68; patron of Stigand, 99; death and burial, 97, 100; children of, see Alfred; Edward; Godgifu; Gunhilda; Harthacnut

  Emma, dau. of William fitz Osbern, 268, 270

  Encomium Emmae Reginae, 32–8, 41–2, 61, 132

  England (selected references): origins, 11–13; population, 25, social conditions and society, 25–7; changes as a result of Danish conquest, 28–30; political maturity, 31, 309; absence of castles in, 208; prevalence of slavery, 25–6, 294–5; and political murder, 263–5; Church in, 235–42, 256–8; naval power, 143–4; changes as a result of Norman Conquest, 7–8, 319–24; 334–42; see also burhs; commendation; coronation; courts; Danelaw; hides; hundreds; military obligation; shires; taxation

  The English (selected references): origins, 11–13; conversion, 12; hairstyles, 2; military techniques, considered backwards by their det
ractors, 2, 178–9; brave and warlike, according to their defenders, 178, 208; considered barbarous by Continentals, 263–5; transformed by French fashions, 266; accused of gluttony, drunkenness and lechery, 26, 177, 336–7; reluctance to write about Conquest, 115, 333, 342; effect of Conquest on, 7–8, 319–21, 332–42, 344–53

  Erik, earl of Northumbria (d: 1023), 28–30, 122

  Ermenfrid, bp of Sion, papal legate, 92, 239

  Essex, 12, 18, 66, 68

  Estrith, sister of King Cnut, 61

  Eu (Seine-Mar.), 68, 114

  Eustace, count of Boulogne, 71, 209–10

  Evesham (Worcs), abbey, 230, 260, 285–6; abt of, see Æthelwig; Walter

  Evreux, 328; bp of, 331

  Exeter, 212–14, 217, 220, 227, 258; castle, 214; bp of, see Leofric

  Exning (Suffolk), 268

  Falaise (Calvados), 43, 53, 55, 56

  Fawdon, nr Cambridge, 270

  Fécamp (Seine-Mar.), 21, 87, 203; abbey, 87, 98, 150, 261

  feigned flight, 181–3

  feudalism, 7, 48, 50–1, 144–5, 240,

  feudal incidents, 323–4

  Flanders, 37, 50, 67–8, 71–2, 75, 77, 105, 113, 130, 144, 146–7, 158, 225, 245, 252, 254, 266 count of, see Arnulf; Baldwin; Robert

  Flat Holm, 214, 220, 225

  fleets see ships

  Flemings, 37

  Florence of Worcester see John of Worcester

  Folkestone, Castle Hill, 208

  Fontevraud (Maine-et-Loire), abbey, 351

  Forest, royal, 291, 316, 333–4; see also New Forest Forth, river, 252

  France, kingdom of, 8–9, 15, 37, 44–50, 82, 88, 91, 98, no, 151, 203, 254, 267, 273, 304–5, 327; origins, 44–5; kings of, see Henry; Philip; Robert

  Francia, Franks, see France, origins Freeman, Edward Augustus, historian (d. 1892), 6–8; History of the Norman Conquest, 6, 8

  French Revolution, 3

  Frisia, 225

  Frutolf of Michelsberg, 332, 338

  Fulbert, undertaker/chamberlain, 43, 81

  Fulford (Yorks), battle of, 162, 164,

  Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou (987–1040) 46, 80

  Fulk Réchin, count of Anjou (1068–1109), 111, 254–5, 272, 304

  Gaimar see Geoffrey

  Gascony, 303

  Gateshead (Durham), 290

  geld see taxation

  Geoffrey de Mandeville, 278

  Geoffrey Gaimar, chronicler, 158, 347–8

  Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou (1040–60) 80–2, 84–5, 93–4, 110–11, 254

  Geoffrey of Mowbray, bp of Coutances (1049–93), 91–2, 199

  Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou (d. 1151), 351

  Geoffrey the Bearded, count of Anjou (1060–8) III, 254

  Gerald of Wales

  Gerberoy (Oise), castle, 288, 327

  Gerbod, earl of Chester, 247, 292

  Germany, German Empire, 33, 303; see also Henry III, Henry IV

  Gesta Guillelmi see William of Poitiers

  Gesta Herewardi, 243, 246, 249, 347

  Gilbert, count of Brionne (d. c. 1040), 51–2, 88, 283

  Gilfard, 186

  Giso, bp of Wells (1061–88) 108, 216

  Glamorgan, 293

  Glastonbury (Somerset), abbey, 24, 261, 346; abt of, see Thurstan

  Gloucester, 60, 71, 290–1, 298–9, 306

  Godgifu, sister of ETC, 16, 19, 71, 75, 102

  Godwine, earl of Wessex (d. 1053), his rise under Cnut, 28–30, 321; supports Harthacnut, 32; switches to Harold Harefoot, 35; complicit in death of Alfred, 35–6, 39, 62, 263, 294; facilitates ETC’s return, 41–2, 62, 133; his ship, 62, 362; relationship with ETC, 62–6, 72–3, 75; clash with ETC (1051), 69–72, 97, 248; forcible return to power (1052), 76–9, 95, 148; connections with Stigand, 98–100; death, 100–1; his wife, see Gytha; his sons, see Gyrth; Harold; Leofwine; Swein; Tostig; Wulfuoth; his daughter, see Edith

  Godwine, son of Harold, 220

  Gospatric, earl of Northumbria (d.1073 x 1075), 216–17, 219–20, 222–4, 226, 233, 247, 252, 264, 266

  Gospatric (d. 1064), son of Earl Uhtred, 126–8, 210, 264

  Grandmesnil, family, 89, 275

  Gregory VII, pope (1073–85) 289, 300–1, 333, 373

  Grestain (Eure), abbey, 89

  Grimoald of St Plessis, 57

  Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, king of Wales (d. 1063), 104–5, 107, 109, 137, 292

  Guernsey, 86

  Guildford (Surrey), 36

  Guitmund, bp of Aversa, 286–7

  Gundulf, bp of Rochester (1077–1108), 263, 266

  Gunhilda, dau. of Emma and Cnut, 30, 33

  Gunhilda, niece of Cnut, 62, 68

  Guy, bp of Amiens (d. 1075), author of the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio, 167, 169, 187

  Guy, count of Brionne, 55–7, 66

  Guy, count of Ponthieu (d. 1100), 113

  Gwcharis the Irishman, 294

  Gwynedd, king of, 293–4

  Gyrth Godwineson, earl of East Anglia (d. 1066), 107, 136, 175, 189, 202, 212, 267

  Gytha, wife of earl Godwine, 29, 130, 175, 190, 212–15, 217, 225

  Hakon, earl, 28–9

  Hakon, son of Earl Swein, hostage, 116, 118, 137–8

  Halley, Edmond (d. 1742), 146

  Halley’s Comet, 146–7

  Hampshire, 73, 194–5, 202, 291, 311

  Harold, brother of King Cnut, 29

  Harold Godwineson, king of England (1066): character, 100, 140, 200, 206; rivalry with Ælfgar, 75, 128, 101; relationship with Tostig, 104, 129–30, 138, 147–8, 165; affinity, 107; sons, 212, 217, 220–2, 224–5; written out of history by Normans, 335 selective chronological survey: becomes earl of East Anglia (1045), 63; flees to Ireland (1051), 72, 102; returns to England (1052), 77, 294; resigns East Anglia, becomes earl of Wessex (1053), 100–1; leads army against Ælfgar and Gruffudd, negotiates peace (1055), 105; visits Flanders (1056), 105; power behind the throne (1057–66) 108; invades Wales and topples Gruffudd (1062–3) 109, 124, 144, 158, 292; visits Normandy (1064/5), 109, 112–19, 137–8; swears oath to William, 4, 114–17, 129, 142, 177, 332, 370; participates in Breton campaign, 114; returns to ETC, 119; builds hunting lodge at Portskewett (1065), 120; negotiates with northern rebels (1065), 129–30; allies with Eadwine and Morcar, marries Ealdgyth (1065/6), 136–9; succeeds ETC as king (1066), 131–41; coronation, 2, 131, 139–41, 195; visits York, 141; prepares against invasion, 146–9, 152, 154, 166, 218; learns of Norwegian invasion, marches north, 161–2; defeats Norwegians at Stamford Bridge, 163–5; learns of Norman invasion, marches south, 171–2, 376; exchanges messages with WTC, 172–3; hurries towards Hastings, 174–5, 191, 248; surprised by WTC, 176–7; his banner, 201, 278; fights WTC at Hastings, 2, 177–80; death, 2–3, 10, 183–8, 210, 265; burial, 190

  Harold Hardrada (Sigurdson), king of Norway (1047–66) 62, 155–65; his banner, ‘Land-Waster’, 162

  Harold Harefoot, king of England (1035–40) 31–3, 35–40, 44, 132–3, 361–2, 368

  harrying, 13, 15, 40, 71, 77, 111, 1 £ 130, 174, 194–5, 199, 219, 222, 233, 251, 290, 306, 313, 328

  Harrying of the North, 229–30, 233, 236, 245–6, 248, 313–14, 332, 334–5, 340–1

  Harthacnut, king of Denmark (1035–42) and England (1040–2): loses England to Harold I due to delay in Denmark, 30–3, 35, 44, 60, 132–3; supposed deal over England with Magnus of Norway, 60, 157; prepares to invade England, 37–8; accedes peacefully after Harold I’s death, 38, 142; unpopularity, 38–41, 64, 71, 76; shares power with ETC, 41–2, 133; death, 42, 59, 61; burial, 42, 97, 100

  Hastings (Sussex), 171, 174, 176, 178, 191–2, 194, 221; castle, 171, 174, 207; rape of, 313

  Hastings, battle of, 2, 4, 7–8, 167, 172, 179–93, 197–8, 202, 206, 210, 215, 217, 225, 233, 236–7, 240, 277–8, 335–6, 341; burial of the dead after, 190, 192

  Henry I, king of England (1100–35), son of WTC, 273–5, 318–19, 329–30, 344–5, 347, 349–51, 392

  Henry I, king of France (1031–60) 44, 52–3, 56–7,
67, 80, 82–5, 93–4, 110, 254–5, 364; death, 110, 254

  Henry II, king of England (1154–89) 350–2

  Henry III, emperor of Germany (1046–56) 30, 67–8 91, 103, 144

  Henry III, king of England (1216–72) 353

  Henry IV, king of Germany (1056–1106) 300–1

  Henry de Ferrers, 278, 319

  Henry of Huntingdon, chronicler, 172, 179, 183, 186, 284, 322, 336, 341, 344, 347–8

  Herbert II, count of Maine (d. 1062), 111

  Hereford, 105, 218, 247; castle, 209; bp of, see Robert; Walter; earl of, see Roger; William

  Herefordshire, 105, 208–9, 269

  Hereward the Wake, 243–6, 248–50, 284, 347

  Herleva, mother of WTC, 43–4, 68, 81

  Herluin, abt of Bec (d. 1078), 88

  Herluin, organizer of WTC’s funeral, 331

  Herluin de Conteville, stepfather of WTC, 44, 68, 89

  Hermann, bp of Sherborne and Salisbury (1045–78) 98–9, 318, 369

  Hertfordshire, 194–5, 315 hides, 26–7, 76, 121, 240, 307–8, 312–13, 315–16, 320, 325, 353

  Holderness (Yorks), 161

  Holy Island see Lindisfarne

  Holy Land, 9, 25, 43–4, 51, 352

  horses, 1–2, 47, 150, 153, 169, 171, 174, 178, 337

  hostages, 18–19, 77–8, 116–18, 125, 137–8, 163, 173, 196, 202–3, 210, 213, 219, 252–3, 329

  housecarls, 24, 32, 40, 128, 162, 181, 195, 243

  Hrani, earl, 28

  Hrolfr see Rollo

  Hugh, bp of Bayeux (d. 1049), 50

  Hugh, bp of Lisieux (1049–77) 90

  Hugh de Montfort, 210

  Hugh (of Avranches), earl of Chester (d. 1101), 292, 299, 302, 313, 321

  Hugh fitz Baldric, sheriff of Yorkshire, 235

  Hugh of Ponthieu, 186

  Hugh of Vermandois (d. 1101), brother of Philip I, 305

  Humber, river, 12, 122, 125, 148, 161, 165, 226–7, 229, 242–3

  hundreds, 121, 279, 309–13, 317–18, 338, 353

  Hungary, 102–3, 138, 191

  hunting, 108, 120, 141, 199, 226, 273, 291–2, 327, 344

  Huntingdon, castle, 220

  Hurst Head (Hursteshevet), 41

  Icknield Way, 195

  intermarriage, 266, 348–9, 352

  Ipswich (Suffolk), 226

  Ireland, 72, 77, 104, 126, 212, 214, 220, 224–5, 294–5, the Irish, 157, 293–4

  Irish Sea, 104, 121, 293

  Italy, 9, 87, 92, 303