by Marc Morris
Strathclyde, kingdom of, 121, 126
Surrey, 283
Sussex, 12, 72, 77, 109, 113, 150, 172, 194, 215, 278, 295, 313; bp of, 240; rapes, 215, 278
Sweden, 102
Swein (d. c. 1034), son of King Cnut, 31
Swein Estrithson, king of Denmark (1047–74) 61–2, 64–5, 147, 157–9, 225–6, 228, 242–3, 245, 304–5
Swein Forkbeard, king of Denmark king of England (1013–14) 15, 17
Swein Godwineson (d. 1052), 63, 65, 68, 72, 95, 101–2, 116
Tadcaster (Yorks), 163
Taillefer, juggling swordsman, 180, 187
taxation, geld, 24, 27, 28, 39–40, 48, 75–6, 123–4, 130, 157, 201, 213–14, 217, 235, 242, 312–13, 315–17, 325, 337, 345, 352; see also tribute
Tay, river, 103, 252
Tees, river, 121–2, 128, 232–3
Thames, river, 31–3, 39, 72, 77, 130, 194–5, 210, 245
thegns, 26–8, 31–2, 41, 75, 107–8, 128, 208, 214, 299, 320
Thetford (Norfolk), 258; bp of, 263
Thimert (Eure-et-Loir), castle, 110 Thomas (of Bayeux), abp of York (1070–1100) 273, 319
Thorkell the Tall, earl of East Anglia, 28–9
Thorney (Cambs), abbey, 306
Thurbrand (the Hold), 265
Thurbrand, son of Carl, 278
Thurstan, abt of Glastonbury, 261–2, 319
Tillières (Eure), castle, 53, 110, 364
Tinchebray (Orne), battle of, 345
Tonbridge (Kent), 283, 319; castle, 283
Tostig Godwineson, earl of Northumbria (d. 1066): character, 103–4; piety, 123, 125; relationship with his brother, Harold, 104, 129–30, 137–8, 147–8, 165; flees to Flanders with parents (1051), 72, 123; becomes earl of Northumbria (1055), 103–4, 122, 253; pillar of the realm, 108; invades Wales with Harold (1063), 109; unpopularity as earl, 123–4; fails to defend Northumbria from Scots, 124–7; arranges murder of rivals (1063/4), 127, 263; rebellion against, 128–30, 136, 210; banishment (1065), 130, 158; attacks England from Flanders (1066), 147–9, 158, 373; seeks Scandinavian allies, 158–60, 225; invades England with HaroldHardrada, 154, 161; wins victory at Fulford, 162; defeated and killed at Stamford Bridge, 163–5, 173; buried in York, 165, 172
Trahaearn ap Caradog (d. 1081), 294
Trelleborg fortresses, Denmark, 14
tribute, 14–15, 28, 45, 123, 193, 200–2, 235, 296, 312
Troarn (Calvados), monastery, 89
Truce of God see Peace of God Tuscany, countess of, 303
Turold, abt of Peterborough, 243–4, 246
Turold (d. 1041), tutor to WTC, 52
Tyne, river, 160, 210, 219, 222, 233, 290
Uhtred, earl of Northumbria (d. 1016), 126–7, 253, 265
Ulf, earl, 29
Urse d’Abetôt, sheriff of Worcester, 284
Val-ès-Dunes (Calvados), battle of, 56–8, 66, 80, 89, 112, 142, 365
Valognes (Manche), 56–7
Varaville (Calvados), battle of, 94, 110
Le Vaudreuil (Eure), castle, 52
Vegetius, Roman author, 178
Vexin, 327–8
Vikings, 12–18, 25, 27, 45–9, 66, 86, 121–2, 126, 132, 144, 154–5, 158, 163–5, 172, 226, 242, 245, 297, 339; see also Danes
Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, 150
Wace, historian, 56–7, 141, 143–5, 150–1, 178
Walcher, bp of Durham (1071–80) 240, 252, 266, 270, 290
Wales, 9, 25, 104–5, 109, 120, 126, 129, 138, 144, 158, 218, 250, 291–4, 296–7, 319, 333, 338; The Welsh, 120, 124, 128, 208, 218, 227, 292–4, 340
Walkelin, bp of Winchester (1070–98), 298, 319
Wallingford (Oxon), town and castle, 195, 207, 313
Walter, abt of Evesham, 260, 285
Walter, bp of Hereford (1060–79) 108
Walter, count of Maine (1062–3), 11
Walter, uncle of WTC, 52
Waltham (Essex), abbey, 190, 376
Waltheof, earl of Northumbria (d. 1076), son of Siward, 103, 253, 264–6, 268–9, 273, 278, 280, 290, 320, 339
wapentakes, 121
Warin, abt of Malmesbury, 260
Warwick, castle, 219, 247, 313, 334
waste see Domesday weapons and armour, 1–2, 26, 47, 54, 62, 76, 139, 164, 178–82, 184–186, 188, 223, 276
Wearmouth (Durham), 247
Wells, bp of, see Giso
Wenric of Trier, 333
Wessex, 12–13, 15, 29–32, 71, 75, 95, 100–1, 107, 121, 129–30, 138, 174, 208; earl of, see Godwine; Harold
Westminster, 146, 191, 270, 299, 318; abbey, 38–9, 96–7, 131, 134, 136, 139, 149, 198, 216, 258, 334, 350, 353, 362; palace, 96–7, 198, 368
Wherwell (Hants), nunnery, 73
Whitby (Yorks), abbey, 340
Wight, isle of, 15, 77, 147, 149, 154, 161, 202, 278, 302, 326
William, bp of London (1051–75) 95
William, count of Arques, uncle of WTC, 83, 85
William Ætheling (d. 1120), son of Henry I, 349–50
William de Chernet, 311
William de Percy, 235
William de Warenne (d. 1088), 215
William fitz Osbern, earl of Hereford (d. 1071): friend and counsellor of WTC, 55, 143, 145–6, 277; monastic foundations, 89, 296; provides ships for invasion, 145–6; his lands in England, 202, 218, 247, 268, 277–8; his conquests in Wales, 292, 296; regent (1067), 202, 206–7, 209, 255; defends York (1069), 224; suppresses rebellions in Midlands and south-west (1069), 227; proposes plunder of monasteries (1070), 235; death, 254–5; sons of, see Roger of Breteuil; William of Breteuil
William Giroie, 51
William Longsword, count of Rouen (d. 942), 16
William of Breteuil, son of William fitz Osbern, 275, 299
William of Jumiéges (selected references): importance for WTC’s early career, 20; wrote close to events, 21, 34, 52; but revised after Conquest for WTC, 21, 167; chronology not a strong point, 34; neutrality, 19, 36; coy about ducal marriages, 44, 67; but not ducal brutality, 81, 187; interpolated by Orderic, 81, 373
William of Malmesbury, historian (selected references), Anglo-Norman parentage, 348; popularity, 347; pro-English sentiments, 140, 178, 340, 347; fondness for stories, 100, 165, 303, 328
William of Poitiers (selected references): importance, 7, 53–4; problems with, 42, 54; WTC’s chaplain, 54, 142; formerly a knight, 54, 176, 182; well-informed, 116, 166, 197, 373, 378–9; but economical with the truth, 81–2, 186–91, 194–5; dubious assertions, 111, 117, 182, 200, 217, 244–5, 249, 263, 276; classical allusions, 84, 168, 171, 178, 182, 203, 295, 297; use of William of Jumiéges, 114–15; hostility to Harold Godwineson, 135, 175, 206; use of the Carmen, 167, 178, 191; used by Orderic Vitalis, 206, 217, 230, 234, 244, 250, 252; opinion of the English, 264–5
William of St Calais, bp of Durham (1080–96) 319
William of Volpiano (d. 1031), monastic reformer, 87, 98
William Rufus, king of England (1087–1100) 273–5, 288, 299, 303, 319, 329–30, 344–5, 349, 351, 391–2
William the Conqueror (William the Bastard), king of England (1066–87) duke of Normandy (1035–87)
character, qualities, interests: physical appearance, 2, 54, 327; bastardy, 22, 43–4, 56; bynames, 43; friendships, 55, 88, 143, 215, 219, 254, 256, 283; prowess, 54, 57; brutality, 81–2, 332–3; chivalry, 264–5, 267, 339; spirituality, 88, 142; wisdom, 333; severity, 299, 333; avarice, 314, 333; concern for legitimacy, 335–6; promotion of Church reform, 92–3, 368; love of hunting, 141, 199, 226, 291; monastic foundations, 89, 112, 178, 204, 237, 273, 330, 333 ! other building projects, 112, 296–8
family relationships: with Odo of Bayeux, 90–1, 202, 206, 255, 277, 299–302, 304, 329; with Robert of Mortain, 93, 329; with Matilda, 170, 197–8, 273–4, 288, 302–4; with Robert Curthose, 273–6, 288–90, 303–4, 329; with William Rufus, 288, 303, 330, 344
selective chronological survey: birth, 43–4; recognized as his father’s heir (1034), 44, 52; accession as duke (1035), 51; troubled<
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minority, 52, 87, 205; knighting (c. 1043), 53–6, 364; his rule threatened 55–6; defeats rebels (1047), 56–8; consolidates victory (1047–50) 66; war against Geoffrey Martel (1049–51) 80–2; marriage (c. 1050), 66–8, 82, 91–2, 112; promised English succession (1051), 70; visits ETC in England (1051), 73–5, 82; defeats rebellion by count of Arques (1053), 83, 85–6; defeats invasion by France and Anjou (1054), 83–5; deposes abp of Rouen (1054), 86, 92–3; attacks Geoffrey Martel (1054); defeats invasion by France and Anjou (1057), 94, no; captures Tilliéres and Thimert (1058), 110; conquers Maine (1062–3) 111–12; receives Harold Godwineson, obliges him to swear his oath (1064/5), 113–19, 137; invades Brittany (1064/5), 114; hears of Harold’s coronation (1066), 141–2; puts case to pope and Norman magnates, 142–5, 373; prepares invasion fleet, 145–6, 150–1; spiritual preparations, 149–50; assembles army, 151–4; delayed and diverted by contrary winds, 166–9; crosses Channel, lands at Pevensey, 169–71; exchanges messages with Harold, ravages Sussex, 173–5; surprises Harold, 176–7; defeats and kills Harold at Hastings, 177–88; buries dead, 190; advances through Kent to London, ravages counties around London, 194–6; receives English submissions, debates next move, 196–8; coronation, 10, 198–200, 379; first acts as king (1067), 200–2, 211, 378–9; returns in triumph to Normandy (1067), 202–4; returns to England (1067), 211; defeats Exeter rebels (1068), 212–15; attacks midland and northern rebels, establishes new castles (1068), 219–22; attacks rebels again (1069), 223–4; attacks rebels for a third time (1069), 227–9, 232–3; harries northern England (1069–70) 229–31; plunders monasteries (1070), 235; coronation by papal legates (1070), 236; purges English episcopate, 238–40; imposes military service on Church, 240–2; buys off Danish invasion (1070), 245; crushes Ely rebellion (1071), 248–51; invades Scotland (1072), 251–2; re-conquers Maine (1073), 255; returns to England (1075), punishes rebels, 270–1, 279–80; defeated at Dol (1076), 272; quarrel with Robert Curthose (1077–80) 273–6, 288–9; returns to England (1080), 289–90; invades south Wales (1081), 293–4, 296; imprisons Odo (1082), 299–302; besieges St Suzanne (1084), 304; prepares against Danish invasion (1085–6) 304–6, 312–13, 316; orders Domesday Survey (1085–6) 306–7; knights Henry (1086), 318; attends Salisbury assembly (1086), 318–20, 322, 325–6; returns to Normandy (1086), 326–7; illness (1087), 328; invades the Vexin and burns Mantes (1087), 328; final illness, 328–330; death (1087), 10, 52, 330; burial, 330–1, 349
Wilton (Wilts), abbey, 63, 73, 129
Wiltshire, 129, 302, 319
Winchelsea (Sussex), 211
Winchester, 13, 24, 32, 34, 59–60, 97, 99–100, 106, 193, 206, 215, 224, 232, 236, 238–40, 271, 297–9, 306, 318, 324–5, 349; bp of, see Ælfwine; Stigand; Walkelin; castle, 202, 207, 221, 297, 334; Norman cathedral, 258, 298, 346; Old Minster, 24, 42, 97, 100; palace, 297
Windsor (Berks), 239, 242; castle, 242, 334
Wissant, 35
women, 7; rape of, 27, 207, 263, 266, 332–3; married in order to legitimize landholding, 349
Worcester, 40, 71, 325; cathedral, 40, 284; bp of, see Ealdred; Lyfing; Wulfstan; sheriff of, see Urse
Wren, Sir Christopher, 334
Wulfnoth, probable father of Earl Godwine, 28
Wulfnoth Godwineson, hostage, 116, 118, 137–8, 212, 329, 345
Wulfstan, bp of Worcester (d. 1095), 107, 269, 281, 305, 320, 340–1, 383
Wulfstan, bp of Worcester and abp of York (d. 1023), 26, 27
Wulfwold, abt of Chertsey (d. 1084), 5
Wye, river, 292, 296
Xerxes, 168
Yaroslav the Wise, king of Russia (1019–54) 155
Yeovil (Somerset), 227
York, 12, 121–3, 127–8, 141, 146, 161–5, 172, 219–21, 223–4, 226–9, 233–4, 236, 247, 253, 270, 314, 340, 375; abbey, 340; castles, 220, 223–4, 226–7, 229, 334; cathedral (minster), 223, 226, 232; abp of, see Ælfric; Cynesige; Ealdred; Thomas; Wulfstan; sheriff of, 223, 227, 267; see also Hugh fitz Baldric
Yorkshire, 121–2, 162–3, 172–3 218–19, 228–9, 232–3, 235, 278–9, 282, 297, 313–14, 335
Zedekiah, biblical king, 185
Edward the Confessor at the beginning of the Bayeux Tapestry.
William of Jumièges presents his history to William the Conqueror (from a twelfth-century copy of the manuscript)
English architecture before 1066. The early eleventh-century church tower at Earls Barton, Northamptonshire, shows how decoration took precedence over the order and precision of line beginning to be used on the Continent.
The mighty castle at Arques, established during William’s minority. The surviving masonry dates from the twelfth century.
Norman architecture before 1066: the Romanesque abbey churches of Jumièges, begun c. 1040.
The Norman invasion fleet crosses the Channel. The ship with the lantern on its mast is probably William’s flagship, the Mora.
‘Skuldelev 3’, datable to the eleventh century, on display in the Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, Denmark.
Imperial Grandeur.
The great towers begun by the Conqueror at
Colchester and London
Harrying in action: two Normans set fire to a house from which a woman and child flee.
show similarities in design.
Old Sarum, Wiltshire. The earthworks of William’s castle and the foundations of the Norman cathedral are clearly visible within the perimeter of the Iron Age hill fort.
Post-Conquest fusion. The nave of Durham Cathedral, begun after 1093, combines Norman Romanesque grandeur with English decoration.
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Copyright © 2012 by Marc Morris
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