by Adam Cohen
38 Hopkins, Spending to Save, pp. 62-63; Searle F. Charles, Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins and the Depression (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1963), pp. 10-11; Burner, Herbert Hoover, pp. 263-65; Ernest K. Lindley, Half Way with Roosevelt (New York: Viking Press, 1937), p. 48; Williams, Federal Aid for Relief, pp. 24-33; Badger, FDR, pp. 7-8, 48.
39 Paul Studenski and Herman E. Krooss, Financial History of the United States: Fiscal, Monetary, Banking, and Tariff, Including Financial Administration and State and Local Finance (New York: McGraw-Hill Books, 1963), pp. 357-59; Badger, FDR, pp. 8, 48; New York Times, 6/25/33; New York Times, 7/12/33; Joseph Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism (New York: Atheneum, 1968), pp. 84, 96; Rollins, Roosevelt and Howe, p. 46; The Hoover Administration: A Documentary Narrative, ed. William Starr Myers and Walter H. Newton (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936), p. 63; Brock, Welfare, Democracy, and the New Deal, p. 149; Robert D. Leighninger, Jr., Long-Range Public Investment (Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press, 2007), pp. 6-7; Bonnie Fox Schwartz, The Civil Works Administration, 1933-1934: The Business of Emergency Employment in the New Deal (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 21; Hopkins, Spending to Save, p. 89-90; Kenneth W. Dam, “From the Gold Clause Cases to the Gold Commission: A Half Century of American Monetary Law,” University of Chicago Law Review 50 (Spring 1983), pp. 504, 507; Williams, Federal Aid for Relief, p. 43.
40 Paul Dickson and Thomas B. Allen, The Bonus Army: An American Epic (New York: Walker & Company, 2004), pp. 153-83, 193.
41 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986), pp. 376-80; Amity Schlaes, The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 6.
42 Myers and Newton, The Hoover Administration, p. 516; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 19; New York Times, 3/12/33.
43 Smith, An Uncommon Man, p. 144; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt, pp. 298-99; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution , p. 5; Wecter, Age of the Great Depression, p. 51.
44 Tugwell, FDR: Architect of an Era, p. 75; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 12-13; New York Times, 8/29/31.
45 Herbert Hoover, Addresses Upon the American Road (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1938), p. 1; The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. I (New York: Random House, 1938), pp. 625, 659; FDR Papers, Vol. II, p. 5; Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Triumph (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1956), p. 315; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, p. 166; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt , pp. 61-62.
46 Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980), p. 292; Smith, An Uncommon Man, p. 147; Rollins, Age of Action, p. 43; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 5.
47 FDR Papers, Vol. I, pp. 781, 832.
48 Jordan A. Schwarz, The New Dealers: Power Politics in the Age of Roosevelt (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), p. 54; Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, p. 272; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, p. 416 ; Freidel, Interview with James A. Farley; Robert Bendiner, Just Around the Corner: A Highly Selective History of the Thirties (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1967), p. 26; Wecter, Age of the Great Depression, p. 54.
49 Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 26-27, 31-36, 131-33, 198; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 4; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 42.
50 Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 26-27, 31-36, 131-33, 198; Rexford G. Tugwell, In Search of Roosevelt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972), p. 233; New York Times, 3/5/33; Time, 3/13/33; New York Herald Tribune, 3/5/33.
51 J. Roosevelt, Affectionately, F.D.R., p. 252-53; Washington Post, 3/5/33; New York Times, 3/5/33; Time, 3/13/33.
52 The New Republic, 3/22/33; Time, 3/6/33; Time, 3/13/33; Moley, After Seven Days, p. 139; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 66-68; Washington Post, 2/17/33.
53 New York Times, 3/5/33; New York Times, 3/4/1933; Washington Post, 3/5/30; E. Roosevelt, Autobiography , p. 163; Works Progress Administration, Washington, pp. 219-20; Time, 3/13/33; Letter from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Charles Elmore Cropley, Esq., February 25, 1933, PSF 140, FDR Library; Inaugurations, February 25, 1933; Grace Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949), p. 69.
54 The New Republic, 3/8/33; Steel, Walter Lippmann, p. 300 ; Time, 3/6/33; Lindley, Half Way with Roosevelt , p. 6; New York Herald Tribune, 3/4/33.
55 Moley, First New Deal, pp. 97-98; Raymond Henle, Interview with Raymond Moley, November 13, 1967, in Raymond Moley Papers, Box 245, Hoover Institution, Stanford University; Raymond Moley, Diary, Moley Papers, Box 1, 2/14/33.
56 Moley, Diary, 2/28/33; Raymond Moley, Inaugural Address 1933 Notes, Moley Papers, Box 289; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 96-114; Edward J. Flynn, You’re the Boss: The Practice of American Politics (New York: Collier Books, 1962), pp. 138-39; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 39-40; Patrick Anderson, The President’s Men (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1968), p. 24.
57 Moley, First New Deal, pp. 117-19; Moley, Diary, 2/28/33; Jonathan Alter, The Defining Moment: FDR’s Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), p. 211; New York Times, 2/9/31.
58 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, p. 26; E. Roosevelt, Autobiography, p. 163; Works Progress Administration, Washington, pp. 219-20 ; Time, 3/13/33; Wilson, American Earthquake, p. 478; Henrietta Nesbitt, White House Diary (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1948), p. 4.
59 Moley, First New Deal, pp. 97-98, 118; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, pp. 90-91; Washington Post, 3/5/33; Time, 3/13/33.
60 FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 11, 13.
61 FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 12-15; Davis W. Houck, FDR and Fear Itself (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2002), pp. 135-48; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, p. 31; New York Times, 3/5/33.
62 FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 13-15; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 205; Houck, FDR and Fear Itself, pp. 135-48; New York Times, 3/5/33.
63 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 20-23; Martin, Madam Secretary, p. 8.
64 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, p. 31; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, p. 195; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 205-6; Martin, Madam Secretary, p. 9.
65 Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, p. 297; New York Times, 3/5/33; Washington Post, 3/5/33; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, p. 29; Time, 3/13/33; Burner, Herbert Hoover, pp. 327-28; Steel, Walter Lippmann, p. 299.
66 Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 88; New York Times, 3/4/33; New York Times, 3/5/33; Houck, FDR and Fear Itself, pp. 11-12; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 1; Cabell Phillips, From the Crash to the Blitz, 1929-1939 (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000), p. 107; New York Daily News, 3/6/33.
67 Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 80; Rosenman, Presidential Style, p. 323; Black, Roosevelt, p. 273; Time, 3/13/33; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 205-6; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 170-71; 210-11; Smith, FDR, pp. 303-4.
68 Smith, FDR, pp. 303-4; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 208-12; New York Times, 3/5/33.
69 Farley, Behind the Ballots, p. 209; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 65-66; Chicago Tribune, 3/5/33; Molly Dewson, “An Aid to the End,” unpublished manuscript, FDR Library, p. 107; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 211; Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, p. 301.
70 Washington Post, 2/26/33; New York Times, 2/26/33; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 53; Walter Lippmann, “Today and Tomorrow,” The New York Tribune, 2/28/33; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 142.
71 Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, pp. 59-61; Joseph Lash, Dealers and Dreamers (New York: Doubleday, 1988), p. 80 ; Washington Post, 3/5/33; Time, 3/6/33.
72 Farley, Behind the Ballots, p. 209; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 65-67, 75; Dewson, “An Aid to the End,” p. 107; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 211-12.
&
nbsp; 73 Lippmann, “Today and Tomorrow,” 2/28/33; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 211-12; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 205-6; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, p. 75; New York Times, 3/5/33; Time, 3/6/33.
CHAPTER 2 : “MOLEY! MOLEY! MOLEY! LORD GOD ALMIGHTY! ”
1 Thomas H. Eliot, Recollections of the New Deal: When People Mattered (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992), p. 7; George N. Peek with Samuel Crowther, Why Quit Our Own (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1936), p. 20.
2 Phillips, Crash to the Blitz, p. 114; Dewson, “An Aid to the End,” p. 108; The New Republic, 3/15/33; Eliot, Recollections, p. 7; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 17; Reminiscences of Jerome Frank, 1960, CUOHRO, pp. 83-84.
3 Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949), p. 107; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 267; The Making of the New Deal: The Insiders Speak, ed. Katie Louchheim (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 121; McGovern, And a Time for Hope, p. 22; New York Times, 8/11/95; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 14.
4 Wecter, Age of the Great Depression, pp. 2-4; John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), pp. 44, 54, 57; Time, 11/7/49.
5 Wecter, Age of the Great Depression, pp. 4-5; J. F. T. O’Connor, The Banking Crisis and Recovery Under the Roosevelt Administration (New York: Da Capo Press, 1971), p. 10 ; F. G. Awalt, Unpublished Manuscript on Banking Crisis, p. 7, Moley Papers, Box 245, Folder 3; Moley, First New Deal, p. 129; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt, p. 279.
6 O’Connor, The Banking Crisis, p. 8; Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963), p. 308; Ballantine, “When All the Banks Closed,” p. 131; C. C. Colt and N. S. Keith, 28 Days: A History of the Banking Crisis (New York: Greenberg, Publisher, Inc., 1933), p. 23; Bendiner, Just Around the Corner, p. 31; Wecter, Age of the Great Depression, pp. 62, 101-2.
7 Freidel, Triumph, pp. 186-87; New York Times, 12/12/1930; Time, 1/18/32; Time, 9/12/69; Susan Estabrook Kennedy, The Banking Crisis of 1933 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1973), pp. 1-5, 19.
8 Studenski and Krooss, Financial History of the United States, p. 371; Schwarz, The New Dealers, pp. 51, 88; Time, 10/19/31; Kennedy, Banking Crisis, pp. 34-35.
9 New York Times, 1/23/32; Schwarz, The New Dealers, pp. 50-51; Studenski and Kroos, Financial History of the United States, pp. 372-75; Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History of the United States, p. 325; Ballantine, “When All the Banks Closed,” p. 132; Josephson, Infidel, pp. 72-73; Ronald Edsforth, The New Deal: America’s Response to the Great Depression (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 2000), p. 61; Moley, First New Deal, p. 132; Wecter, Age of the Great Depression, p. 48; Kennedy, Banking Crisis, p. 42.
10 Awalt, Unpublished Manuscript on Banking Crisis, p. 9; New York Times, 2/15/33; Time, 3/6/33; Kennedy, Banking Crisis, pp. 63-64, 80-82.
11 Time, 3/6/33; New York Times, 2/15/33; Moley, First New Deal, p. 138; Jerry Markham, A Financial History of the United States (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2001) p. 165.
12 Kennedy, Banking Crisis, pp. 77-134; Colt and Keith, 28 Days, pp. 1, 6; Awalt, Unpublished Manuscript on Banking Crisis, pp. 10-16, 20 ; New York Times, 2/17/33; New York Times, 2/15/33; New York Times, 2/18/33; Time, 3/6/33; New York Times, 2/19/33; Ballantine, “When All the Banks Closed,” p. 136; Moley, First New Deal, p. 138; New York Times, 2/15/33; FDR Papers, Vol. II, p. 27.
13 Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 141-45; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 141-42, 145-46; Badger, FDR, p. 32; Studenski and Krooss, Financial History of the United States, p. 381.
14 Awalt, Unpublished Manuscript on Banking Crisis, pp. 21-22; Raymond Henle, Oral History Interview with Raymond Moley, November 13, 1967, Moley Papers, Box 245; Studenski and Krooss, Financial History of the United States, p. 381; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 189-92; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 140-51; Badger, FDR, p. 27; Alter, The Defining Moment, pp. 178-79; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 139-43.
15 J. Roosevelt, Affectionately, F.D.R., pp. 251-52; Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The New Deal Years, 1933- 1937 (New York: Random House, 1979), p. 24; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 145-46; Letter of Walter Wyatt to Raymond Moley, March 16, 1966, Moley Papers, Box 245, Folder 11; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 87-88; FDR Papers, Vol. II, p. 28; Moley, After Seven Days, p. 146.
16 J. Roosevelt, Affectionately, F.D.R., pp. 251-52; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 145-48; Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss, p. 60; Letter of Walter Wyatt to Raymond Moley, March 16, 1966, Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 87-88; FDR Papers, Vol. II, p. 28; Moley, After Seven Days, p. 146; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 69; Friedel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 192-93.0
17 Moley, First New Deal, pp. 81-83; Moley, Diary, 1/27/33, 1/28/33; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 55; New York Times, 3/4/33; New York Times, 11/5/32.
18 Carter, New Dealers, pp. 283-84; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 150; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 35; Lindley, Roosevelt’s Revolution, p. 56; Lewis Douglas, Letter to Samuel Rosenman, Oct. 26, 1972, Box 118, Lewis Douglas Papers, University of Arizona Special Collections (hereafter, “Douglas Papers”).
19 Carter, New Dealers, p. 284; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 122; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 84-85.
20 Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 121-22; Newsweek, 3/4/33; New York Times, 2/23/33; Time, 3/6/33; Time, 3/13/33; James Sargent, Interview with Lewis Douglas, p. 16, Douglas Papers, Box 119, Folder 5; Reminiscences of Walter Wyatt, 1973, CUOHRO, p. 11.
21 Collier’s, 6/17/33; Wolfskill and Hudson, All but the People, p. 53; Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss, p. 61; Time, 5/8/33; Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss, p. 61.
22 Collier’s, 6/17/33; Moley, First New Deal, pp. xi-xii; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 182.
23 Moley, Realities and Illusions, pp. 1-5, 7-8; Letter of Raymond Moley to Frank Freidel, March 3, 1966, Moley Papers, Box 245, Folder 6; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 10.
24 Letter of Raymond Moley to Frank Freidel, March 3, 1966, Moley Biographical Materials, Box 144, Moley Papers; Moley, First New Deal, p. 13; Moley, Realities and Illusions, pp. 22, 28-29, 52, 60-61; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 10; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt, p. 124; Freidel, Introduction, Realities and Illusions, p. viii; Moley, After Seven Days, p. 4; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 10.
25 Frank Freidel, Introduction in Moley, First New Deal, p. ix; Charles A. Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (New York: Free Press, 1986); Moley, Realities and Illusions, pp. 71, 78-79; Letter of Raymond Moley to Frank Freidel, March 3, 1966; Robert A. McGuire, To Form a More Perfect Union: A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt, p. 125; Moley, Realities and Illusions, pp. 73-84.
26 Moley, First New Deal, pp. xi, 12; Time, 3/8/33; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt, p. 126; Moley, Realities and Illusions , pp. 40, 110-31; Time, 5/8/33; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp 11-12; Americanization Pamphlets, Moley Papers, Box 144; Cleveland Plain Dealer, 8/27/19.
27 Moley, First New Deal, pp. 11-12; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt, pp. 127-28; New York Times, 10/31/28, Moley, Lecture Notes, “Contemporary American Politics,” Columbia University, March 11, 1936; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 1-3; Moley, Realities and Illusions, pp. 173-75.
28 Tugwell, The Brains Trust, pp. 3-6; Smith, FDR, p. 245; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 6; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, pp. 23, 26; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, pp. 56-58.
29 Letter from Samuel Rosenman to Rexford Tugwell, January 16, 1969, p. 3, Box 23, Tugwell Papers, FDR Library; Sternsher, Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal, pp. 3, 9-10, 144; Reminiscences of Rexford G. Tugwell, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 4-5, 12; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 15.
30 Jordan Schwarz, Liberal: Adolf A. Berle and the Vision of an American Era (New York: The Free Press, 1987), pp. 16, 60-61, 71; Reminiscences of
Adolf A. Berle, 1974, CUOHRO, pp. 167-71; Phillips, Crash to the Blitz, p. 109; Michael Vincent Namorato, Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography (New York: Praeger, 1988), pp. 14, 45, 60-61; Reminiscences of Adolf A. Berle, 1974, CUOHRO, pp. 173-74; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 18.
31 Tugwell, Brains Trust, pp. 21-31, 166; Reminiscences of Adolf A. Berle, 1974, CUOHRO, pp. 187-88; Reminiscences of Rexford G. Tugwell, 1951, CUOHRO, p. 7; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, pp. 23-24; Sternsher, Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal, p. 40.
32 Tugwell, Brains Trust, pp. 47-49; Tugwell, Democratic Roosevelt, p. 218; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 15-17; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 22-23, 55; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt, pp. 130-32; FDR Papers, Vol. I, pp. 625, 639, 751-52; Schwarz, Liberal, pp. 78-79; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 13.
33 Raymond Moley, Memorandum of May 19, 1932, Moley Papers, Box 282; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt, pp. 140-48; Freidel, Triumph, pp. 272-73; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 23-24, inset opposite p. 146; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 45; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 34.
34 Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, pp. 54-55; Moley, First New Deal, p. 17; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 41; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 52-55.
35 Moley, Diary, 3/3/33; Tugwell, In Search of Roosevelt, p. 195; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 22-23, 25; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 68, 70-72, 81-83; Anderson, The President’s Men, p. 23; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 21-35, 51-54. Washington Post, 11/18/32; Wall Street Journal, 11/19/32.
36 Reminiscences of Samuel Rosenman, 1960, CUOHRO, p. 113; The Diary of Rexford G. Tugwell: The New Deal, 1932-1935, ed. Michael Vincent Namorato (New York: Greenwood Press, 1992), p. 74; Moley, After Seven Days, pp. 79-80; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 4; Moley, First New Deal, p. xiii; Anderson, The President’s Men, p. 56; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 454-57; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, pp. 24-25; Reminiscences of Rexford G. Tugwell, 1951, CUOHRO, p. 17; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 30; Rollins, Roosevelt and Howe; p. 380 ; New York Times, 4/19/36.