by Adam Cohen
37 Moley, Diary, 2/8/33; Carter, New Dealers, p. 325; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 81; Tugwell, Roosevelt’s Revolution, p. 40 ; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 32.
38 Moley, Diary, 2/8/33; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 81, 106-8; Reminiscences of Samuel Rosenman, CUOHRO, p. 113.
39 Moley, Diary, 2/8/33, 2/28/33; Adam Cohen, Interview with Mary Mitchell, July 31, 2007; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 115-16, 162; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 18, 240-41; Tugwell, Diary, p. 74; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 30 ; Carter, New Dealers, p. 325.
40 Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 44-45; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, pp. 181-82; Letter from Lewis Douglas to James Sargent, March 19, 1973, Douglas Papers, Box 119; Letter of Raymond Moley to Frank Freidel, March 3, 1966; Time, 5/8/33; Reminiscences of Adolf A. Berle, 1974, CUOHRO, p. 176.
41 Raymond Henle, Oral History Interview with Raymond Moley; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 85.
42 Reminiscences of Walter Wyatt, 1973, CUOHRO, pp. 2, 10; Moley, First New Deal, p. 216; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 87.
43 Moley, First New Deal, pp. 148-51; Moley, After Seven Days, pp. 146-7; The Hoover Administration: A Documented Narrative, ed. William Starr Myers and Walter H. Newton (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936), p. 366.
44 Awalt, Unpublished Manuscript on Banking Crisis, p. 23; Moley, First New Deal, p. 151
45 Moley, Diary, 3/4/33; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 147-48; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 193-94; Tugwell, Roosevelt’s Revolution, p. 34; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 80; Moley, First New Deal, p. 151; Awalt, Unpublished Manuscript on Banking Crisis, p. 23.
46 New York Times, 3/4/33; Moley, First New Deal, p. 160.
47 Moley, First New Deal, pp. 160-61, 214; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 215; Awalt, Unpublished Manuscript on Banking Crisis, p. 26; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 115.
48 Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 149; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 219; Time, 3/13/33; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 91; Letter of Walter Wyatt to Raymond Moley, March 16, 1966, Moley Papers, Box 245, Folder 11; New York Times, 3/5/33; Moley, First New Deal, p. 170.
49 Harold Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The First Thousand Days (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953), p. 3; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO Pt. IV, p. 75; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 93; FDR Diary, 3/5/33, PSF 159, FDR Library; Works Progress Administration, Washington, p. 302; Time, 3/13/33; Roosevelt, His Personal Letters, pp. 334-35; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 148; Franklin D. Roosevelt, On Our Way (New York: The John Day Company, 1934), pp. 4-5; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, pp. 81-82.
50 Reminiscences of Walter Wyatt, 1973, CUOHRO, pp. 16-18; Letter of Walter Wyatt to Raymond Moley, March 16, 1966; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 215-19; Sargent, Roosevelt and the First Hundred Days, pp. 93-95; Roosevelt, His Personal Letters, pp. 334-35; New York Times, 3/7/33.
51 FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 24, 26-29, 33-36; Moley, First New Deal, p. 161; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 189-90, 217; Time, 3/13/33; Awalt, Unpublished Manuscript on Banking Crisis, p. 29; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, pp. 82, 115.
52 James D. Horan, The Desperate Years: A Pictorial History of the Thirties (New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1962), p. 99; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 163-64; Letter of Walter M. Pierce to Franklin D. Roosevelt of March 18, 1933, OF 230 Banking, Box 1, FDR Library; Bendiner, Just Around the Corner , p. 32; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, pp. 82, 84; Washington Post, 3/7/33; Kennedy, Banking Crisis, pp. 161, 164-65; New York Times, 3/6/33; Washington Post, 3/6/33; Davis, The New Deal Years, p. 43.
53 Moley, First New Deal, p. 164; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 82; New York Times, 3/6/33; New York Times, 3/8/33; Washington Post, 3/8/33; FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 24, 26-29; Horan, The Desperate Years, pp. 98-99.
54 Horan, The Desperate Years, p. 100; Henry F. Ashurst, A Many-Colored Toga: The Diary of Henry Fountain Ashurst, ed. George F. Sparks (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1962), p. 333; Washington Post, 3/11/33; New York Times, 3/10/33, 3/11/33, 3/12/33.
55 Tugwell, Democratic Roosevelt, pp. 270-71; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 213-14.
56 Tugwell, Democratic Roosevelt, p. 271.
57 Ibid., p. 272; Roosevelt, On Our Way, pp. 9, 14; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 95; New York Times, 3/6/33; New York Times, 3/7/33; Washington Post, 3/7/33.
58 E. Roosevelt, This I Remember, pp. 102-3; Blanche Wiesen Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. II, 1933-38 (New York: Viking, 1999), pp. 40-41, 290 ; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, pt. 4, pp. 335-36; New York Times, 3/7/33; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 294-95; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 282.
59 Moley, First New Deal, pp. 149, 165, 171; Moley, Diary, 3/6/33; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 149.
60 Moley, First New Deal, pp. 152, 171-73; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 151-52; Awalt, Unpublished Manuscript on Banking Crisis, p. 30; Alter, The Defining Moment, p. 324; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 6.
61 Letter of Walter Wyatt to Raymond Moley, March 16, 1966; Awalt, Unpublished Manuscript on Banking Crisis, p. 31; New York Times, 3/10/33; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 86; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 171-73, 178-79; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 151-53; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 227; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 98-99, 109.
62 Anderson, The President’s Men, p. 59; FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 30-36; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 100-101.
63 Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 87; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 7; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 225-26; Moley, First New Deal, p. 177; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 102-3; Reminiscences of Walter Wyatt, 1973, CUOHRO, pp. 28-29; New York Times, 3/10/33; Kennedy, Banking Crisis of 1933, p. 177.
64 FDR Papers, Vol. II, p. 45; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 182-84; Letter of Walter Wyatt to Raymond Moley, March 16, 1966; New York Times, 3/10/33.
65 Moley, First New Deal, pp. 184-88; Letter of Walter Wyatt to Raymond Moley, March 16, 1966; New York Times, 3/10/33; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, pp. 87, 135-37; Ronald L. Feinman, The Twilight of Progressivism: The Western Republican Senators and the New Deal (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1981), p. 58; Kennedy, Banking Crisis of 1933, p. 176.
66 Moley, Diary, 3/9/33; Moley, First New Deal, p. 190; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 229; FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 54-57, 59-60; New York Times, 3/10/33; New York Times, 3/11/33; Awalt, Unpublished Manuscript on Banking Crisis, p. 37; Roosevelt, On Our Way, p. 26; Kennedy, Banking Crisis of 1933, p. 177.
67 FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 64-65; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 194-96 ; Time, 3/20/33; Alter, The Defining Moment, p. 271; Black, Roosevelt, pp. 276-77; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 91.
68 Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 13; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 116; New York Times, 3/14/33; Rosenman, Presidential Style, p. 335.
69 Moley, First New Deal, pp. 196-97; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 234; Letter of Walter Wyatt to Raymond Moley, March 16, 1966; New York Times, 3/10/33; New York Times, 3/14/33; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 155; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 13; Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1970), p. 272; Alter, The Defining Moment, p. 269; Black, Roosevelt, p. 278; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 92.
70 Schwarz, The New Dealers, p. 329; Geoffrey C. Ward, Before the Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 1882-1895 (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), p. 325 n. 5; Moley, First New Deal, p. 237; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 162.
71 Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 5; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 92-93; The New Republic, 3/15/33; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 155; New York Times, 3/12/33; Robert S. McElvaine, The Great Depression: America 1929-1941 (New York: Crown, 1984), p. 140; Tugwell, Roosevelt’s Revolution, p. 23; Rosenman, Presidential Style, p. 324; Davis, The New Deal Years, p. 50; Black, Roosevelt, p. 275; Tugwell, In
Search of Roosevelt, p. 272.
72 Carter, New Dealers, p. 329; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 214-19; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 155; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 55.
CHAPTER 3 : “THE HARDEST-BOILED MAN IN WASHINGTON”
1 FDR Papers, Vol. I, pp. 804-5, 811; Moley, First New Deal, p. 200; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 126.
2 Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 238; Moley, First New Deal, p. 200; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 254-55; Letter of Lewis Douglas to Raymond Moley, May 4, 1964, Douglas Papers, Box 118; Robert Browder and Thomas G. Smith, Independent: A Biography of Lewis W. Douglas , (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986), p. 85; Reminiscences of Adolf A. Berle, 1974, CUOHRO, p. 177.
3 FDR Papers, Vol. I, pp. 797, 811; FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 49-52; Julian Zelizer, “The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933-1938,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, June 2000, pp. 331-33; Moley, First New Deal, p. 202; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 238; Tugwell, The Brains Trust, p. 517; Ronnie J. Davis, “Chicago Economists, Deficit Budgets, and the Early 1930s,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 58, No. 3, Part 1 (June 1968), 476 -81.
4 Letter from Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Chairman, National Economy League, to Raymond Moley, March 17, 1933, Moley Papers, Box 63; Lindley, Half Way with Roosevelt, p. 38; Rosen, Hoover, Roosevelt , pp. 144-46; William Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940 (New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1963), pp. 36-37; Kelly McMichael Stott, “FDR, Lewis Douglas, and the Raw Deal,” The Historian, Fall 2000; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 53; Walter Lippmann, “Today and Tomorrow,” The New York Herald Tribune, 2/28/33; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 142; Time, 1/2/33. Washington Post, 2/26/33; New York Times, 2/26/33; New York Times, 4/2/33; New York Times, 6/21/36; Moley, First New Deal, p. 388; New York Times, 12/5/32.
5 Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 198-99; Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, p. 74.
6 Stott, “FDR, Lewis Douglas, and the Raw Deal”; Moley, First New Deal, p. 201; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 239-40, 245; FDR Papers, Vol. I, pp. 796-97.
7 FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 17-18; New York Times, 3/6/33; Browder and Smith, Independent, p. 86.
8 Washington Star, 3/3/33; Moley, First New Deal, p. 201; Time, 3/20/33; Time, 3/10/47; Stott, “FDR, Lewis Douglas, and the Raw Deal.”
9 Stott, “FDR, Lewis Douglas, and the Raw Deal.”; Tugwell, Roosevelt’s Revolution, p. 8; Literary Digest, 7/8/33.
10 Browder and Smith, Independent, p. 4; Letter of Lewis Douglas to James Sargent, July 26, 1971, Douglas Papers, Box 119; New York Times, 12/22/1890.
11 New York Times, 12/22/1890; Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 4-5; Arizona: The Grand Canyon State: A State Guide, ed. Henry G. Alsberg and Harry Hansen, revised by Joseph Miller (New York: Hastings House, 1966), pp. 171, 175; James W. Byrkit, Forging the Copper Collar: Arizona’s Labor-Management War of 1901-1921 (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1982), pp. 17-18, 20.
12 Alsberg and Hansen, Arizona: The Grand Canyon State, pp. 173-74; Letter of Lewis Douglas to Samuel Rosenman, October 26, 1972, Douglas Papers, Box 118.
13 Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 4-7; Alsberg and Hansen, Arizona: The Grand Canyon State, pp. 173-74; New York Herald Tribune, 4/16/33; Bykrit, Forging the Copper Collar, p. 16.
14 Alsberg and Hansen, Arizona: The Grand Canyon State, p. 175; Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 10-12, 14-15; New York Times, 1/3/49; Letter of Lewis Douglas to James Sargent, July 26, 1971, Douglas Papers, Box 119; Letter of Lewis Douglas to Samuel Rosenman, October 26, 1972.
15 Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 8-9, 14-15; Byrkit, Forging the Copper Collar, pp. xiii-xiv, 28-32 48, 102-3, 110, 116-17, 158; Letter of Lewis Douglas to James Sargent, July 26, 1971.
16 Byrkit, Forging the Copper Collar, pp. 1-2, 28, 158-60; Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 8-9, 14-15; New York Times, 5/29/18; New York Times, 7/4/17; New York Times, 7/13/17; New York Times, 7/14/17; New York Times, 6/29/17.
17 Byrkit, Forging the Copper Collar, pp. 1-2, 107, 162, 184, 204, 211-15, 290; Browder and Smith, Independent , pp. 8-9, 14-15; New York Times, 5/29/18; New York Times, 7/4/17; New York Times, 7/13/17; New York Times, 7/14/17.
18 United States v. Wheeler, 254 U.S. 281 (1920); Hitchman Coal & Coke Co. v. Mitchell, 245 U.S. 229 (1917); Michael E. Parrish, Felix Frank furter and His Times: The Reform Years (New York: The Free Press, 1982), pp. 88, 93-94; Liva Baker, Felix Frankfurter (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1969), pp. 66-67; Byrkit, Forging the Copper Collar, pp. 7, 249-50, 260, 290.
19 Letter of Lewis Douglas to Samuel Rosenman, October 26, 1972; Letter of Lewis Douglas to James Sargent, July 26, 1971; “Douglas, Lewis,” Current Biography, March 1947; Browder and Smith, Independent , pp. 10-15, 17-19.
20 Ibid. pp. 19-24.
21 Thomas G. Smith, “Lewis Douglas, Arizona Politics and the Colorado River Controversy,” Arizona and the West 22 (Summer 1980), pp. 125-26; Charles G. Ross, “A Man Who Can Say No with a Smile,” The Literary Digest, 7/8/33; Stott, “FDR, Lewis Douglas, and the Raw Deal”; Letter of Lewis Douglas to James Sargent, July 26, 1971; Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 22-23.
22 Smith, “Colorado River Controversy,” pp. 126-27; Letter of Lewis Douglas to James Sargent, July 26, 1971; Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 32-34; Byrkit, Forging the Copper Collar, pp. 82-84; “Douglas, Lewis,” Current Biography, March 1947.
23 Browder and Smith, Independent, p. 35.
24 Ibid., pp. 40-48; New York Times, 9/7/26.
25 Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 49-53; Ross, “A Man Who Can Say No with a Smile,” p. 3; Collier’s, 7/29/33; New York Times, 3/8/74.
26 Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 59, 63, 65. Letter of Lewis Douglas to James S. Douglas, May 28, 1932, Douglas Papers, Box 239.
27 Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner, p. 77; Browder and Smith, Independent, p. 65; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 9; Letter of Lewis Douglas to W. R. Mathews of December 29, 1932, Douglas Papers, Box 238; Letter of Lewis Douglas to Franklin Roosevelt of January 19, 1933, Douglas Papers, Box 238.
28 Letter from Lewis Douglas to James Douglas, January 25, 1931, Douglas Papers, Box 239, Folder 4; Letter from Lewis Douglas to James Douglas, January 16, 1932, Douglas Papers, Box 239, Folder 4; Letter from Lewis Douglas to James Douglas, March 1, 1932, Douglas Papers, Box 239, Folder 4; Letter from James Douglas to Lewis Douglas, November 24, 1932, 1932, Douglas Papers, Box 239, Folder 4; Letter from Lewis Douglas to Raymond Moley, May 4, 1964, Douglas Papers, Box 118; Letter from Senator James Byrnes to Raymond Moley, February 24, 1933, Moley Papers, Box 63; Browder and Smith, Independent , pp. 65-66; New York Times, 12/10/32; New York Times, 3/30/32.
29 Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 65-66; Moley, First New Deal, p. 202; New York Times, 3/30/32, 4/24/32, 12/10/32.
30 Letter from Lewis Douglas to Raymond Moley, May 4, 1964; Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 66-67, 87; Ross, “A Man Who Can Say No with a Smile”; Letter from Judge William Clark to Raymond Moley, March 13, 1933, Moley Papers, Box 65; Robert Cruise McManus, “Best Apple in the Barrel,” The North American Review, September 1932; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, pp. 88-90; Dickson and Allen, Bonus Army, pp. 29-38, 88-90; Time, 3/20/33; New York Times, 12/25/32; New York Times, 5/4/32, 5/5/32.
31 New York Times, 5/29/32.
32 Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 73-77; New York Times, 9/27/32; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, pp. 285-87; Sargent, Roosevelt an the Hundred Days, pp. 69-70; Telegram of Lewis Douglas to Franklin D. Roosevelt, November 21, 1932, Douglas Papers, Box 174; Letter of Lewis Douglas to James Sargent, July 26, 1971, Douglas Papers, Box 119.
33 Tugwell, In Search of Roosevelt, p. 216; Letter of Lewis Douglas to W. R. Matthews, December 29, 1932, in Douglas Papers, Correspondence File, Folder 1; Tugwell, Diary, pp. 31-33; Letter of Guernsey T. Gross to Lewis Douglas, December 10, 1932, Douglas Papers, Box 174; Letter of Lewis Douglas to Ra
ymond Moley, May 4, 1964.
34 Letter of Lewis Douglas to W. R. Matthews, December 29, 1932, Lewis Douglas, “The Budget Years,” unpublished draft manuscript, Douglas Papers, Box 119; New York Times, 2/24/33; New York Times, 2/24/33; Browder and Smith, Independent, p. 81; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 84. Letter of Lewis Douglas to James S. Douglas. March 12, 1933, Douglas Papers, Box 239.
35 Letter of Lewis Douglas to James Sargent, July 26, 1971, “Memorandum of Mr. Douglas Re Present Banking Situation,” Douglas Papers, Box 118; Letter from Lewis Douglas to Raymond Moley, May 4, 1964; Washington Daily News, 1/5/33; Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 82-83; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 72-73.
36 Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 82-83; Carter, New Dealers, p. 125; Letter from Lewis Douglas to Arthur Curless, February 24, 1933, Douglas Papers; Letter from Lewis Douglas to Raymond Moley, May 4, 1964; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 72-73; Letter of Lewis Douglas to James Sargent, July 26, 1971; New York Times, 2/24/33.
37 Letter from Robert G. Simmons to Lewis Douglas, March 2, 1933, Douglas Papers; Letter of Mrs. Robert Lincoln Hoyal to Lewis Douglas, March 4, 1933, Douglas Papers; Shields & Company, “Stock Market Comment,” February 25, 1933, Douglas Papers; Letter from H. N. Conant to Lewis Douglas, February 25, 1933, Douglas Papers; Letter from Lewis Douglas to Raymond Moley, May 4, 1933, in Moley, First New Deal, pp. 201-2; New York Times, 2/24/33; Ross, “A Man Who Can Say No with a Smile,” p. 3. New York Herald Tribune, 4/16/33.
38 Ross, “A Man Who Can Say No with a Smile,” p. 3; Letter from Lewis Douglas to Raymond Moley, May 4, 1964; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 103.
39 Letter from Lewis Douglas to James Douglas, March 12, 1933, Douglas Papers, Box 239, Folder 4, FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 49-50 ; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 202-3.
40 Letter from Lewis Douglas to Turner Catledge, April 12, 1969, Douglas Papers, Box 118; Browder and Smith, Independent, p. 87; Stott, “FDR, Lewis Douglas, and the Raw Deal”; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 202-3; FDR Papers, Vol. II, p. 52; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 111; Washington Post, 4/2/33.