by Adam Cohen
41 Letter from Lewis Douglas to Raymond Moley, May 4, 1964; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 202-3; Moley, Diary, 3/8/33; James Sargent, “Oral History, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: Some Recollections of Adolf A. Berle, Jr., Lewis Douglas, and Raymond Moley,” Oral History Review, September 1973, p. 102; FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 49-50 ; Sargent, “Oral History,” p.103.
42 Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 10; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 109; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 243.
43 Three Phonotapes of Interviews of Raymond Moley, 1970, Moley Papers, Tape Cabinet, Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. xx-yy, 110-111; Letter; Lewis Douglas, Interview with James Sargent, pp. 55-56, Douglas Papers, Box 119; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 274-75; Carter, New Dealers, p. 125.
44 Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. II, pp. 70-71; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 128; Stott, “FDR, Lewis Douglas, and the Raw Deal”; Moley, First New Deal, p. 203; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 234, 245; New York Times, 3/12/33; New York Times, 3/13/33; New York Times, 4/11/33; Time, 3/20/33; Time, 10/5/36.
45 Congressional Record, 3/11/33; Stott, “FDR, Lewis Douglas, and the Raw Deal”; Badger, FDR, p. 74; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 112; Moley, First New Deal, pp. 203-4; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, pp. 89-91; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 153; The New Republic, 6/28/33; New York Times, 3/12/33; Time, 5/16/32; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 112.
46 Congressional Record, 3/11/33.
47 Ibid.; Stott, “FDR, Lewis Douglas, and the Raw Deal”; Dickson and Allen, Bonus Army, pp. 30-31; New York Times, 3/12/33; New York Times, 3/16/33.
48 Congressional Record, 3/11/33; Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, p. 45; New York Times, 3/12/33.
49 Anne O’Hare McCormick, The World at Home: Selections from the Writings of Anne O’Hare McCormick , ed. Marion Turner Sheehan (Salem, N.H: Ayer Publishing, 1970), p. 182; Moley, First New Deal, p. 204; Congressional Record, 3/11/33; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 1-2, 112-13; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 91; New York Times, 3/12/33; Washington Post, 3/12/33.
50 Letter of Lewis Douglas to James Douglas, March 12, 1933; Congressional Record, 3/11/33; Moley, First New Deal, p. 205; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 244; New York Times, 3/15/33; Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner, p. 139; Alan Brinkley, Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), p. 59; Time, 11/12/3⅔4.
51 Congressional Record, 3/11/1933; Moley, First New Deal, p. 205; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 144; New York Times, 3/11/33; New York Times, 3/15/33; New York Times, 3/16/33; Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner, p. 139; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 118; Washington Post, 3/16/33.
52 Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 91; Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, p. 46 ; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, pp. 245-46; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 11; Time, 3/27/33; New York Times, 3/20/33.
53 Letter of Franklin D. Roosevelt to Edward House, April 5, 1933, in Moley Papers, Roosevelt, Pres. Franklin D., 1933-38, House Drawer 16, Folder 47a; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 10; New York Times, 6/1/33; New York Times, 3/11/33; New York Times, 3/21/33; Washington Post, 3/17/33; Washington Post, 3/21/33; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 117-18; Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 85-87; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, p. 91.
54 Lewis Douglas, Interview with James Sargent, p. 42; Roosevelt, FDR: His Personal Letters, p. 342; Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 85, 420 ; Moley, First New Deal, p. 352; New York Times, 5/19/33, Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, pp. 10-11.
55 Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 130 ; Letter of Lewis Douglas to Charles M. Mills, March 29, 1933, Douglas Papers, Box 245, Folder 6.
56 “Speech of Hon. Park Trammell in the Congressional Record,” in Douglas Papers, Box 293; Letter of Lewis Douglas to John Gaus, April 8, 1933, Douglas Papers, Box 10, Folder 10; Letter of Lewis Douglas to James Sargent, March 19, 1973, Douglas Papers, Box 119; Browder and Smith, Independent , pp. 87-88.
57 FDR Papers, Vol. I, p. 625; Terkel, Hard Times, p. 252.
CHAPTER 4 : “GOOD FARMING; CLEAR THINKING; RIGHT LIVING”
1 Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 208, 216, 221; Press Release, Agriculture Department, March 3, 1933, in Wallace Papers, Speeches Box S1; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 111-13; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, p. 163; The Official Record, United States Department of Agriculture, March 11, 1933, in Wallace Papers, Series II: Clippings, Box 1; Russell Lord, The Wallaces of Iowa, (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), p. 337; Life, 9/2/40.
2 Wallaces’ Farmer and Iowa Homestead, 3/4/33; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, p. 163; Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, pp. 332-33; Time, 11/26/65; Herbert Feis, 1933: Characters in Crisis (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), p. 105; George Creel, “The Mystery of the Secret Cabinet,” The Elks Magazine , in Wallace Papers, Murphy File, Box 1; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 34; Tugwell, Roosevelt’s Revolution, p. 20 ; Life, 9/2/40.
3 Shover, Cornbelt Rebellion, pp. 72, 77-79, 87-88; New York Times, 1/22/33; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 27; Bernstein, A Caring Society, p. 4; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 145-46; FDR Public Papers, Vol. II, p. 75; “Henry Wallace and the Farm Crisis of the 1920s and 1930s,” The Annals of Iowa, Fall 1983; Theodore Saloutos, The American Farmer and the New Deal (Ames: The Iowa State University Press, 1982), p. 48; Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, p. 332.
4 Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 213, 216-21; Moley, First New Deal, p. 356 ; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 113; Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, pp. 332-33; Tugwell, Diary, pp. 82-83; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, pp. 56-57; Namorato, Tugwell, pp. 2, 39; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution, pp. 304-7.
5 Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 308; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 208-9; Tugwell, Diary, pp. 88-91; Tugwell, Roosevelt’s Revolution, pp. 36, 69; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 114.
6 Raymond Moley, “Contemporary National Politics,” Lecture to Columbia class, April 29, 1936, in Moley Papers, Box 189; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, p. 308; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 208-9; Tugwell, Roosevelt’s Revolution, pp. 36, 69; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 114; Tugwell, Diary, pp. 63-64, 88-89; Tugwell, Democratic Roosevelt, p. 275; Moley, After Seven Years, p. 165; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 43; Rosenman, Presidential Style, p. 297; FDR Papers, Vol. I, p. 82; Badger, FDR, p. 63.
7 Tugwell, Roosevelt’s Revolution, p. 69; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 114; Tugwell, Diary, pp. 63-64, 88-89.
8 FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 74-79; Tugwell, Roosevelt’s Revolution, p. 36.
9 “Genealogical Charts,” p. 32, Wallace Biographical Materials, Wallace Papers; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 5-8; Murphy Diary, pp. 1-2, Wallace Papers, Murphy Files, Box 7; “Biography of Henry Wallace,” in Wallace Biographical Materials, Wallace Papers; Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, 5-6, 21-23, 41-42, 51, 57, 78-79, 81, 107; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 3-4, 6; Des Moines Register, 3/28/33; “Henry Wallace Birthplace” pamphlet, Wallace Papers, Box WF1; Murphy Diary, Wallaces’ Farmer, 2/17/28.
10 Biography of Henry C. Wallace, pp. 1-4, Wallace Papers, Murphy Diary, p. 1-2; Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, pp. 7, 12; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 9, 15; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 7, 12, 16; Des Moines Register, 3/28/33; Ben James, “The Wallaces—A Saga of the Soil,” New York Herald Tribune, 10/8/33; Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, p. 131.
11 “Three Generations,” booklet on Wallaces’ Farmer, undated, Wallace Papers, Murphy Files, Box 1, “Genealogical Charts,” pp. 5-9; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, p. 10 ; Dwight Macdonald, Henry Wallace: The Man and the Myth (New York: The Vanguard Press, 1948), p. 40; “From the Vice President of the United States . . . Henry A. Wallace,” Wallace Papers, Mu
rphy Files, Box 1.
12 Wallaces’ Farmer, 3/4/16; “Uncle Henry,” Scrapbooks, Wallaces’ Farmer; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, p. 29; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 43.
13 Wallaces’ Farmer, 11/7/24; Edward L. Schapsmeier and Frederick H. Schapsmeier, “The Wallaces and Their Farm Paper: a Story of Agrarian Leadership,” pp. 290-91, in Wallace Papers; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 24, 47-50; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 40-44; Letter from Don Murphy to W. W. Waymack, April 11, 1939, Wallace Papers, Box of Personal Biographical Materials; Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, p. 4; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, p. 4; Macdonald, The Man and the Myth, p. 41.
14 Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 54-55, 61-64, 78-79; Gilbert Fite, George N. Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954), p. 3; Saloutos, American Farmer and the New Deal, p. 3; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 9, 47-49; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 71-78; J. Samuel Walker, “Henry A. Wallace as Agrarian Isolationist, 1921-1930,” Agricultural History 49 (July 1975), p. 539; Henry A. Wallace, New Frontiers (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1934), pp. 145-49; Macdonald, The Man and the Myth, p. 44; Edwin G. Nourse, Joseph S. Davis, and John Black, Three Years of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (New York: Da Capo Press, 1971), p. 6.
15 Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 63-64, 94-95; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 58-59; Fite, George N. Peek pp. 62-63; Harold F. Breimyer, “Agricultural Philosophies and Policies in the New Deal,” Minnesota Law Review 68 (December 1983), pp. 333, 337; Tugwell, The Democratic Roosevelt, p. 158.
16 Wallace, New Frontiers, pp. 145-49; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 63-64; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 71-78; Walker, “Wallace as Agrarian Isolationist,” p. 539; Macdonald, The Man and the Myth, p. 44; Nourse et al., Three Years, pp. 5-6; Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution , p. 13; New York Times 6/3/24.
17 Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, pp. 107, 118, 124; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 4, 15, 25-29, 34; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 13; “Seeds and Science: Henry A. Wallace on Agriculture & Human Progress,” lecture by Senator John C. Culver, May 14, 1996, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C., pp. 2-5.
18 Culver, “Seeds and Science,” p. 7; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, p. 4; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 30-31; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 2-4; Untitled, undated newspaper article about Wallace address at Tuskegee University, Wallace Papers, Series II Clippings, Box 1; Wallaces’ Farmer, 12/23/21.
19 Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 70-71, 84-85: Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, pp. 143-45, 150; Henry A. Wallace, “Pioneer Kernels,” December 1965, Wallace Papers, Box WF1, “Wallace Hi-Bred Seed Corn: Larger Yields from Smaller Fields,” undated paper from the Hi-Bred Corn Company, in Wallace Papers, Box WF1.
20 Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 52, 56-57; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 33-34, 52, 72; Des Moines Register, 3/28/33; Wallace, “Pioneer Kernels,” December 1965.
21 Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 74, 78-84, 86, 94; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 36-39; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, p. 21.
22 Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 90-98; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 51-52; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 24, 35, 122-23; Richard S. Kirkendall, “Henry A. Wallace’s Turn Toward the New Deal, 1921-1924,” The Annals of Iowa, Winter/Spring 1988, p. 222; Frank Freidel, Interview with Henry A. Wallace, p. 14; Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, pp. 209-10.
23 Wallaces’ Farmer, 5/1/25; Dorothy Schwieder, “Rural Iowa in the 1920s: Conflict and Community,” in Wallace Papers, Box 1; Wallaces’ Farmer, 3/6/25; Wallaces’ Farmer, 11/5/26; Richard S. Kirkendall, “The Mind of a Farm Leader,” pp. 148-50, in Wallace Papers, Box 1; T. H. Watkins, The Hungry Years: A Narrative History of the Great Depression in America (New York: Holt, 2000), p. 341; Don. S. Kirschner, “Henry A. Wallace as Farm Editor,” American Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 2, Part I (Summer 1965), pp. 188, 197; Fite, George N. Peek, p. 5.
24 Wallace, “Pioneer Kernels,” December 1965, pp. 1-3; William L. Brown, “H. A. Wallace and the Development of Hybrid Corn,” p. 167, in Wallace Papers; Wallaces’ Farmer, 8/30/26, p. 67; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 82-83; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 27-28; New York Times, 3/16/99.
25 Carroll P. Streeter, “We’ve Never Seen This Before!” Farmer’s Wife, January 1934; Badger, FDR, p. 67; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 47-49; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 78-79; 96-99.
26 Wallaces’ Farmer, 3/16/28; Glenda Riley and Richard Kirkendall, “Henry A. Wallace and the Mystique of the Farm Male, 1921-1933,” Annals of Iowa 48 (Summer-Fall 1985); Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 121, 130; Wallaces’ Farmer, 5/30/24; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 48-49; Macdonald, The Man and the Myth, p. 43; Henry A. Wallace, “Agriculture Recognized at Last,” The Jeffersonian, June 1933, p. 4; Leland L. Sage, “Rural Iowa in the 1920s and 1930s: Roots of the Farm Depression,” in “Henry A. Wallace and Iowa Agriculture,” The Annals of Iowa, Fall 1983; Frank Freidel, “Notes of an Interview with Henry A. Wallace,” Small Collections Oral History, FDR Library; Wallace, New Frontiers, p. 142.
27 Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 121-22, 130; Letter from Don Murphy to W. W. Waymack, April 11, 1939, in Wallace Papers, Personal Biographical Materials Box; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, p. 148; Wallaces’ Farmer, 4/11/31.
28 Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 123-28; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, p. 68; Kirkendall, Wallace’s Turn Toward the New Deal, p. 230; Freidel, Notes of an Interview; Fite, George N. Peek, pp. 131-32; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 56.
29 Fite, George N. Peek, pp. 175-79; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 63-64, 75, 99-107, 108; Wallaces’ Farmer, 6/1/28, 6/8/28; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, “The Wallaces and Their Farm Paper,” pp. 291-92; Walker, “Wallace as Agrarian Isolationist”; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 130-38; Fite, George N. Peek, pp. 175-79, 192-96.
30 Henry A. Wallace, “Statement Before Cosmos Club, April 19, 1933,” p. 7, in Wallace Papers, Box S1; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 138-39, 152; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 84; Freidel, “Notes of an Interview”; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 29; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, p. 108-14; Wallaces’ Farmer 6/1/28.
31 Macdonald, The Man and the Myth, p. 43; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 88-89, 92-93, 99; “Wallace, Henry A.,” Current Biography, January 1947; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 116-121; Saloutos, American Farmer and the New Deal, pp. 28-29; Nourse et al., Three Years, pp. 7-12; Breimyer, “Agricultural Philosophies,” p. 339; John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928-1938 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), pp. 36-37; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 121-22, 156; Henry A. Wallace, “Causes of the World Wide Depression of 1930,” p. 7, in Wallace Papers, Box A1; Lauren Soth, “Henry A. Wallace and the Farm Credit Crisis of the 1920s and 1930s,” p. 198, in Wallace Papers, Articles About Wallace, Box 1; Shover, Cornbelt Rabellion, p. 11; Walker, “Wallace as Agrarian Isolationist,” p. 545; Smith, FDR, p. 252; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, p. 164; New York Times, 5/5/30.
32 Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 143-48; Walker, “Wallace as Agrarian Isolationist,” p. 545; Macdonald, The Man and the Myth, p. 44; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 37; Saloutos, American Farmer and the New Deal, pp. 126-27; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 127-30.
33 Soth, Farm Credit Crisis, p. 205; Hofstadter, American Political Tradition, p. 243; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, p. 148;
Wallaces’ Farmer, 4/11/1931; Henry A. Wallace, “The Honest Dollar Fight,” speech to the Iowa Bankers Association, June 22, 1932, Wallace Papers, Box S1.
34 Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 149-51; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 170-71; William D. Rowley, M. L. Wilson and the Campaign for the Domestic Allotment (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970), pp. 135-36 ; Freidal, Roosevelt: The Triumph, p. 273; Sternsher, Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal, p. 183.
35 Shover, Cornbelt Rebellion, pp. 36-37, 72, 77; New York Times, 1/22/33; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 27; Lawrence Meir Friedman, American Law in the 20th Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 176; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 147-80 ; William Allen White, “The Farmer Takes a Holiday,” Saturday Evening Post, 11/26/32.
36 Kirkendall, “Henry A. Wallace’s Turn Toward the New Deal,” pp. 224-25; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 152-56; Macdonald, The Man and the Myth, p. 47; Letter of Henry Wallace to Raymond Moley, May 27, 1965, Moley Papers, Box 245, Folder 10.
37 Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 149-51; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 165, 170-71; Rowley, M. L. Wilson, pp. 135-36; Freidel, Triumph, p. 273; Sternsher, Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal, p. 183; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 99; Freidel, “Notes of an Interview”; Sargent, Roosevelt and the Hundred Days, p. 58; Reminiscences of Rexford G. Tugwell, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 20-24; Time, 4/3/33.
38 Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, pp. 319-21; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 100; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 166-67, 170-71; Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, pp. 153-56; Freidel, “Notes of an Interview”; Letter from Henry Wallace to Henry Morgenthau, September 19, 1932, Wallace Papers, Reel 16, Frame 238; Wallaces’ Farmer, 9/13/32.