12. “na haole Okohola”; “pau ko makou hoomaloka i ke Kohola, ua ike na kane, na wahine a me na kamalii, i keia mau ia nui”; “i ike lakou i ke akamai oia poe lawaia.” J.W. Kuhelemai, “Kohola [Whales],” Ka Hae Hawaii, March 24, 1858. The “butcher haole” [“na haole pepehi”] comment is from J.A. Kaelemakule, “Kohola [Whales],” Ka Hae Hawaii, May 5, 1858.
13. “Kupanaha keia hana.” Quote from Kaelemakule, “Kohola [Whales],” Ka Hae Hawaii, May 5, 1858. “O ko lakou io, ua ai ia e na kanaka, ono maoli, wahi a lakou.” Quote from Kuhelemai, “Kohola [Whales],” Ka Hae Hawaii, March 24, 1858. On the rarity of whale hunting in early Hawaiʻi, see Alan Ziegler, Hawaiian Natural History, Ecology, and Evolution (Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2002), 327. Historian Susan Lebo argues otherwise, that whale hunting and whale meat consumption were not uncommon in early Hawaiʻi; see, Susan A. Lebo, “A Local Perspective of Hawaii’s Whaling Economy: Whale Traditions and Government Regulation of the Kingdom’s Native Seamen and Whale Fishery,” CORIOLIS 1, no. 1 (2010): 3–37, esp. 7–8, 17–19; Nancy Shoemaker, “Whale Meat in American History,” Environmental History 10, no. 2 (2005): 269–94.
14. “Lele ae la iluna kekahi Kohola nui a pau loa kona kino, aneane elua anana paha mai ka ili kai ae, i kona haule ana ilalo me ke kupaka o kona hiu a me ke poo, ua like me ke kani ana o ka pukuniahi, me ka ikaika loa, a ma kona wahi i haule ai, e haki ana na nalu ma na aoao a pau.” “Na palapala i loaa mai [Letters Received],” Ka Hae Hawaii, May 12, 1858.
15. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale [1851] (New York: W.W. Norton, 2002), 189.
16. Ibid., 106; David Chappell, Double Ghosts: Oceanian Voyagers on Euroamerican Ships (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997), 41.
17. Chappell, Double Ghosts, 43, 55, 158; Margaret Creighton, Rites and Passages: The Experience of American Whaling, 1830–1870 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 44–45, 143, 185.
18. “Aole no oe e pakele/I ka makaala a ka lukau.” “He Mele Inoa no Kekaulike [A Name Song for Kekaulike],” Ke Koo o Hawaii, September 12, 1883; shipping articles for the ship Alpha (1866), in Box 5, Folder 2, “Shipping Articles 1864, 1866, 1867,” and the bark Oriole (1869), in Box 5, Folder 3, “Shipping Articles Jan-Dec 1868,” in Harbormaster’s Shipping Articles, 1862–1900, Record Group 89, Hawaiʻi State Archives, Honolulu; Melville, Moby-Dick, 134–36; Creighton, Rites and Passages, 61–62; Alastair Couper, Sailors and Traders: A Maritime History of the Pacific Peoples (Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2009), 106.
19. “a hou i ke o, o ke ku no ia o ke Kohola, a ahai iwaho, io ianei, pela ke ano o ka hana ana.” Kaelemakule, “Kohola [Whales],” Ka Hae Hawaii, May 5, 1858; Melville, Moby-Dick, 181–89; Creighton, Rites and Passages, 65–68; Nathaniel Philbrick, Away Off Shore: Nantucket Island and its People, 1602–1890 (New York: Penguin, 1994), 192.
20. “Mahope o ka aina awakea ka hoomaka ana, poeleele hiki i ka moku.” Kaelemakule, “Kohola [Whales],” Ka Hae Hawaii, May 5, 1858.
21. Melville, Moby-Dick, 254–57.
22. Ibid., 325–28; Jacobus Boelen, A Merchant’s Perspective: Captain Jacobus Boelen’s Narrative of his Visit to Hawaiʻi in 1828, ed. and trans. Frank K.A. Broeze (Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society, 1988), 75; Creighton, Rites and Passages, 69–72.
23. Melville, Moby-Dick, 326–27; Creighton, Rites and Passages, 31, 71.
24. “Amounts received & Disbursed on a/c of Deceased Natives,” in Volume 2, Oct 1853—Aug 1866, Collector General of Customs Seamen’s Records, Record Group 88, Hawaiʻi State Archives, Honolulu. Emphases in original.
25. Ibid. On use-value versus exchange-value, see Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I: A Critique of Political Economy [1867] (New York: Modern Library, 1906), 41–96.
26. “Seamen discharged before Harbor Master under the Act of June 25, 1855,” in Volume 2, Oct 1853—Aug 1866, Collector General of Customs Seamen’s Records, Record Group 88, Hawaiʻi State Archives, Honolulu.
27. Ibid.
28. See records of the ships Delaware (1859) and Harrison (1860) in Volume 3, 1858–67, Collector General of Customs Seamen’s Records, Record Group 88, Hawaiʻi State Archives, Honolulu.
29. On the malleability of race and relationships between race and class, see David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working-Class (New York: Verso, 1991). On tropicality and the body, see Philip D. Curtin, Death by Migration: Europe’s Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Gary Y. Okihiro, Pineapple Culture: A History of the Tropical and Temperate Zones (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 1–14; Hiʻilei Julia Kawehipuaʻakahaʻopulani Hobart, “Tropical Necessities: Ice, Taste, and Territory in Settler Colonial Hawaiʻi” (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 2016). On the supposed fixity of Hawaiian bodies, see Merry, Colonizing Hawaiʻi, 75–76, 128–30.
30. Nicholas Thomas, Oceanic Art (London: Thames & Hudson, 1995), 99–114; Chappell, Double Ghosts, 70; Couper, Sailors and Traders, 20; Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in the Age of Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), 101.
31. Melville, Moby-Dick, 29, 40, 101–2.
32. Creighton, Rites and Passages, 56, and ch. 7, passim. On the importance of hands as corporeal expressions of one’s class, see Ava Baron and Eileen Boris, “‘The Body’ as a Useful Category for Working-Class History,” Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 4, no. 2 (2007): 23–43.
33. Melville, Moby-Dick, 34, 37, 55.
34. Morgan, Hawaii, 144; Creighton, Rites and Passages, 39; Lebo, “Native Hawaiian Seamen’s Accounts,” 100.
35. Lebo, “Native Hawaiian Seamen’s Accounts,” 101–102.
36. Ibid., 105, 112.
37. “Oiai, o ka makamua keia o ko’u hele ana ma keia wahi, aole io no hoi i ke anu a anu, ke hele la na manamanalima a maeele, a o na wawae hoi, aohe hiki ke hoomaopopo iho i ka mehana, i ka ua mea o ke anu, hele ka lehelehe a haukeke i ke anu. He mea ole na paalole mehana a kakou e ike nei i ka manoanoa ma keia wahi.” Lebo, “Native Hawaiian Seamen’s Accounts,” 105, 113. Translation by Lebo with slight modifications.
38. “Ua lohe mai makou, ua make keia moku o kohola e holo ana malalo o ka Hae Hoku, ma ka la 23 o Sepatemaba, ia ma ka Moana Anu Akau. O ke kumu o keia poino ana, i lohia i ka makani ino, oia hoi ka makani e kapaia nei e kanaka, he makani gale. Ua hookauia mai na kanaka a pau maluna o ka moku Ohio. Ua loaa pu hoi na moku Reinadia a me Uleu i keia makani iho, a ua pakele mahunehune mai nae laua, aole hoi i iho aku e like me kela.” “Make ke o kohola ‘Hae Hawaii’ [Destruction of the Whaler ‘Hae Hawaii’],” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, October 31, 1868.
39. “Alaskan Shipwreck Table,” Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, State of Alaska, http://www.boem.gov/uploadedFiles/BOEM/About_BOEM/BOEM_Regions/Alaska_Region/Ships/2011_Shipwreck.pdf (accessed June 20, 2016).
40. “A i ka la 12 o Iulai, o na moku a pau loa he 52, he 51 wale no Kohola i loaa ia lakou”; “ua nele loa ke kai o Atika i ka hau, a hiki i ka mua o Iulai, a ua holo nui ae na moku Okohola malaila, aka. aole nae hookahi Kohola i loaa malaila, a ma ia hope iho, ua hiki mai la ka hau, a ua loaa iho la na moku Okohola a pau loa malaila i keia pilikia”; “ua pilikia loa na moku no ke anuanu, a ua puiwa nui hoi na Kohola i ka hau”; “o ka nui loa o na moku, ua pau loa na keleawe o ka ihu i ka hemo, a i kahi wa hoi, ua pau pu me ka laau no ka pili ana o ka hau”; “ua hakihaki liilii na hoeuli”; “e liu nui ana laua”; “eha, a elima paha mau moku wale no i nele i ka poino.” “Nu hou mai Atika mai [News from the Arctic],” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, August 29, 1868; “He kokoke e pau loa na moku i ka piha pono i ka aila, a he ano laki maoli keia kikina i ka nana aku, aole hoi e like me ka mea i hooiloiloia iho nei, e hoi nele mai ana lakou.” “Na o kohola ma Honolulu nei [The Whalers at Honolulu],” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, October 31, 1868.
41. “ke kiapa Arctic, kapena Whitney, ma ke kuono o Wamwright, ua pa mai la ka makani kikiao ikaika ma ke kukulu komohana, a na ia makani i hoonee mai i ka
hau me ka ikaika, a ili iho la ka moku Arctic. Mahope iho o ka lilo ana aku o ko ke kuna mau heleuma nui elua, ua loaa ka pomaikai iaia ma ka hemo ana mawaho o ka hau, a he mau la mahope iho, i ka pau ana o ka hau i ka nahaha, ua hoi hou aku, a hui hou me ka Arctic e ka ana iloko o na kapuai he 11 ka hohonu o ke kai. Ua hooikaika ke kapena ma ka hoolele ana i na ukana a pau, a i ka mama ana o ka moku, ua hemo hou.” “He lono mai ke Kai Anu o Alika [News from the Cold Sea of the Arctic],” Ka Lahui Hawaii, October 7, 1875.
42. “Arctic Land Discoveries,” The Friend, December 2, 1867; Bockstoce, Furs and Frontiers, 333; Demuth, “Power of Place,” 31–33.
43. As quoted in Bockstoce, Furs and Frontiers, 312–313.
44. Ibid., 404n45; Lebo, “Native Hawaiian Seamen’s Accounts,” 120–25. Translations by Lebo. The original publication is J. Polapola, “He kaua weliweli ma Alika maluna o ka moku Alepani [A Fierce Battle in the Arctic aboard the ship Alepani],” Ka Lahui Hawaii, November 1, 1877.
45. Lebo, “Native Hawaiian Seamen’s Accounts,” 125. Translations by Lebo.
46. Richard Henry Dana, Jr., Two Years Before the Mast: A Personal Narrative of Life at Sea [1840] (New York: Modern Library, 2001), 93; Henry Erben, Jr., “Remarks of Comm. Erben, upon passage from San Francisco to Honolulu, in the U.S.S. Tuscarora,” [November 1874], and “Report concerning Honolulu” from a midshipmen to Commodore Henry Erben, Jr., January 8, 1875, Box 1: Correspondence & Papers, 1848–1875, Henry Erben, Jr. Papers, New-York Historical Society.
47. Morgan, Hawaii, 140–45. On the 1859 discovery of petroleum, see also Brian Black, “Oil Creek as Industrial Apparatus: Re-Creating the Industrial Process through the Landscape of Pennsylvania’s Oil Boom,” Environmental History 3, no. 2 (April 1998): 210–29.
48. “Ka Moku Kipi Kenedoa [The Rebel Ship Shenandoah]” and “Na Hana a ka moku Kenadoa [The Activity of the ship Shenandoah],” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, June 29, 1865; “Puamana no! [A Poor Man!],” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, February 24, 1866; Charles E. Hitchcock to “His Excellency, The Minister of Foreign Relations,” August 7, 1865, and C. Hitchcock to “Friend Wyllie,” August 18, 1865, Folder 584, Box 36, Correspondence with Hawaiian Officials Abroad, 1842–1900, Record Group 404, Hawaiʻi State Archives, Honolulu; Gibson, Yankees in Paradise, 150–51; Creighton, Rites and Passages, 37. On the transoceanic influence of the U.S. Civil War on Hawaiʻi, see also Gary Y. Okihiro, Island World: A History of Hawaiʻi and the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 160–66.
49. “Ke emi wawe loa nei ka nui o na mokukohola; he hapa wale no ka nui i ku mai i neia manawa. No ka mahuahua ole paha o na kohola ma ka moana akau ke kumu o keia.” “Ke emi wawe loa nei ka nui o na mokukohola . . . [The number of whaling ships is presently very quickly diminishing . . . ],” Ka Hae Hawaii, April 17, 1861.
50. Bockstoce, Furs and Frontiers, 315–18; Demuth, “Power of Place,” 33.
CHAPTER FOUR. KAILIOPIO AND THE TROPICBIRD
1. “No kahi umi dala no hoi paha a G.P. Judd”; “Ua lana mai ko’u wahi Lunamanao e hoohelelei aku i na wahi Hunahualepo”; “e noho maila i ka la hiki i haehae, a hiki loa aku i ka welo ana a ka la i ka ilikai a Lehua.” All quotes from J.M. Kailiopio, “Moolelo o ka Mokupuni Baker’s Is. Puakailima [History of Baker’s Island/Puakailima],” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, July 7, 1866.
2. J.D. Hague, “On the Phosphatic Guano Islands of the Pacific Ocean,” American Journal of Science and Arts 34, no. 101 (1862): 2–21, esp. 16–17; James D. Hague, “Our Equatorial Islands; with an Account of Some Personal Experiences,” Century 64, no. 5 (1902): 653–70, esp. 664. On red-tailed tropicbird behavior, also see J.M. Brooke’s 1859 report on Johnston Island avifauna, reprinted in A. Binion Amerson, Jr. and Philip C. Shelton, The Natural History of Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin no. 192 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 1975), 190; and Dr. Thomas H. Street’s 1877 report on Palmyra and Christmas Islands in The American Naturalist Magazine (Boston, Mass.), reprinted in R. Gerard Ward, ed., American Activities in the Central Pacific, 1790–1870, 8 vols. (Ridgewood, NJ: Gregg Press, 1966–67), 5:473–82.
3. Thomas G. Andrews, Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 125.
4. Richard Wines, Fertilizer in America: From Waste Recycling to Resource Exploitation (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985); Jimmy Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1994); Christina Duffy Burnett, “The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands,” American Quarterly 57, no. 3 (2005): 779–803; Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
5. Glidden & Williams to Messrs. D.C. Waterman & C[ompany], March 4, 1862, and Glidden & Williams to D.C. Waterman Co[mpany], November 10, 1862, in D.C. Waterman & Co. Business correspondence, Ms. Group 126, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Library and Archives, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi. The U.S. Civil War’s impact on the industry is also discussed in “Life on a Guano Island,” New York Times, September 9, 1866; Skaggs, Great Guano Rush, 81–82, 115–17; Cushman, Guano, 84.
6. P.W. Penhallow to D.C. Waterman, March 25, 1864, D.C. Waterman & Co. Business correspondence, Ms. Group 126, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Library and Archives, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi. On the replacement of bird guano by menhaden and other substitutes, see Pacific Guano Company, The Pacific Guano Company: Its History; Its Products and Trade; Its Relation to Agriculture . . . (Cambridge, MA: Printed for the Pacific Guano Company at The Riverside Press, 1876); Wines, Fertilizer in America, 87–95.
7. George H. Dole, “Guano,” September 7, 1859, HM 57930, George H. Dole Papers, 1846–1902, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
8. Ibid. The topic of ke kuano (guano) was first introduced in the Hawaiian-language press in Ka Hae Hawaii, July 23, 1856; Ka Hae Hawaii, February 4, 1857; Ka Hae Hawaii, May 27, 1857.
9. N. Philip Ashmole and Myrtle J. Ashmole, Comparative Feeding Ecology of Sea Birds of a Tropical Ocean Island, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Bulletin no. 24 (New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 1967); Bryan Nelson, Seabirds: Their Biology and Ecology (New York: A&W Publishers, 1979), 29, 31–63; Carl Safina, Eye of the Albatross: Visions of Hope and Survival (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), 55–59. On the productivity of Baker, Jarvis, and Howland Islands’ nearshore reef fisheries, see contemporary data in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan (Honolulu: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008), 4:15; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan (Honolulu: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008), 4:16; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan (Honolulu: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008), 4:14.
10. Nelson, Seabirds, 27–30; Safina, Eye of the Albatross, 46–48, 60–63; Alan Ziegler, Hawaiian Natural History, Ecology, and Evolution (Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2002), 18–21.
11. Richard Branscombe Chave, Adventures of a Guano Digger in the Eastern Pacific (unpublished manuscript, 1871; available on microfilm from Australian National University, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau); anonymous report on Baker Island’s avifauna for The Daily National Intelligencer (Washington, D.C.), May 4, 1857, reprinted in Ward, American Activities, 1:193–95; Dr. Thomas H. Streets’ report on Palmyra Island for The American Naturalist Magazine (Boston), November 1877, reprinted in Ward, American Activities, 5:473–82; Mabel H. Closson, “Under the Southern Cross,” Overland Monthly 21 (1893): 205–16, esp. 212; Safina, Eye of the Albatross, 3–6.
12. Hague, “On the Phosphatic Guano Islands,” 15–16; “Life on a Guano Island,” New York Times, April 21, 1869; Hague, “Our Equatorial Islands,” 663; Nelson, Seabirds, 41–42, 52–53. On seabirds’ ecological niches, see Amerson and Shelton, Natural History of Johnston Atoll, 116–38; Ziegler, Hawaiian Natural History,
297–98. On the size of these islands, contemporary data suggests that Baker is 531 acres; Jarvis, 1,273 acres; Howland, 648 acres. See U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reports for Baker, Jarvis, and Howland Islands.
13. Llewellyn Howland, ed., “Howland Island, Its Birds and Rats, as Observed by a Certain Mr. Stetson in 1854,” Pacific Science 9, no. 2 (1955): 96; “Life on a Guano Island,” New York Times, September 9, 1866 and April 21, 1869; Nelson, Seabirds, 64–117; Safina, Eye of the Albatross, 86, 296, 300. On ecological imperialism, see Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986). On rats, see Howland, passim; A.F. Judd II, ed., The Guano Islands (Honolulu: Family Records, House of Judd, 1935), 33; Hague, “On the Phosphatic Guano Islands,” 17–18; Hague, “Our Equatorial Islands,” 665; J.R. McNeill, “Of Rats and Men: A Synoptic Environmental History of the Island Pacific,” Journal of World History 5, no. 2 (1994): 299–349.
14. Chester K. Wentworth, “Geology of the Pacific Equatorial Islands,” Bishop Museum Occassional Papers 9, no. 15 (1931): 3–25; Skaggs, Great Guano Rush, 140–42; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reports for Baker, Jarvis, and Howland Islands.
15. “ka wa ai ole”; “a he nawaliwali ke kino, a he nui no hoi ka poe i mokio aku i ke ala hoi ole mai.” All quotes from Kailiopio, “Moolelo o ka Mokupuni Baker’s Is. Puakailima [History of Baker’s Island/Puakailima],” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, July 7, 1866.
16. G.W. Kaluahine, “No na Aina Kukae Manu [Concerning the Guano Lands],” Ka Hae Hawaii, August 24, 1859; S.W.B. Kaulainamoku et al., “Mea hou ma Jarvis Island [News at Jarvis Island],” Ka Hae Hawaii, November 9, 1859; Judd, Guano Islands, 6–29.
17. William Chisholm to D.C. Waterman, October 16, 1862, and Flint, Peabody & Co. to Messrs. D.C. Waterman & Co., May 3, 1864, in D.C. Waterman & Co. Business correspondence, Ms. Group 126, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Library and Archives, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi.
Beyond Hawai'i Native Labor in the Pacific World Page 32