Campbell, Archibald, 53
canaca. See kanakas
Canada, sovereignty, 43
“Canaka Boy” (worker), 144
cane. See sugarcane industry
capitalism: in agricultural transformation, 169–70; changes in 18–19th centuries, 21–22; influence in Hawaiʻi, 9–11, 34, 47, 203, 204–7; and land in Hawaiʻi, 9, 161; and makaʻāinana, 80, 169; overview, 1–2, 47; and Pacific World, 8–9, 167; and sandalwood, 16–17, 23, 30, 34; and sugar industry, 166–67, 195, 200–201
Captain Johnney and Johney Wina, 143
Castle & Cooke firm, 176
Catherine bark, 66
cattle: at Haʻikū, 181, 182; hides and tallow trade in California, 136–39, 138fig.
cetaceans. See whales
Chang, David, 7, 8
Channel Islands (CA) work, 139–40
Chappell, David, 67, 68
chiefs. See aliʻi
China: free trade, 41; opium trade and war, 38–39, 40, 41; sandalwood trade and imports, 26–27, 27fig., 38, 39; sandalwood use, 25–26; workers for abroad, 171. See also Qing Empire
“Chinese disease.” See maʻi Pākē
Chinese people: early sugar industry in Hawaiʻi, 167–69; intermarriage with Hawaiians, 187–88; merchants vs. coolies, 190; population in Hawaiʻi, 198; unskilled workers in sugar industry (See coolies)
Chisholm, William, 116, 121–22, 124–25, 126–27
Christian, Fletcher, 61
Christians in Hawaiʻi, on prostitution, 87
citizenship of Hawaiians in United States, 162–64
Clark, A. Howard, 56, 58map
class: emergence of working class, 45, 47, 198, 204; impact in Hawaiʻi, 3, 41–42, 207; and sugar industry, 166, 172, 173–74, 186, 201
cognate race in Hawaiʻi, 188, 191
cold in Arctic, 98, 102–3
colonialism, 5, 206–7
commoners. See makaʻāinana
constitution of 1840, 41–42
contract labor, 45, 148
contracts of workers: in California, 144; English language in, 117–18, 178, 210; for fence at Haʻikū, 177–78; guano industry and mining, 117–18, 119, 127, 209–10; Hawaiian language in, 117–18, 177–78, 210; in whaling industry, 61, 66, 68
convict labor, 18, 42
Cook, James, and ships, 17
coolies: admixture of races, 187–88, 189, 190–91; behavior and appearance, 174–75; employment, 192–93; feeding and diet, 175–76, 192, 193–95; first arrivals and start in Hawaiʻi, 167, 169, 172; “fitness” as workers, 171, 172–73, 174; impact of free trade, 197; importation, 183, 187, 188–89, 191, 197, 198, 201; and maʻi Pākē, 183, 184–85, 186, 187; population in Hawaiʻi, 198; relationship with Hawaiian workers, 172–73; replacement and displacement of kanakas, 166–67, 170, 171–73, 174, 176, 198–200; science of Chinese bodies, 183–84, 189; suicides, 172, 196; use of law, 196; views of in newspapers, 174, 175, 190
Coral bark, 70
Corinthian ship, 93–94
Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), 203
corsets, and baleen, 52, 55
corvée labor of makaʻāinana, 18
Creighton, Margaret, 66, 96–97
cultural labor in Hawaiʻi, 206
D.C. Waterman and Company, 107, 108, 116, 117, 127
Daily Alta California, 155, 156, 157, 162
Dana, Richard Henry Jr., 102, 134–36, 137, 139
Davis, Tom, 136
deaths in whaling, 94
Delaware ship, 94
desertions by workers, 61–62, 64, 179–80
Desmond ship, 82, 97–98
diaspora of Hawaiians, 203, 204, 205
Dimmick, K.H., 142–43, 146
disease and diseased body: in California, 152–53, 155; epidemics in Hawaiʻi, 3, 44; in guano industry, 126–27; of Hawaiians, 3–4; maʻi Pākē, 183–87; in sugar industry, 193; in whaling in Arctic, 93–94
Dole, George, 39–40, 108–9
Dolphin ship, 34–35
Duhaut-Cilly, Auguste, 16
economy in Hawaiʻi: changes in 18–19th centuries, 21–23, 41–42, 47; description, 18; economic crisis of 1820s, 34–36; and free trade, 9, 41–43, 197; global influences, 40–41, 49; salt trade, 20; and sea otter fur trade, 17, 18–19, 20
Edwards, Thomas, 144
El Dorado County (CA), 148–50
Ellis, William, 31–32
Eloy (AZ), 203
emigration by Hawaiians: for Gold Rush, 145, 146–48, 151–52; legislation, 147–48; overview, 77, 203; for work (See labor in the Pacific)
English language, in work contracts, 117–18, 178, 210
environment in Hawaiʻi, impact of capitalism, 10
Erben, Henry, 102–3
Eromanga (Vanuatu), 16
extinction of Hawaiians discourse, 170, 187–88
farming. See agriculture
farm life in California, 159, 161–64
fishing by workers, 123–24, 161, 162
Fitch, Henry Delano, 139
Forester ship, 28
fragrance in Hawaiʻi, 24
free labor, 41–42, 45
free trade, 9, 41–43, 197
French, William, 33, 168
Frick, Dr., 151–52
The Friend newspaper, 83, 161, 190–91
frigatebirds, 111, 112fig., 114, 128
fur trade. See sea otter fur trade
Glidden & Williams firm, 107, 116–17
globalization, 8–9
glossary of Hawaiian terms, 267–70
Gold Rush in California: diving for gold, 147; emigration from Hawaiʻi, 145, 146–48, 151–52; image of Hawaiian miners, 147, 148fig.; impact on sugar industry in Hawaiʻi, 169; internal migration by Hawaiians, 146, 160; and land dispossession, 144–45; miners and mining camps, 147, 148–51, 160; mining work and technology, 147, 149–50; missionary presence, 149; wage work, 150, 152; warnings about, 146; working conditions, 151–53
Gray, Sluman L., 48, 81
Great Britain: free trade and rights in China, 41; free trade in Hawaiʻi, 42–43; opium trade, 38, 40, 41; sandalwood trade, 26–27, 27fig.; tea trade, 19
Grossbeck, Lucretia, 153
Guangzhou (Canton), 17, 25, 27fig., 38
guano: creation, 114, 115; as fertilizer, 106–7
guano industry and mining: after-work activities, 123–24; bodies in, 106, 125–26, 130–31; contracts of workers, 117–18, 119, 127, 209–10; deaths in, 127; decline, 107–8; disease and sickness, 126–27; extraction and topography, 121; food and water for workers, 124–25; Hawaiian labor, 107, 108–9, 115–23, 126–27; housing for workers, 120; importance to Hawaiʻi, 108–9; island environment and climate, 123; journey from Hawaiʻi to guano islands, 118; labor of people and seabirds, 105–6, 115; luna, 119, 120–21, 123–24, 126; output by workers, 121–22; recruitment of workers, 116–17; riot of 1865, 126; seabirds in (See seabirds); strength and masculinity, 125–26; wages and cash advances, 119–20, 121fig.; women in, 120; workers’ experiences, 105, 115, 119, 126, 127, 130; work schedules and tasks, 120–21
guano islands: birds on, 111–15, 127–130; humans and domesticated animals, 127–29; as land, 114–15; as workscape, 106
Guano Islands Act (1856), 107
Hae Hawaii ship, 98–99
Haiku Sugar Company plantation (Haʻikū, Maui): cattle, 181, 182; contract, 177–78; control of land and workers, 176–83; desertions by Hawaiian workers, 179–80; employment at, 192–93; fence, 177–78; food for workers, 175–76, 179–82, 192, 193–97; Hawaiians living on land of plantation, 176, 177; importation of coolies, 183; land boundaries and ownership, 176–79; and maʻi Pākē, 183, 184; negotiations with Hawaiians, 178; pilikia on plantation, 166, 196–97; poi and taro, 181–82; replacement and displacement of kanakas, 166–67, 170, 171–73, 174, 176, 198–200; sickness in workers, 193; violence problem, 196. See also Beckwith, George
Halaulani, J.A.K., 87
Ham, Joe, 143, 144
Hammatt, Charles, 72
&
nbsp; Hannibal ship, 48, 81
Hansen’s disease. See maʻi Pākē
harpooning, as whaling job, 91–92
Harrison ship, 94
Haskins, Charles Warren, 147
Hauʻofa, Epeli, 4
Hawaiʻi (Kingdom), viimap; admixture of races, 187–88, 189, 190–91; Board to Land Laborers / Board of Immigration, 188–89; centrality as whaling port, 60–61; constitution of 1840, 41–42; consul in San Francisco, 155, 157–58; diminishment of nation, 151–53; emigration legislation, 147–48; extinction of Hawaiians discourse, 170, 187–88; as feminine country, 5; importation of coolies, 187, 188–89, 191, 197, 198, 201; legislation for workers, 35, 42, 71, 78; as midway stop in Pacific, 17, 19, 22–23; movement of workers in 19th century, 204–5; overthrow, 206; population, 78–79, 79fig., 145–46, 197, 198; private property, 43–45; rural-to-urban migration, 78–79, 79fig., 86; science of Chinese bodies, 183–84, 189; sovereignty, 42–43; Treaty of Reciprocity (1875), 197; visits and return by migrant laborers, 150, 157; whaling in, 88
Hawaiʻi (State): Native Hawaiians in, 204; prison system, 203–4; workers in 20th–21st centuries, 204, 206–7
Hawaiian language. See language (Hawaiian)
Hawaiian workers. See kanakas
Hawaii (worker), 149
Heanu (worker), 126
heartwood of sandalwood trees, 24
hide and tallow trade in California, 136–39, 138fig.
Hill, Samuel, 27–28, 34
Hillebrand, William, 188, 189–90
Hilo, as whaling port, 87
Hina, Jack, and Mary, 145
Hiram (worker), 180
Hitchcock, Charles, 157–58
Hoikeike (resident of Lāhainā), 184–85
Hollingsworth, Robert J., 171–72
Honokaa Sugar Company (Honokaʻa, Hawaiʻi), 200
Honolulu, as whaling port, 50, 65–66, 75, 77–78, 79, 84–86
hoʻokupu, in economy, 18
Hooper, William, 168, 169
Hope (worker), 136
Howland Island, 105, 107, 114, 124
Hungtai Company, 167
Hunnewell, James, 23, 28–29, 30, 33, 38
ice in Arctic, 99–100
identity. See race and identity
Igler, David, 134
illumination, products for, 51, 53
Imada, Adria, 5
immigration: arrivals in Hawaiʻi, 198, 199fig.; Board to Land Laborers / Board of Immigration, 188–89; in United States, 188. See also emigration by Hawaiians
incense of sandalwood, 25–26
Indians (of California) and Hawaiians, 151
Inupiat (of Alaska), 98, 100, 101–2
Irish Creek (CA), 148–50
Iselin, Isaac, 22
Isenberg, Andrew, 160
Ishmael of Moby-Dick, 51, 66–67, 69, 91, 92–93, 96, 97
Italy whaling ship: crew and recruitment, 59, 62–65; lay and wages, 69–71; seasonality, 61, 62fig.
Japan, 50
Jarvis Island, 107, 108, 114–15, 120–21, 128, 129
John Little ship, 68
Jones, John C., 19–20, 61–62
Jones, Thomas ap Catesby, 35
Josephine ship, 118
Judd, Albert, 123–24
Judd, G.P., 105, 117, 118
Ka Elele Hawaii newspaper, 145, 146
Kaelemakule, J.A., 91, 167
Ka Hae Hawaii newspaper: guano, 120, 123; letters about Hawaiians in California, 149, 150, 158–59; letters from California to Hawaiian families, 132–33, 150; on maʻi Pākē, 184–85; as source, 11; view of coolies, 175, 190; on whaling, 73, 88, 104; working conditions of Gold Rush miners, 151–52
Ka Hoku o Ka Pakipika newspaper, 185
Kailiopio, J.M.: birds on guano islands, 129; as employee of guano industry, 105–6; experience of guano labor, 105, 115, 119, 126, 127, 130; on food and material goods, 124
Ka Lahui Hawaii newspaper, 85, 100
Kalākaua, David, 187–89
Kalanipoo, J.M., 88
Kalaupapa peninsula leper colony, 186–87
Kaleikuahulu (worker), 180
kalo and paʻi ʻai, for Haʻikū workers, 175–76, 181, 194–95
Kaluahine, G.W., 123
Kamae, B.E., 132–33
Kamakau, Samuel Manaiakalani, 24
Kamehameha I: economic and political role, 21–22, 30; sandalwood trade, 28, 29–30, 36; on sandalwood workers and wages, 34
Kamehameha II (Liholiho), and sandalwood, 28, 30, 36
Kamehameha III. See Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III)
Kamehameha IV (Alexander Liholiho), 189; as prince, 154, 172, 174
Kamehameha V (Lot), 190–91
Kameʻeleihiwa, Lilikalā, 18, 34, 45–46
Kamipele, T.B., 152–53, 160
kanaka / kānaka, definition and use of term, 2, 211n4
kanakas (Hawaiian workers): body and stereotypes, 3–4; coolies and kanakas, 166–67, 170, 171–73, 174, 176, 198–200; definition, 2, 268; history in newspapers, 11; labor in Hawaiʻi (See labor in Hawaiʻi); migrant labor in Pacific (See labor in the Pacific); proletarianization, 10–11, 47; as slur, 126; term use in book, 2–3, 211–12n4; wage work (See wage work and wage workers); words and writings, 7, 8, 11; work’s meaning for, 4. See also specific topics
Ka Nupepa Kuokoa newspaper: on guano, 105, 127; Hawaiian landowners in California, 144; life in Vernon, 161; on maʻi Pākē, 185–86; as source, 11; on whaling, 84–85, 98–100
Kaonowai, J.H., 185–86
kapa, and perfume, 24
Kapihe, E.M., 177
Kapu, John, 159, 160–61, 162
Kapu, Manneha, 159
kauā, 188–89
Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III): demographic decline in Hawaiʻi, 146; emigration legislation, 148; free trade and free labor, 40–42; land for sugar industry, 168; private property conversion, 44; sandalwood harvesting, 39; sovereignty of Hawaiʻi, 43
Kaulainamoku, S.W.B., 119, 120, 121, 122, 125–26
Kawaihae beef production, 181
Kealoha, Charles Edward: bodily experience of North, 82, 97–98, 103, 104; knowledge and songs of Arctic, 82, 98; life with Inupiat, 98, 100, 103
Ke Au Okoa newspaper, 186, 188
Ke Koo o Hawaii newspaper, 90
Kemaha (seaman), 90–91
Kenela (of Tahiti), 98, 100
Kinokolo / Kimokolo (worker), 144
kō. See sugarcane industry
koaʻe. See tropicbird
konohiki, 161
Kuhaloa, J., 123, 129
Kuhelemai, J.W., 88
Kuina (worker), 173
kukui, 53
Kuleana Act (1850), 45, 46, 178
kuleana of author, 12–13
labor in Hawaiʻi: changes of 1840s, 41–42; foreign influence, 18–19, 47; legislation, 35, 42, 71, 78; and Pacific World, 167; in sandalwood trade, 30, 32–34, 35–36; in sugar industry (See sugarcane industry); traditional practices, 18. See also kanakas; labor in the Pacific; makaʻāinana
labor in the Pacific: amphibious work, 3–4, 137, 139, 147, 173, 205; in California (See California); guano work (See guano industry and mining); overview, 1–2, 4; and Pacific World, 6, 7–9, 204–5; visits and return to Hawaiʻi, 150, 157; in whaling industry (See whaling industry and workers; whaling work in Arctic). See also kanakas; labor in Hawaiʻi
Ladd & Company, 168–69
Lāhainā, as whaling port, 62–63, 64, 72, 73, 84
land: ahupuaʻa, 18, 32, 46; and capitalism, 9, 161; as commodity, 45; at Haʻikū, 176–79; legislation, 45; for sugar industry, 168. See also ʻāina
land claims by Hawaiians in California, 145
land reforms, 9, 45, 205. See also Māhele
land tenure and title system, 41, 43–46
language (Hawaiian): in contracts, 117–18, 177–78, 210; glossary of Hawaiian terms, 267–70; materials for Gold Rush miners, 149; in newspapers, 11; terms from Hawaiʻi in Arctic, 100; translations in book, 11–12
lay in whaling, 68–70, 69f
ig.
laziness of Hawaiians discourse, 3–4
Lee, William Little, 44, 47, 146
Leidesdorff, William A., 143–44
leper colony on Molokaʻi, 186–87
leprosy. See maʻi Pākē
letters to the editor (in newspapers): about Hawaiians in California, 149, 150, 158–59; on “coolie” problem, 174; for families from workers in California, 132–33, 150; as source, 11
Lewis, Isaiah, 23, 28
Lewis, Johnny, 144
Light, Allen (aka Black Steward), 139
Liholiho, Alexander (Kamehameha IV), 154, 172, 174; as mōʻī, 189
Liholiho (Kamehameha II), and sandalwood, 28, 30, 36
Lihue Plantation Company (Līhuʻe, Kauaʻi), 199–200
Lin Zexu, 41
lookouts, as whaling job, 90–91
Lot (Kamehameha V), 190–91
Macartney, Lord, 38
Māhele: description, 13; impact on workers, 205, 206; Ka Māhele (The Division), 43–46; legislation, 45; and sugar industry, 176, 177, 206; and whaling industry and workers, 80
maʻi Pākē (“Chinese disease”), 183–87
makaʻāinana: agriculture for visiting ships, 72–74; and capitalism, 80, 169; and constitution of 1840, 41–42; corvée labor, 18; private property and land title, 43–46; in production, 18; as proletariat and wage workers, 45, 46, 47, 78, 79–81; rural-to-urban migration, 80, 86; in salt production, 21; sandalwood harvest and labor, 31–32, 33–34, 35–36
Make (whale worker), 13, 48, 81
mālama ʻāina, as process, 18
mana, and sandalwood, 23, 27–28
Mannini, Mr. (worker), 135
Manuiki (or Manaiki, Manniki) (worker), 140–41
Mapuowai, Abel, 162
maritime work, fitness for, 3–4, 137, 139, 147, 173, 205
Marx, Karl, 177
masculinity and manliness of Hawaiians, 89–90, 103, 125–26, 173–74
Masters and Servants Act (1850), 45, 147–48
Beyond Hawai'i Native Labor in the Pacific World Page 41