Teaching What Really Happened: How to Avoid the Tyranny of Textbooks and Get Students Excited About Doing History

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Teaching What Really Happened: How to Avoid the Tyranny of Textbooks and Get Students Excited About Doing History Page 35

by James W. Loewen


  Jacobs, Harriet, 173

  Jacobson, Lenore, 47–49, 59, 63, 67, 218 n. 16

  Jacobson, Matthew, 236 n. 23

  Japanese Americans, 15–16, 76, 205

  Jefferson, Thomas, 38, 147, 155–157, 164, 170, 181, 231 n. 1

  Jockeys, 190

  Johnson, Andrew, 195, 198

  Johnson, LouAnne, 62, 220 n. 37

  Johnson, Lyndon, 33

  Johnson, Paul, 82

  Jubilee (Walker), 86

  Kain, John, 159

  Karp, Stan, 18

  Keen, Benjamin, 232 n. 20

  Keeping the Struggle Alive (Anand), 101, 208

  Keller, Helen, 12–13, 36

  Kelley, Brooks Mather, 14, 22–24, 88, 215 n. 1, 215 n. 21, 223 n. 12, 234–235 n. 11

  Kemble, Fanny, 168

  Kendall, J. S., 21, 215–216 n. 3

  Kennedy, David M., 215 n. 1, 215 n. 23, 234–235 n. 11

  Kerry, John, 27, 50

  Khmer Legacies, 101

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 230 n. 16

  Kip, Lawrence, 143

  Kobrin, David, 18

  Korean War, 20, 93, 96, 210

  Kyvig, David F., 102

  LaFeber, Richard, 33–34

  Lafferty, R. A., 237 n. 3

  Lamb, Robert K., 102

  Langfelder, Ossie, 224–225 n. 32

  Language diversity, ix–x Latinos. See Hispanic Americans

  Lectures, 209

  Leder, Gilah, 218 n. 15

  Lee, Richard, 120, 227 n. 31

  Lee, Robert E., 183, 186

  Lester, Julius, 173

  Levey, Judith, 231 n. 11

  Leviathan, The (Hobbes), 118

  Levitt, William, 152

  Levitt & Sons, 152

  Lewis, Meriwether, 12–13, 147–148

  Lewis, Michael, 220 n. 34

  Liberia, 198

  Library of Congress, 41, 82, 84, 165, 200–201

  Lies Across America (Loewen), 68–70, 83–84, 93, 103, 117, 174, 187–188

  Lies My Teacher Told Me (Loewen), xii, 1, 12, 18, 30–31, 33–34, 38, 77–78, 131, 133–136, 149, 187, 214 n. 9

  Lies My Teacher Told Me About Christopher Columbus (Loewen), 130

  Lincoln, Abraham, 27, 38, 80, 83, 100, 145, 157, 161, 176, 179, 182, 184–187, 198, 229 n. 5, 233–234 n. 5

  Littell, McDougal, 79, 234–235 n. 11

  Litwack, Leon, 236 n. 12

  Liuzzo, Viola, 71

  Local history, 93–95, 102

  Lodge, Henry Cabot, 196

  Loewen, James W., xi–xii, 18, 174, 187–188, 208, 219 n. 22, 219 n. 24, 221 n. 4, 224 n. 23, 228 n. 11, 235 n. 7, 237 n. 2

  Loewen et al. v. Turnipseed et al., 5–6

  Logan, John A., 233–234 n. 5, 235 n. 6

  Logan, Rayford, 235 n. 1

  Lost Cause, The (Davis), 188

  Louisiana, 183

  Louisiana Purchase, 147–149

  Louv, Richard, 227 n. 30

  Love, Kim, 216 n. 10

  Lovejoy, Elijah, 173

  Lovejoy, Owen, 173

  Low, W. A., 231 n. 4

  Lutz, William, 223 n. 22

  Lynchings, 5, 6, 16–17

  Lytle, Mark, 18

  Macaulay, Thomas, 113

  Madsen, Brigham, 69–70, 221 n. 2

  Maizlish, Stephen, 235 n. 3

  Mann, Charles C., 108, 226 n. 14

  Many Thousand Gone (Berlin), 174

  Martin, Calvin, 229 n. 2

  Martin, P., ix

  Marty, Myron A., 102

  Marx, Karl, 50

  Maryland, 101

  Marzano, R. J., 21, 215–216 n. 3

  Mason, Otis, 200

  Mathematics, 54, 59, 133

  Mathews, Jay, 220 n. 36

  Mayans, 125, 126

  Mbuti people, 118–119

  McCarthyism, 20

  McGhie, Isaac, 16

  McKinley, William, 196

  McMurtry, Larry, 70, 221 n. 3

  McNeill, William H., 139

  McPherson, James, 215 n. 1, 234–235 n. 11

  Means, Russell, 120, 227 n. 32

  Mecca, 125

  Mellon, Andrew, 39

  Memorization, 21, 32, 34

  Mentors, 92–93

  Merwick, Donna, 229–230 n. 7

  Mexican Americans, 17

  Midgley, E., ix

  Miller Analogies Test, 51

  Minds Stayed on Freedom (R.O.C.C.), 101, 208

  Minnesota, 100, 231 n. 18

  Mintz, Steven, 174

  Mississippi, 2–6, 9–10, 12, 29, 45–46, 73, 74, 101, 181, 183

  Mississippi (Bettersworth), 3–6, 213–214 n. 4

  Mississippi (Loewen & Sallis), xii, 4–6

  Mississippi Chinese, The (Loewen), 210–211

  Mississippi State University, 4

  Mitchell, Margaret, 84–87, 151–152, 222 n. 7

  Model minority stereotype, 45

  Model towns, 75

  Moguls, 125

  Mohan, Geoffrey, 230 n. 16

  Montesinos, Antonio de, 113, 232 n. 20

  Montesquieu, 163, 231 n. 10

  Moore, Robert B., 213–214 n. 4, 217 n. 16

  Mosby, John Singleton, 182, 234 n. 9

  Moss, Alfred A., 82

  Moy, Rebecca L., 33

  Multicultural education

  defined, x

  dimensions of, x–xi

  key goal for, x

  National Association of Multicultural Education (NAME), 1, 37

  need for, ix

  Murphy, Isaac, 190

  Murr, Andrew, 108, 226 n. 12

  My Bondage and My Freedom, 174

  Nadir of race relations, 75–76, 189–208

  contemporary relevance of, 189–192

  defined, 44, 189

  end of, 204–206

  Gone with the Wind (Mitchell) and, 84–87

  historical background of, 194–195

  impact of, 206

  implications of, 206–207

  Index of Dissimilarity (D) and, 190–192, 235 n. 4

  onset of, 192–194

  presentism and, 109–110

  slavery and, 169–170. See also Slavery

  student examination of, 197–200

  in textbooks, 77–78

  underlying causes of, 195–197

  whites becoming white during, 200–204

  Names, importance of, 44–45, 154, 156–157, 199, 218 n. 11, 231 n. 18

  Nash, J., 227 n. 31

  National Archives, 41, 98

  National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 7, 214 n. 9–10

  National Association for Multicultural Education (NAME), 1, 37

  National Commission on Excellence in Education, 213 n. 2

  National Council for History Education, 37, 213 n. 1

  National Council for the Social Studies, 1, 37, 213 n. 1

  National Football League (NFL), 198

  National History Day, 90–91, 98–100

  Nationalism, racial, 26, 161, 162

  National Park Service, 187, 230 n. 10

  Native Americans, 17, 20, 21, 26, 29, 40, 78, 80–81, 86, 88, 90, 93, 207

  Almo massacre (Idaho), 68–70

  Bering land bridge controversy, 103–109, 110, 225 n. 7

  chronological ethnocentrism and, 113–114, 116, 117, 120

  Columbus and, 35, 112–113, 128–129, 133–136, 154

  Louisiana Purchase and, 147–149

  slavery and, 112–113, 149, 163, 171–173

  syncretism and, 133–136, 143

  Thanksgiving and, 149–150

  $24 myth and, 65, 141–154

  Wounded Knee Massacre (South Dakota), 193

  Natural disasters, 93–94

  Nearby History (Kyvig & Marty), 102

  Negro History Week, 161–162

  New Deal, 39

  New Guinea, 127

  New Hampshire, 78–80

  New Jersey, 177–178

  Newspapers, 97, 104, 198

 
New York Historical Society, 16

  Nimoy, Leonard, 131

  No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), 66

  North Carolina Baptist Hospital, 112

  Norton, Mary Beth, 82

  Novels, 211

  Ogbu, John, 43–44, 218 n. 8

  Oklahoma, 193

  Okoye, Felix, 231 n. 10

  Olson, Steve, 225 n. 7

  Organization of American Historians, 37

  Osceola, 173

  O’Shea, David, 214 n. 13

  Ostend Manifesto, 78

  Ottoman Empire, 125

  Palin, Sarah, 227 n. 22

  Palmer, R. R., 124, 126, 228 n. 5

  Parent Academy, 91–93

  Passing of the Great Race (Grant), 197

  Passion for the Past, A (Percoco), 18

  People and a Nation, A (Norton), 82

  People’s History of the United States, A (Zinn), 82

  Percoco, James, 17, 18, 94

  Perry, Elisabeth, 215 n. 1

  Peru, 133

  Pfeiffer, Michelle, 62

  Philippines, 14, 196, 205

  Physical anthropology, 104

  Pierce, Franklin W., 78–80, 84

  Pinker, Steven, 226 n. 19

  Plains Indian culture, 143–144

  Plains Indian Wars, 195

  Plessy v. Ferguson, 186

  Poling, Jerry, 236 n. 19

  Portugal, 14

  Poverty, 59, 60

  Presentism, 109–121

  chronological ethnocentrism as form of, 113–121

  conclusions about, 112–113

  defined, 109

  Native Americans and, 109–110

  preexisting views and, 110–112

  religion and, 110–112

  Primary sources, 90–91

  Principals, support from, 30–32, 67

  Progressive Policy Institute, x

  PSAT, 50

  Pueblo revolt (1680), 143

  Pyramids, 109–110, 125

  Pyron, Darden A., 90, 222 n. 6, 230 n. 15

  Quizzes, 209

  Race. See also Nadir of race relations; names of specific ethnic groups

  ability grouping and, 62–63

  home ownership and, 158–159

  racial nationalism, 26, 161, 162

  racial types, 201–202

  student achievement and, 43, 49, 59

  Racial nationalism, 26, 161, 162

  Racism. See also Nadir of race relations

  decline of, 204–206

  defined, 151

  lynchings and, 5, 6, 16–17

  recognizing, 207

  slavery and, 159, 162–165. See also Slavery

  types of, 152–153

  Rankin, John, 173

  Rawick, George, 173, 232 n. 17

  Reconstruction, 2–4, 20, 26–27, 65, 75–76, 84–87, 93, 222 n. 9

  Reconstruction (Foner), 86, 90, 207–208

  Red Earth, White Lies (Deloria), 122

  Reeb, James, 71

  Reed, Elaine W., 223 n. 20

  Reed, James A., 128

  Reed, Linda, 215 n. 1

  Religion

  presentism and, 110–112

  religious diversity, ix–x

  Research corner, 92

  Rethinking Our Classrooms (Au et al.), 18

  Rhode Island, 67

  Rise of the American Nation, 71, 81

  Risley, Todd, 60, 220 n. 33

  Ritter, Malcolm, 225 n. 7

  Roberts, S., ix

  Robinson, Jackie, 99, 189–190, 205–206

  Robinson, Rowland, 173

  Roman Empire, 125, 126

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 39, 62, 75

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 100–101

  Rosenbaum, James, 59–61, 220 n. 35, 224 n. 27

  Rosenthal, Robert, 47–49, 59, 63, 67, 218 n. 16

  Rosenthal effect, 47–49, 59, 218 n. 16

  Rothstein, Richard, 214 n. 10

  Rudert, Eileen, 219 n. 22

  Ruttenber, E. M., 229–230 n. 7

  Sallis, Charles, xii, 5, 235 n. 7

  Santayana, George, 11, 214 n. 14

  SAT, 50–58, 128, 152, 219 n. 21, 219 n. 25

  Sawyer, Richard L., 217 n. 1

  Scaffolding, 89

  Scappini, Robert A., 102

  Schagen, Peter, 145

  Schmitt, Alicia P., 219 n. 23

  Schoenburg, Bernard, 224–225 n. 32

  Schultz, Kevin, 230 n. 16

  Schwerner, Michael, 71

  Scott, Dred, 175, 178, 233 n. 3–4

  Scott, Winfield, 221 n. 13

  Seale, Doris, 154

  Secession. See Southern secession

  Secondary sources, 90–91

  Sectionalism, 26–27

  Segregation, xii, 44, 75, 93, 99–101, 152, 190–192, 199–200, 203–205, 235 n. 4

  Selden, Mark, 16, 215 n. 23

  Self-esteem, 58

  Self-fulfilling prophecy, 47

  Shakespeare, William, 9, 163

  Shorto, Russell, 145, 229 n. 4, 229–230 n. 7

  Silence, 46–47

  Simms, Willie, 190

  Singer, Aaron, 221 n. 12

  Singletary, Michelle, 231 n. 4

  Singleton, Teresa, 168

  Skin color, 45–46, 218 n. 14

  Slapin, Beverly, 154

  Slatin, Gerald, 42–43, 217 n. 3, 217 n. 5

  Slave Community, The (Blassingame), 174

  Slavery, 23–25, 38–39, 80, 84–87, 100, 132, 155–174, 207. See also Civil War; Reconstruction; Southern secession

  contemporary relevance of, 155–159

  Dred Scott decision, 175, 178, 233 n. 3–4

  meta-conversation on, 159–162

  Native American, 112–113, 149, 163, 171–173

  as penal system, 172

  problems in teaching history of, 170–173

  problems of slave life, 165–170

  racism and, 159, 162–165

  Slavery Remembered (Escott), 174

  Slaves in the Family (Ball), 173

  Sloan, Irving J., 216 n. 6

  Small, Herbert, 200–201, 236 n. 20

  Smith, Orma, 5–6

  Smith College, 85, 152

  Smithsonian Institution, 200–201

  Social class, 62–63

  home ownership and, 152, 158–159

  names and, 156–157

  standardized tests and, 50–51, 54–56, 59

  student achievement and, 8–9, 42–47, 49

  teacher expectations and, 42–47, 60–61

  Social Darwinism, 194, 197, 201

  Social studies, history versus, 1, 29, 213 n. 1

  Social Studies School Service, 31–32

  Sociology

  basic idea of, 8

  BS (Bad Sociology) history, 4, 7

  importance to students, 12

  socialization process and, 153

  soclexia and, 7–9

  Soclexia, 7–9

  Soto, Hernando de, 117

  South Carolina, 170, 175–181, 183, 184–185, 188

  South Carolina (Wallace), 188

  South Dakota, 193

  Southern Daughter (Pyron), 90

  Southern secession, 175–188, 198

  genesis of problem, 186–187, 233–234 n. 5

  myths concerning, 175–179

  teaching against the myth, 179–183

  textbook treatments of, 183–186

  Southerton, Simon G., 226 n. 16

  Spanish American War (1898), 196

  Spears, Britney, 115

  Staab, Amanda, 99–100, 224–225 n. 32

  Stampp, Kenneth M., 236 n. 12

  Standardized tests, 32

  cultural bias in, 51–54

  multiple-choice questions and, 66–67

  social class and, 50–51, 54–56, 59

  teacher expectations and, 49–59, 64

  “twig” history and, 19–21, 32–33, 66–67

  Standards, 21, 28–30

  Stanford, Dennis, 108

&nbs
p; Star Trek IV (movie), 130–131

  Stengel, Marc, 216 n. 9

  Stephens, Alexander, 181–183

  Stevens, Thaddeus, 173

  Storylines, 89–90, 92, 223 n. 14

  Strange Career of Jim Crow, The (Vann Woodward), 208

  Student’s Guide to History, A (Benjamin), 89

  Stults, Brian, 235 n. 6

  Suárez-Orozco, C., ix

  Suárez-Orozco, M. M., ix Suburbs, 152, 158–159

  Sullivan, Louis H., 121, 227 n. 33

  Sumner, Charles, 173

  Sumner, William Graham, 193–195, 236 n. 9

  Sundown towns, xii, 93, 99–100, 192, 203–205, 208, 215 n. 26, 216 n. 10

  Sundown Towns (Loewen), xii, 93, 208

  Syncretism, 23, 132–136, 137–139, 143

  Taft, William Howard, 196

  Taney, Roger, 233 n. 3–4

  Teacher expectations, 42–67

  internalizing, 56–58

  racial characteristics and, 42–47

  research on, 47–49, 59

  socioeconomic characteristics and, 42–47, 60–61

  standardized tests and, 49–59, 64

  student self-expectations and, 64

  teacher creation of, 60–67

  tracking and, 60–62

  Teaching American History (Barlowe), 41

  Teaching American History program, 36–37

  Teaching by students, 209–211

  Temela, Nalenik, 136

  Test of Language Development, 60

  Texas, 180, 215 n. 25

  Textbooks, 19–41

  alternative, 80–81, 236 n. 15

  American exceptionalism in, 13–14

  authors of, 12

  college versus high school, 215 n. 2

  critical thinking and, 38–41

 

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