44. Dinesh D’Souza, The End of Racism (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 24.
45. Daniel T. Rodgers, Age of Fracture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011), 128–29.
46. Rene Sanchez, “Black, Hispanic Admissions Plunge at 2 Calif. Campuses,” Washington Post, April 1, 1998, A1.
47. In this, American liberal intellectuals like Lind, Todd Gitlin, and others went considerably further than many of their British counterparts, such as Terry Eagleton, who despite his criticism of identity movements argued, “Any socialism which fails to transform itself in the light of this fecund, articulate culture will surely be bankrupt from the outset.… At its most militant, postmodernism has lent a voice to the humiliated and reviled, and in doing so has threatened to shake the imperious self-identity of the system to its core. And for this one might also forgive it the whole of its egregious exercises.” Terry Eagleton, The Illusions of Postmodernism (Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), 24.
48. Michael Lind, “The End of the Rainbow,” Mother Jones, September–October 1997, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/1997/09/end-rainbow.
49. Lind, “End of the Rainbow.”
50. Nathan Glazer, We Are All Multiculturalists Now (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 33.
51. Ibid., 13–14.
52. Ronald Brownstein, “Clinton: Parties Fail to Attack Race Divisions,” Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1992, http://articles.latimes.com/print/1992-05-03/news/mn-1956_1_los-angeles.
53. John F. Harris, The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House (New York: Random House, 2005), 264.
54. Perhaps only the Whitney Museum would have been a better venue.
55. William J. Clinton, “Commencement Address at the University of California San Diego in La Jolla, California,” June 14, 1997, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=54268.
56. Claire Jean Kim, “Clinton’s Race Initiative: Recasting the American Dilemma,” Polity 33:2 (Winter 2000), 175–97.
57. Jodi Enda, “Racial Advisory Board Focuses on Education, Economic Opportunity,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 15, 1997, A5, http://articles.philly.com/1997-07-15/news/25548347_1_board-members-advisory-board-racism.
Part Three: The Colorization of America, 1993–2013
Chapter Eleven
I Am I Be: Identity in Post Time
1. Kwame Anthony Appiah, The Ethics of Identity (Princeton University Press, 2005), 5.
2. Simon Hattenstone, “Whassup?,” Guardian, October 25, 2000, http://www.theguardian.com/print/0,,4081177-103680,00.html.
3. Michael McCarthy, “Budweiser’s ‘Whassup?!’ TV Ads Claim Grand Prix in Cannes,” USA Today, June 26, 2000.
4. Taylor in Gutmann, ed., Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition (Princeton University Press, 1994), 25.
5. Gutmann, Multiculturalism, 73.
6. Gutmann, Multiculturalism, 71.
7. Chappelle told Oprah Winfrey, “I was doing sketches that were funny, but socially irresponsible. I felt like I was deliberately being encouraged [by his network, Comedy Central] and I was overwhelmed, so, it’s like you get flooded with things and you don’t pay attention to things like your ethics when you get so overwhelmed. It was like you’d won the lottery.” Oprah, aired February 3, 2006.
8. “Between the Studio and the Street: A Roundtable Curated by Lydia Yee,” in Jeff Chang, ed., Total Chaos: The Art and Aesthetics of Hip-Hop (New York: Basic Civitas, 2006), 135.
9. Ligon in Glenn Ligon: America (New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 2011), 244.
10. George S. Schuyler, “The Negro-Art Hokum,” Nation 122:3180 (June 16, 1926), 662.
11. Alain Locke, “Art or Propaganda?”, in Henry Louis Gates Jr., ed., The New Negro: Readings On Race, Representation, and African-American Culture, 1892–1938 (Princeton University Press, 2007), 260.
12. Raymond Saunders quoted in Elvan Zabunyan, Black Is a Color: A History of African American Art (Paris: Éditions Dis Voir, 2005), 92.
13. Raymond Saunders quoted in Sharon F. Patton, African-American Art (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 227–28.
14. Saunders in Patton, African-American Art, 228.
15. Kehinde Wiley in Kehinde Wiley: The World Stage: Lagos-Dakar (New York: Studio Museum in Harlem, 2008), 11.
16. Richard Duncan, Duncan McKenzie, and Amy Mooney, “Interview with Kehinde Wiley,” interview conducted September 2010, Art Practical., Bad at Sports podcast episode 263, http://www.artpractical.com/feature/interview_with_kehinde_wiley/.
17. Touré, Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness? What It Means to Be Black Now (New York: Free Press, 2011), 37.
18. Glenn Ligon, “Thelma Golden,” Bomb Magazine, March 2004, http://bombsite.com/issues/999/articles/3588.
19. Zadie Smith, Changing My Mind: Occasional Essays (New York: Penguin Press, 2009), 7–8.
20. Ibid., 12.
21. Darby English, How to See a Work of Art in Total Darkness (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2010), 206.
22. Appiah in Gutmann, Multiculturalism, 163.
23. Ibid.
24. Franklin Sirmans in Glenn Ligon: America, 168.
25. Thelma Golden interview with Kori Newkirk in Kori Newkirk: 1997–2007 (Los Angeles: Fellows of Contemporary Art, 2008), 15.
26. “Screen Doors on Submarines: Dave McKenzie in Conversation with Ryan Inoue,” n.d., likely April 2008, http://www.barbarawien.de/artists/mckenzie_tex.php.
27. Holland Cotter, “Beyond Multiculturalism, Freedom?,” New York Times, July 29, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/29/arts/art-architecture-beyond-multiculturalism-freedom.html.
28. Cynthia Houng, “Ala Ebtekar Interview,” Fecal Face Web site, December 18, 2007, http://www.fecalface.com/SF/features-mainmenu-102/938-ala-ebtekar-interview.
29. Higa, Chiu, and Min, One Way or Another, 27.
30. Ibid., 28.
31. Ibid., 38.
32. Ibid., 35.
33. Howard N. Fox, “Theater of the Inauthentic,” in Phantom Sightings: Art after the Chicano Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 81.
34. Chon Noriega, Howard N. Fox, and Rita Gonzalez, “Introduction,” in Phantom Sightings, 13.
35. See the essay “Light at the End of Tunnel Vision,” and the short story “Where They Found Javier,” Harry Gamboa Jr., in Chon A. Noriega, ed., Urban Exile: Collected Writings of Harry Gamboa, Jr. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
36. Chon Noriega, “The Orphans of Modernism,” in Phantom Sightings, 18.
37. Los Angeles Times art critic Christopher Knight would write of Valdez in the photo, “Like the museum as art object, she’s also the objectified ‘picture’ artistically ‘signed.’” Christopher Knight, “‘Phantom Sightings’ at LACMA,” Los Angeles Times, April 15, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/arts/la-et-phantom15apr15,0,2921844.story.
38. Natalie Haddad, “Phantom Sightings,” Frieze 117 (September 9, 2008), http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/phantom_sightings/.
39. Agustin Gurza, “Chicano Art, Beyond Rebellion,” Los Angeles Times, April 6, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-ca-chicano6apr06,0,7737991.story.
40. Ken Johnson, “They’re Chicanos and Artists. But Is Their Art Chicano?,” New York Times, April 9, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/10/arts/design/10chicano.html.
41. Gurza, “Chicano Art.”
42. Duncan, McKenzie, and Mooney, “Interview with Kehinde Wiley.”
43. Cuauhtémoc Medina, “High Curios,” in Brian Jungen (Vancouver: Vancouver Art Gallery, 2005), 28.
44. Brian Jungen, “In Conversation with Simon Starling,” in Brian Jungen, 135.
45. Kim, Threshold, 32.
Chapter Twelve
Demographobia: Racial Fears and Colorized Futures
1. “Hamilton College National Youth Poll: Racial Attitudes of Young Americans,” August 1999, http://www.hamilton.edu/news/polls/racial-attitudes-of-young-americans.
2. Louis Menand
, “Patriot Games,” New Yorker, May 17, 2004.
3. In fact federal interrogation experts had watched the show for ideas about how to treat prisoners of war. Justice Antonin Scalia and “torture memo” architect John Yoo would defend the fictional agent Jack Bauer’s extralegal methods. Dalia Lithwick, “The Fiction behind Torture Policy,” Newsweek, July 25, 2008, http://www.newsweek.com/lithwick-how-jack-bauer-shaped-ustorture-policy-93159.
4. Tram Nguyen, We Are All Suspects Now: Untold Stories from Immigrant Communities after 9/11 (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005), 19.
5. Ibid., xv.
6. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color Against White World Supremacy (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1922), 297.
7. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to American Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 254–55.
8. Mahzarin Banaji and Thierry Devos, “American = White?,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88:3 (March 2005), 447–66.
9. Samuel P. Huntington, “The Hispanic Challenge,” Foreign Policy, March–April 2004, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2004/03/01/the_hispanic_challenge.
10. Menand, “Patriot Games.”
11. In 2012, this tipping point was crossed.
12. Ronald Brownstein, “The Gray and the Brown: The Generational Mismatch,” National Journal, July 24, 2010, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-gray-and-the-brown-the-generational-mismatch-20100724.
13. Fairey in Shepard Fairey and Jennifer Gross, eds., Art for Obama: Designing Manifest Hope and the Campaign for Change (New York: Harry Abrams, 2009), 7. Chris McGreal, “Texas Schools Board Rewrites US History with Lessons Promoting God and Guns,” Guardian, May 16, 2010, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/16/texas-schools-rewrites-us-history.
14. Curtis Prendergast, “Narratives in the News: The Death of Robert Krentz,” Sonoran Chronicle, March 19, 2011, http://sonoranchronicle.com/2011/03/19/narratives-in-the-news-the-death-of-robert-krentz/.
15. Jan Brewer, Scorpions for Breakfast (New York: Broadside Books, 2011). For an excellent account of the reign of Jan Brewer in Arizona, see Jeff Biggers, “Manufacturing the Crisis” in his book State out of the Union: Arizona and the Final Showdown over the American Dream (New York: Nation Books, 2012).
16. Michael Hoefer, Nancy Rytina, and Bryan C. Baker, Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2010, Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics, February 2011, http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ois_ill_pe_2010.pdf.
17. Biggers, State out of the Union, 59, 64. See also Dennis Wagner, “Violence Is Not Up on Arizona Border,” Arizona Republic, May 2, 2010, http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/05/02/20100502arizona-border-violence-mexico.html.
18. Data is from Lindsay Marshall of the Florence Immigrant and Refugee Rights Project. Interview with Lindsay Marshall, August 7, 2012.
19. “FY 2011: ICE Announces Year-End Removal Numbers, Highlights Focus on Key Priorities Including Threats to Public Safety and National Security,” U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, press release, October 18, 2011, http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/1110/111018washingtondc.htm.
20. Detention Watch Network, “The Influence of the Private Prison Industry in the Immigration Detention Business,” May 2011, http://www.detentionwatchnetwork.org/sites/detentionwatchnetwork.org/files/PrivatePrisonPDF-FINAL%205-11-11.pdf.
21. Doris Meissner, Donald M. Kerwin, Muzaffar Chishti, and Claire Bergeron, “Immigration Enforcement in The United States: The Rise of a Formidable Machinery,” Migration Policy Institute, January 2013, 7, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/enforcementpillars.pdf.
22. Ibid, 9. Criminal enforcement includes the FBI, DEA, Secret Service, U.S. Marshals Service, and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.
23. Christine Sleeter, “Ethnic Studies and the Struggle in Tucson,” Education Week, February 15, 2012, http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/02/15/21sleeter.h31.html.
24. Emphasis added. Biggers, State out of the Union, 181
25. Biggers, State out of the Union, 196.
26. Interview with Marshall.
27. “Interactive Map: America’s Changing Demographics,” Center for American Progress Web site, April 2011, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/04/census_map.html.
28. Brownstein, “The Gray and the Brown.”
29. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 399.
30. Hua Hsu, “The End of White America?”, Atlantic, January–February 2009, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/01/the-end-of-white-america/307208/.
31. Ibid.
32. William H. Frey, “A Demographic Tipping Point among America’s Three-year-Olds,” Brookings Institution, February 7, 2011, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/02/07-population-frey.
Chapter Thirteen
The Wave: The Hope of a New Cultural Majority
1. “Shepard Fairey: Mayday: The Politics of Street Art,” interview by Aaron Rose at Los Angeles Public Library, presented by ALOUDLa and Los Angeles Weekly, event held March 7, 2011, http://vimeo.com/34112077.
2. Ibid., 18.
3. Courtney Comstock, “Fairey Dusts Off Charges,” Forbes.com, July 15, 2009.
4. “Shepard Fairey: Mayday.”
5. Fairey in Obey: Supply & Demand: The Art of Shepard Fairey (Corte Madera: Gingko Press in association with Obey Giant, 2006), 94.
6. Christopher Knight, “Review: Shepard Fairey at ICA Boston,” LA Times Culture Monster blog. March 23, 2009, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2009/03/shepard-fairey.html.
7. Mark Vallen, “Obey Plagiarist Shepard Fairey: A Critique by Artist Mark Vallen,” The post states “Published on the occasion of Fairey’s Los Angeles solo exhibition, (Dec. 2007),” http://www.art-for-a-change.com/Obey/index.htm.
8. Josh MacPhee, “A Response to OBEY Plagiarist,” Just Seeds Blog, December 14, 2007, http://www.justseeds.org/blog/2007/12/a_response_to_obey_plagiarist_1.html#more.
9. Both quotes from Fairey, Obey: Supply & Demand, 139–40. Originally published in Tokion.
10. Aura Bogado, “I Have a Name: An Open Letter to Shepard Fairey,” To the Curb blog, May 29, 2008, http://tothecurb.wordpress.com/2008/05/.
11. Fairey, Obey: Supply & Demand, 139–40.
12. Fairey in Shepard Fairey and Jennifer Gross, eds., Art for Obama: Designing Manifest Hope and the Campaign for Change (New York: Harry Abrams, 2009), 7.
13. Noam Cohen, “Viewing Journalism as a Work of Art,” New York Times, March 23, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/arts/design/24photo.html. AP later sued Shepard Fairey for copyright infringement. The case settled out of court.
14. Bruce E. Boyden, “The Obama ‘Hope’ Poster Case: Mannie Garcia Weighs In,” Marquette University Law School Faculty Blog, July 13, 2009, http://law.marquette.edu/facultyblog/2009/07/13/the-obama-hope-poster-case-mannie-garcia-weighs-in/.
15. Shepard Fairey interview with Wendy Wick-Reaves, National Portrait Gallery podcast, January 17, 2009, http://www.npg.si.edu/audio/blog_fairey_int_011709.MP3.
16. Ibid.
17. Fairey and Gross, Art for Obama, 8.
18. Shepard Fairey interview with Wendy Wick-Reaves.
19. “Penn Strategy Memo, March 19, 2008,” Atlantic, August 11, 2008, 3, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2008/08/penn-strategy-memo-march-19-2008/37952/.
20. Richard Morin and Christopher Muste, “The Enthusiasm Gap,” Washington Post, September 30, 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61725-2004Sep30.html.
21. Foon Rhee, “McCain Ad Hits Obama’s ‘Celebrity,’” Boston Globe, July 30, 2008, http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/07/mccain_ad_hits_2.html.
22. Angela Davis, The Meaning of Freedom: And Other Difficult Dialogues (San Francisco: City Lights, 2012), 151.
23. Data available at
http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/elections/how_groups_voted/voted_08.html.
24. Emily Hoban Kirby and Kei Kawashima-Ginsberg, “The Youth Vote in 2008,” Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement, April 2009, 5, http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/FactSheets/FS_youth_Voting_2008_updated_6.22.pdf.
25. “The Diversifying Electorate: Voting Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin in 2012 (and Other Recent Elections),” U.S. Census Bureau report, May 2013, http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-568.pdf.
26. Marc Ambinder, “Race Over?”, Atlantic, January–February 2009, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/01/race-over/307215/.
27. “Inside Obama’s Sweeping Victory,” Pew Research Center, November 5, 2008, http://www.pewresearch.org/2008/11/05/inside-obamas-sweeping-victory/.
28. Claude Steele, Whistling Vivaldi: And Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 219.
29. Andrew Sullivan, “Goodbye to All That: Why Obama Matters,” Atlantic, December 2007, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/12/goodbye-to-all-that-why-obama-matters/306445/.
30. Ambinder, “Race Over?”
31. Ann Friedman, “All Politics Is Identity Politics,” American Prospect, July 29, 2010, http://prospect.org/article/all-politics-identity-politics-0.
32. Hsu, “End of White America?”
Chapter Fourteen
Dis/Union: The Paradox of the Post-Racial Moment
1. Lawrence Bobo, “Somewhere Between Jim Crow and Post-Racialism: Reflections on the Racial Divide in America Today,” Daedalus 140:2 (2011), 29, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/DAED_a_00091.
2. Cathy Cohen, “Millennials & the Myth of the Post-Racial Society: Black Youth, Intra-generational Divisions & the Continuing Racial Divide in American Politics,” Daedalus 140:2 (2011), 200–202.
3. Gallup Poll on race relations, data from polls taken on June 5–6, 2008 and October 16–19, 2009, http://www.gallup.com/poll/1687/race-relations.aspx.
4. New York Post, December 23, 2008.
Who We Be : The Colorization of America (9781466854659) Page 46