5. The Colbert Report, aired December 21, 2011.
6. The Colbert Report, aired January 20, 2009.
7. Patrice O’Neal, Elephant in the Room, DVD, 2011.
8. Hsu, “End of White America?”
9. Gary Younge, “The Obama Effect,” Nation, December 13, 2007, http://www.thenation.com/article/obama-effect.
10. Gwen Ifill, The Breakthrough: Politics and Race in the Age of Obama (New York: Doubleday, 2009), 49.
11. In 2008, Connerly’s anti–affirmative action measure in Colorado went down to defeat, as the state voted blue for only the second time in four decades.
12. Lawrence Auster, “What Is Post-Racial America?”, View from the Right blog, February 25, 2008, http://www.amnation.com/vfr/archives/010000.html.
13. Buchanan, Suicide of a Superpower, 133.
14. Buchanan, Suicide of a Superpower, viii.
15. “From Kids on Bus to Kanye West: Race Rules All in Obama’s America,” transcript of Rush Limbaugh show, September 15, 2009, http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2009/09/15/from_kids_on_bus_to_kanye_west_race_rules_all_in_obama_s_america.
16. Gallup Poll on race relations.
17. Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman, NurtureShock: New Thinking about Children (New York: Twelve, 2009), 52. See also Tony Brown, Emily Tanner-Smith, Chase L. Leane-Brown, and Michael E. Ezell, “Child, Parent, and Situational Correlates of Familial Ethnic/Race Socialization,” Journal of Marriage and Family 69:1 (February 2007), 17–19.
18. Morrison, Playing in the Dark, 9–10.
19. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva and Tyrone A. Forman, “‘I Am Not a Racist But…’: Mapping White College Students’ Racial Ideology in the USA,” Discourse & Society 11:1 (2000), 75–78. http://sites.psu.edu/kielceskirclblog/wp-content/uploads/sites/863/2013/04/bonilla-silva_forman_2000_i__m_not_a_rac.pdf.
20. Morrison, Playing in the Dark, 9.
21. Bronson and Merryman, NurtureShock, 56.
22. Steele, Whistling Vivaldi, 206.
23. Richard Thompson Ford, The Race Card: How Bluffing about Bias Makes Race Relations (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008), 335.
24. Howard Schuman, Charlotte Steeh, Lawrence Bobo, and Maria Krysan, “Trends in White Racial Attitudes,” in Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations, rev. ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 140–41, 148.
25. Paul Taylor, Rich Morin, D’Vera Cohen, and Wendy Wang. “Americans Say They Like Diverse Communities; Election, Census Trends Suggest Otherwise,” Pew Research Center, December 2, 2008, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2008/12/02/americans-say-they-like-diverse-communities-election-census-trends-suggest-otherwise/.
26. Sean Reardon and Kendra Bischoff, “Growth in the Residential Segregation of Families by Income, 1970–2009,” US2010 Project, November 2011, 15–16, http://www.s4.brown.edu/us2010/Data/Report/report111111.pdf.
27. Gary Orfield, John Kucsera, and Genevieve Siegel-Hawley, E Pluribus … Separation: Deepening Double Segregation for More Students, Los Angeles, The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles at UCLA, September 2012, 9–10. See also Gary Orfield, Reviving the Goal of an Integrated Society: A 21st Century Challenge, Los Angeles: The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles at UCLA, January 2009, 9, http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/reviving-the-goal-of-an-integrated-society-a-21st-century-challenge/orfield-reviving-the-goal-mlk-2009.pdf.
28. UCLA Institute for Democracy, Education, and Access, Separate and Unequal: 50 Years after Brown: California’s Racial “Opportunity Gap,” May 6, 2004, 17, http://idea.gseis.ucla.edu/publications/files/brownsu2.pdf.
29. Ibid., ii.
30. Orfield and Yun, Resegregation.
31. Sheryll Cashin, The Failures of Integration: How Race and Class Are Undermining the American Dream (Cambridge: PublicAffairs, 2004), 3.
32. Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 50–53.
33. “Former Wells Fargo Subprime Loan Officer: Bank Targeted Black Churches as Part of Predatory Subprime Lending Scheme,” Democracy Now news program, August 28, 2009, http://www.democracynow.org/2009/8/28/former_wells_fargo_subprime_loan_officer.
34. “The State of the Nation’s Housing 2008,” Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, 2, http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/research/publications/statenations-housing-2008.
35. See Jacob S. Rugh and Douglas S. Massey, “Racial Segregation and the American Foreclosure Crisis,” American Sociological Review 75:5 (2010), http://blogs.reuters.com/felix-salmon/files/2010/10/10ASR10_629-651_massey-2.pdf; Richard Rothstein, “A Comment on Bank of America/Countrywide’s Discriminatory Mortgage Lending and Its Implications for Racial Segregation,” Briefing Paper #335, Economic Policy Institute, January 23, 2012, http://www.epi.org/publication/bp335-boa-countrywide-discriminatory-lending/.
36. Margery Austin Turner, Rob Santos, Diane K. Levy, Doug Wissoker, Claudia Arana, Rob Pitingolo, and the Urban Institute, “Housing Discrimination against Racial and Ethnic Minorities 2012,” U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2013, http://www.huduser.org/portal/publications/fairhsg/hsg_discrimination_2012.html.
37. “Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Wells Fargo Bank and Wells Fargo Financial Leasing, Inc.” Attachment A, “Declaration of Tony Paschal” and “Declaration of Elizabeth Jacobson,” filed June 1, 2009, http://www.nclc.org/images/pdf/unreported/paschal-decl-balt.pdf.
38. Rugh and Massey, “Racial Segregation.”
39. Gregory D. Squires, Derek S. Hyra, and Robert N. Renner, “Segregation and the Subprime Lending Crisis,” Economic Policy Institute, Briefing Paper #244, November 4, 2009, 3, http://www.epi.org/publication/segregation_and_the_subprime_lending_crisis/.
40. Jo Becker, Sheryl Gay Stolberg, and Stephen Labaton, “White House Philosophy Stoked Mortgage Bonfire,” New York Times, December 20, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/21/business/21admin.html.
41. Adam Davidson, “How AIG Fell Apart,” Reuters, September 18, 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/09/18/us-how-aig-fell-apart-idUSMAR85972720080918.
42. Becker, Stolberg, and Labaton, “White House Philosophy.”
43. “State of the Nation’s Housing 2008,” 20.
44. Debbie Gruenstein Bocian, Wei Li, and Keith S. Ernst, “Foreclosures by Race and Ethnicity: The Demographics of a Crisis,” Center for Responsible Lending, June 18, 2010, 10, http://www.responsiblelending.org/mortgage-lending/research-analysis/foreclosures-by-race-and-ethnicity.html.
45. Ibid., 17.
46. Tim Sullivan, Wanjiku Mwangi, Brian Miller, Dedrick Muhammad, and Colin Harris. State of the Dream 2012: The Emerging Majority, Boston, United for a Fair Economy, January 12, 2012, 14, http://faireconomy.org/dream/2012/executive_summary.
47. Rakesh Kochhar, Richard Fry, and Paul Taylor, “Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs Between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics,” Pew Research Center report, July 26, 2011, 15, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/07/26/wealth-gaps-rise-to-record-highs-between-whites-blacks-hispanics/.
48. Becker, Stolberg, and Labaton, “White House Philosophy.”
49. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “Fear of a Black President,” Atlantic, September 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/09/fear-of-a-black-president/309064/.
50. Cashin, Failures of Integration, 38.
51. Coates, “Fear of a Black President.”
52. Ibid.
Chapter Fifteen
Who We Be: Debt, Community, and Colorization
1. Martin Luther King Jr., “The Birth of a New Nation,” speech delivered at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, April 7, 1957, Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project Web site, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/publications/speeches/The_birth_of_a_new_nation.html.
2. Quoted here from David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years (Brooklyn: Melville House, 2012), 372–73.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., 389.
; 5. Ibid., 379.
6. Ibid., 378–79.
7. Ibid., 382.
8. Judith (Jack) Halberstam, The Queer Art of Failure. (Durham: Duke Univeisty Press, 2011.) Ibid., 383.
9. Micah M. White, “Cognitive Illusions,” Adbusters Web site, June 22, 2012, https://www.adbusters.org/magazine/102/cognitive-illusions.html.
10. Matthias Schwartz, “Pre-Occupied,” New Yorker, November 28, 2011, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/28/111128fa_fact_schwartz.
11. Quoted in “#OCCUPYWALLSTREET,” Adbusters Web site, July 13, 2011.
12. “A Modest Call to Action on This September 17th,” Occupy Wall Street Web site, September 17, 2011, http://occupywallst.org/archive/Sep-18-2011/.
13. John Paul Montano, “An Open Letter to the Occupy Wall Street Activists,” Zashnain@bedlamfury blog, http://www.zashnain.com/2011/09/open-letter-to-occupy-wall-street.html.
14. See Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (New York: Back Bay Books, 1993), 14.
15. Angela Davis, “(Un)Occupy,” in Keith Gessen and Astra Taylor, eds., Occupy! Scenes from Occupied America (New York: Verso, 2011), 133.
16. Mike Davis, “The Last White Election?”, New Left Review, January–February 2013, 19, http://newleftreview.org/II/79/mike-davis-the-last-white-election.
17. Matt Taibbi, “Greed and Debt: The True Story of Mitt Romney and Bain Capital,” Rolling Stone, September 13, 2012, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/greed-and-debt-the-true-story-of-mitt-romney-and-bain-capital-20120829.
18. David Corn, “Secret Video: Romney Tells Millionaire Donors What He Really Thinks of Obama Voters,” Mother Jones, September 17, 2012, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/09/secret-video-romney-private-fundraiser.
19. Peter Roff, “Enthusiasm Gap Means Mitt Romney Could Blow Out President Obama,” U.S. News & World Report, August 13, 2012, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/peter-roff/2012/08/13/enthusiasm-gap-means-mitt-romney-could-blow-out-president-obama.
20. Jacob K. Javits, “To Preserve the Two-Party System,” New York Times, October 27, 1963.
21. Wendy Weiser and Diana Kasdan, Voting Law Changes: Election Update, Report by the Brennan Center for Justice, October 2012, 1, http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/publications/Voting_Law_Changes_Election_Update.pdf.
22. Rosalind S. Helderman and Jon Cohen, “As Republican Convention Emphasizes Diversity, Racial Incidents Intrude,” Washington Post, August 29, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-republican-convention-emphasizes-diversity-racial-incidents-intrude/2012/08/29/b9023a52-f1ec-11e1-892d-bc92fee603a7_story.html.
23. “RNC 2012: The Road to Jeb Bush 2016: Invisible Obama,” The Daily Show, August 21, 2012, http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/fri-august-31-2012/rnc-2012---the-road-to-jeb-bush-2016---invisible-obama.
24. Martin Wisckol, “O.C. GOP licks Wounds, Eyes Future,” Orange County Register, November 7, 2012, http://www.ocregister.com/totalbuzz/gop-469555-obama-ocregister.html.
25. Barack Obama, “Xavier University Commencement Address: New Orleans,” August 11, 2006, http://obamaspeeches.com/087-Xavier-University-Commencement-Address-Obama-Speech.htm.
26. Frances Robles, “Shooter of Trayvon Martin a Habitual Caller to Cops,” Miami Herald, March 21, 2012, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/03/19/142416/shooter-of-trayvon-martin-a-habitual.html.
27. Jeff Kunerth, “Trayvon Martin Case Reveals Undercurrent of Racial Tension, Distrust in Sanford,” Orlando Sentinel, August 29, 2013, http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-07-21/news/os-trayvon-racial-tension-sanford-20120721_1_new-sanford-sanford-restaurant-theo-hollerbach.
28. Lane DeGregory, “Trayvon Martin’s Killing Shatters Safety within Retreat at Twin Lakes in Sanford,” Tampa Bay Times, March 24, 2012, http://www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/trayvon-martins-killing-shatters-safety-within-retreat-at-twin-lakes-in/1221799.
29. Robles, “Shooter of Trayvon Martin.”
30. Ibid.
31. DeGregory, “Trayvon Martin’s Killing.”
32. Robles, “Shooter of Trayvon Martin.”
33. Frances Robles, “Sanford Police Chief Under Fire amid Trayvon Martin Case,” Miami Herald, March 21, 2012, http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/03/21/2706876/sanford-commission-votes-no-confidence.html.
34. Daniel Trotta, “Trayvon Martin: Before the World Heard the Cries,” Reuters, April 3, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/03/us-usa-florida-shooting-trayvon-idUSBRE8320UK20120403.
35. Hillary Busis, “Geraldo Blames Trayvon Martin’s Hoodie, Feels Internet’s Wrath,” Entertainment Weekly, March 23, 2012, http://popwatch.ew.com/2012/03/23/geraldo-rivera-trayvon-martin-hoodie/.
36. “Miami Heat Don Hoodies after Teen’s Death,” ESPN News Services, March 24, 2012, http://espn.go.com/nba/truehoop/miamiheat/story/_/id/7728618/miamiheat-don-hoodies-response-death-teen-trayvon-martin.
37. Thomas Bradley, “‘Long Live Zimmerman’ on Hale Hall, Ohio State’s Black Cultural Center,” The Lantern, April 4, 2012, http://thelantern.com/2012/04/long-live-zimmerman-on-hale-hall-ohio-states-black-cultural-center/. School officials agreed that the symbolism seemed intentional. President Gordon Gee stated, “Let me be very clear: this is not who we are at Ohio State. Racism will not be tolerated on our campus.”
38. In the coming months, Seminole County Court Judge Kenneth Lester would set his bail at $1 million, citing Zimmerman’s plan not to disclose the money he had raised, and a related plot to flee the country.
39. Frances Robles, “Multiple Suspensions Paint Complicated Portrait of Trayvon Martin,” Miami Herald, March 26, 2012, http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/03/26/v-print/2714778/thousands-expected-at-trayvon.html.
40. Toluse Olorunnipa, Erika Bolstad, and Frances Robles, “George Zimmerman Could Face Life in Prison for the killing of Trayvon Martin,” Miami Herald. April 11, 2012, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/04/11/144855/report-george-zimmerman-to-be.html.
41. Michael Muskal, “Judge Bars Some Words in George Zimmerman Murder Trial,” Los Angeles Times, June 21, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/21/nation/la-na-nn-george-zimmerman-trial-20130621.
42. Mychal Denzel Smith, “Trayvon Martin: From Lament to Rallying Cry,” Nation, July 15, 2013, http://www.thenation.com/blog/175274/trayvon-martin-lament-rallying-cry.
43. Sonali Kolhaktar interviewing Mychal Denzel Smith, “Trayvon Martin and Emmett Till, and How Concrete Became Martin’s ‘Weapon,’” Uprising Radio, July 15, 2013, http://uprisingradio.org/home/2013/07/15/trayvon-martin-and-emmett-till-and-how-concrete-became-martins-weapon/.
44. State of Florida v. George Zimmerman, “Instructions Read to Jury by the Honorable Debra S. Nelson, Circuit Judge,” July 12, 2013.
45. “Stand Your Ground Scrutinized,” CNN, July 17, 2013, transcript, http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1307/17/cnr.09.html.
46. “Exclusive Interview with Juror B-37,” Anderson Cooper: 360 Degrees, CNN, July 15, 2013, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1307/15/acd.01.html.
47. Transcribed by author, Video of Interviews aired on Good Morning America and ABC News Web site, July 26, 2013.
48. William A. Jacobson, “The ‘What if Trayvon Were White’ Logical Fallacy,” Legal Insurrection blog, July 15, 2013, http://legalinsurrection.com/2013/07/the-what-if-trayvon-were-white-logical-fallacy/.
49. Maddy may have been reacting to this exchange between Anderson Cooper and Juror B-37:
COOPER: Can you tell me just a little bit about that last day in the jury room deliberating? I mean, you went for so long. Did you know you were close?
JUROR B-37: We knew we were close. We knew we were close five hours before we got to where we were because we were slowly making progress the entire time. We didn’t come to a stumbling block. We were reading and reading and reading and reading and knew we were progressing.
COOPER: And did the jurors, did you all get along well? I mean, was there conflict? Was there—how did the deliberation process? How was being toge
ther this long?
JUROR B-37: The deliberation was—it was tough. We all pretty much get along. It’s hard sometimes to let other people talk, you know, at one time and then have somebody else talk instead of adding your comments to whatever they were saying trying to help figure it out what we were trying to figure out. At times, I thought we might have a hung jury because one of them said they were going to leave, and we convinced them that you can’t leave. You can’t do this. You have been in this too long to walk out now.
COOPER: They were going to leave for personal reasons, family reasons?
JUROR B-37: Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm.
Anderson Cooper: 360 Degrees, CNN, “Interview of Zimmerman Juror-B37,” aired July 16, 2013, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1307/16/acd.01.html. Ibid., author’s transcript.
50. Frank Rich, “Frank Rich on the National Circus: National Conversations Can’t Fix What Killed Trayvon,” New York, July 18, 2013, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/07/frank-rich-talk-cant-fix-what-killed-trayvon.html.
51. James Baldwin, “A Report from Occupied Territory,” Nation, July 11, 1966, http://www.thenation.com/article/159618/report-occupied-territory.
52. Thanks to the critic Gary Younge for reviving this quote in his excellent 2012 and 2013 writings on Trayvon Martin, Mamie Till, racial murders, and urban segregation. See Gary Younge, “Mamie Till’s Warning Still Holds True in a Racist World,” Guardian, April 8, 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/apr/08/rooting-out-racism-us-uk-black. Also, Gary Younge, “Law and Disorder: The Destructive Dynamic of America’s Segregated Cities,” Guardian, April 5, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/apr/05/law-disorder-destructive-dynamic-segregated-cities.
53. “America in the Mirror,” Dream Defenders Web site, July 9, 2013, http://dreamdefenders.org/america-in-the-mirror/.
54. Barack Obama, “Remarks on Trayvon Martin,” July 19, 2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/19/remarks-president-trayvon-martin.
55. DeGregory, “Trayvon Martin’s Killing”; Robles, “Shooter of Trayvon Martin”; “Sanford Police Surround Community Where George Zimmerman Shot Trayvon Martin,” WKMG, July 13, 2013, http://www.clickorlando.com/news/sanford-police-surround-community-where-george-zimmerman-shot-trayvon-martin/-/1637132/20969242/-/12ro846z/-/index.html.
Who We Be : The Colorization of America (9781466854659) Page 47