62. Intra-Office Memorandum from Chief, MIS, to A.C. of S., G-2, March 14, 1946, RG 319, Entry 47C, Box 1294, NARA.
63. General der Infanterie Buhle to Colonel Lovell, January 23, 1946, RG 319, Entry 47C, Box 1294, NARA.
64. General der Infanterie Buhle to Colonel Lovell, December 15, 1945, and General der Infanterie Buhle to Colonel Lovell, January 23, 1946, RG 319, Entry 47C, Box 1294, NARA.
65. General der Infanterie Buhle to Colonel Lovell, January 23, 1946, RG 319, Entry 47C, Box 1294, NARA.
66. “Statement of Lt. Col. Gerald Duin,” in Ruffner, Forging an Intelligence Partnership, 1:36, NARA (emphasis added).
67. Ibid., 35.
68. “Statement of Lt. Col. Gerald Duin” and “Debriefing of Eric Waldman on the U.S. Army’s Trusteeship of the Gehlen Organization during the Years 1945–1949,” September 30, 1969, in Ruffner, Forging an Intelligence Partnership, 1:35, 45, NARA; GMDS, Reports for the Months of September, October, and November (1945), RG 242, Entry 282BC, Box 135, NARA.
69. “Statement of Lt. Col. Gerald Duin,” in Ruffner, Forging an Intelligence Partnership, 1:39–41, NARA; “Final Report on GMDS,” dated April 1, 1947, lists the “Foreign Armies East documents” as part of the German Military Document Section collections; no date for their arrival is given, however. RG 242, Entry 282BC, Box 135, NARA.
70. “Statement of Lt. Col. Gerald Duin,” in Ruffner, Forging an Intelligence Partnership, 1:38, NARA.
71. Ibid., 37.
72. Data concerning POWs to Be Retained, April 15, 1946, RG 319, Entry 47C, Box 1294, NARA.
73. Ibid.; “Statement of Lt. Col. Gerald Duin,” in Ruffner, Forging an Intelligence Partnership, 1:36, NARA.
74. German Military Document Section, MB 867, the Pentagon, June 7 and April 19, 1946, RG 242, Entry 282BC, Box 134, NARA.
75. German General Officer Prisoners of War Interned in the United States, May 7, 1946, RG 549, Entry 2202AC, Box 3, NARA.
76. “Statement of Lt. Col. Gerald Duin,” in Ruffner, Forging an Intelligence Partnership, 1:36, NARA. Curiously, James Byrnes did not take office as secretary of state until July 3, 1946, three days after the imposed deadline for the repatriation of German prisoners of war.
77. General Huebner to General Clay, November 20, 1946, and General Keating to General Huebner, May 9, 1947, RG 260, Box 20, NARA.
78. List of GMDS Studies, January 29, 1954, RG 242, Entry 282BC, Box 137, NARA.
79. “Evaluation of GMDS Collection,” summary sheet, Col. R. L. Hopkins to Chief of Staff, RG 242, AGAR-S, No. 1377, NARA.
80. “Statement of Lt. Col. Gerald Duin,” in Ruffner, Forging an Intelligence Partnership, 1:36, NARA.
Conclusion
1. Transportation of Prisoners of War in Pullman Cars, June 30, 1945, RG 160, Entry 1, Box 36, NARA.
2. Theodor Graf von Sponeck, Meine Erinnerungen, pp. 186–88, MSg 1/3329, BA-MA.
3. Ibid., 189–91.
4. Kenneth W. Hechler, “The Enemy Side of the Hill: The 1945 Background on Interrogation of German Commanders,” in World War II German Military Studies: A Collection of 213 Special Reports on the Second World War Prepared by Former Officers of the Wehrmacht for the United States Army, ed. Donald S. Detwiler, Charles B. Burdick, and Jürgen Rohwer (New York: Garland, 1979), 1:9–11, 20–25.
5. Ellinor F. Anspacher, Theodore W. Bauer, and Oliver J. Frederiksen, The Army Historical Program in the European Theater and Command, 8 May 1945–3 December 1950, Occupation Forces in Europe series (Karlsruhe, Germany: Historical Division European Command, 1951); Detwiler, Burdick, and Rohwer, World War II German Military Studies, 1:50–53.
6. Detwiler, Burdick, and Rohwer, World War II German Military Studies, 1:53–54.
7. Ibid., 1:81–82.
8. “Complete Listing by George Wagner of German Military Studies (ETHINT, A, B, C, D, P, and T Series) held at the U.S. National Archives, with Author Index,” in Detwiler, Burdick, and Rohwer, World War II German Military Studies; Theodor Graf von Sponeck, Meine Erinnerungen, pp. 191–94, MSg 1/3329, BA-MA; “Von Sponeck,” MSg 109, BA-MA.
9. Dietrich von Choltitz, Soldat unter Soldaten (Zürich: Europe Verlag, 1951), 279–84.
10. These twenty-one general officers included von Arnim, Badinski, Bieringer, Bruhn, von Choltitz, Cuno, Daser, Gallenkamp, Gundelach, Kessler, Kittel, Krause, von Liebenstein, von Quast, Richter, Schnarrenberger, von Sponeck, Stolberg, Ullersperger, von Vaerst, and Vaterrodt. “Complete Listing by George Wagner of German Military Studies (ETHINT, A, B, C, D, P, and T Series) held at the U.S. National Archives, with Author Index,” in Detwiler, Burdick and Rohwer, World War II German Military Studies.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., 1:92–97.
14. Ibid., 1:90–92, 107–12. See also James H. Critchfield, Partners at the Creation: The Men behind Postwar Germany’s Defense and Intelligence Establishments (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003).
15. What is perhaps most remarkable about the American relationship with Gehlen is not that Washington chose to work with a former high-ranking member of Hitler’s staff but rather that they chose one who appeared to be largely inept at intelligence work. During the three years in which Gehlen served as chief of Fremde Heer Ost, his service was largely unremarkable, at times even incompetent. See David Thomas, “Foreign Armies East and German Military Intelligence in Russia, 1941–45,” Journal of Contemporary History 22 (April 1987): 261–301.
16. Ibid.
17. PERS 1/103932, BA-MA.
18. PERS 1/103928, PERS 1/2885, BA-MA.
19. Ramcke, Fallschirmjäger, 101–13.
20. Ramcke, Fallschirmjäger, 254–61; “French Convict Nazi General,” New York Times, March 22, 1951.
21. Alaric Searle, Wehrmacht Generals, West German Society, and the Debate on Rearmament, 1949–1959 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003), 163–65.
22. Ibid., 168–69; “Ex-Nazi’s Anti-West Blast Irks Bonn,” Christian Science Monitor, October 28, 1952; “The Black Coats,” Time, November 10, 1952.
23. “Ex-Nazi’s Anti-West Blast Irks Bonn,” Christian Science Monitor, October 28, 1952; “The Black Coats,” Time, November 10, 1952; Searle, Wehrmacht Generals, 286.
24. “Reunion Planned by Afrika Korps,” New York Times, August 29, 1951; Searle, Wehrmacht Generals, 165; “Afrika Corps Chief Plans to Organize German Vet Group,” Christian Science Monitor, August 27, 1951.
25. “Bonn Army Chief Hinted,” New York Times, October 9, 1954; “The New Look in German Generals,” New York Times, December 18, 1954.
26. See the records of the U.S. Army, Europe, Historical Division, RG 549, Entry 2202AC, Box 3, NARA.
27. The list of German general officers interned in the United States omitted von Aulock, Bruhn, Cuno, Daser, Gallenkamp, Hermann, Heyking, Kittel, Pollert, Vaterrodt, and Buhle. Location of German PWs, August 14, 1946; Movement of PWs, May 14, 1946; Letter of Transmittal, May 4, 1946; German General Officer Prisoners of War Interned in the United States, May 7, 1946, all in RG 549, Entry 2202AC, Box 3, NARA.
28. Request for Location of Certain German Officers, February 10, 1947, and Memorandum to Commanding Officer, 7734 Hist. Det., March 5, 1947, RG 549, Entry 2202AC, Box 4, NARA; Parole of Cooperative Prisoners of War, April 2, 1947, and List of German Officers to be Retained with the Last Group to be Transferred to Allendorf, June 25, 1947, RG 549, Entry 2202AC, Box 6, NARA.
29. Report of Temporary Duty, Camp #11, February 28, 1948, RG 549, Entry 2202AC, Box 7, NARA; Suppression of the German General Staff and Officer Corps, June 3, 1946, FO 1038/136, TNA; Staff Minute Sheet, “The definition of a militarist,” July 9, 1948, FO 1038/165, TNA; Classification of German Militarists, February 10, 1948, FO 939/194, TNA; Categorization of Ex-Members of the German Armed Forces, FO 1038/164, TNA.
30. Watch List of German Generals, April 3, 1946, RG 319, Entry 82, Box 3706, NARA.
31. Anspacher, Bauer, and Frederiksen, Army Historical Program, 55–56, 87–88, 100; “Editor’s Introdu
ction,” in Detwiler, Burdick, and Rohwer, World War II German Military Studies, 1:1–2.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Category A (Security Suspects) for Transfer to Bremen for CIC Edelheide, October 8, 1947, FO 939/194, TNA; Nominal Role of Confirmed Category II (Militarists) by Review Boards at Adelheide as of January 1, 1948, FO 1038/164, TNA; Travel Control of Militarists/Stop List, October 11, 1948, FO 1038/165, TNA.
35. A Survey of the German Generals and General Staff, June 10, 1947, FO 393/40, TNA.
36. See Wood, “Captive Historians, Captivated Audience”; and Soutor, “To Stem the Red Tide.”
37. For further study of the American admiration for German general officers, see Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies II, The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). The Guderian story and quotes appear on page 125.
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