Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom
Page 37
"Maximinus and the Christians in A.D. 312: A New Latin Inscription." Journal ofRoman Studies 78 (1988).
Momigliano, Arnaldo. "Christianity and the Decline of the Roman Empire." In The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century, ed. Arnaldo Momigliano. Oxford: Clarendon, 1963.
ed. The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century. Oxford: Clarendon, 1963.
Motyl, Alexander. "Is Everything Empire? Is Empire Everything?" Comparative Politics 39 (2006).
Muller, H. Christians and Pagans from Constantine to Augustine, pt. 1, The Religious Policies of the Roman Emperors. Pretoria: Union Booksellers, 1946.
Murray, Alexander. "Peter Brown and the Shadow of Constantine." Journal ofRoman Studies 73 (1983).
Neufeld, Justin. "Just War Theory, the Authorization of the State and the Hermeneutics of Peoplehood: How John Howard Yoder Can Save Oliver O'Donovan from Himself." International Journal of Systematic Theology 8, no. 6 (2006).
Neusner, Jacob. Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine: History, Messiah, Israel and the Initial Confrontation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Nibley, Hugh. "Christian Envy of the Temple," pts. 1-2. Jewish Quarterly Review, n.s. 50, nos. 2-3 (1959).
Nicholson, Oliver. "Constantine's Vision of the Cross." Vigiliae Christianae 54, no. 3 (2000).
The `Pagan Churches' of Maximinus Daia and Julian the Apostate." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 45, no. 1 (1994).
Nixon, C. E. V. "Constantinus Oriens Imperator, Propaganda and Panegyric: On Reading Panegyric 7 (307)." Historia 42, no. 2 (1993).
Nixon, C. E. V., and Barbara Saylor Rodgers, eds. and trans. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
Nock, Arthur Darby. "The Roman Army and the Roman Religious Year." Harvard Theological Review 45, no. 4 (1952).
Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge, 2004.
. "God and Constantine: Divine Sanction for Imperial Rule in the First Christian Emperor's Early Letters and Art." Catholic Historical Review 81, no. 3 (1995).
O'Donovan, Oliver. The Desire ofNations: Rediscovering the Roots ofPoliti- cal Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Ollenburger, Ben C., and Gayle Gerber Koontz, eds. A Mind Patient and Untamed: Assessing John Howard Yoder's Contributions to Theology, Ethics and Peacemaking. Telford, Penn.: Cascadia, 2004.
Parker, Robert. Miasma: Pollution and Purification in Early Greek Religion. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.
Paschoud, Francois. "Zosime 2,29 et la version paienne de la conversion de Constantin." Historia 20, nos. 2/3 (1971).
Petroupoulou, Maria-Zoe. Animal Sacrifice in Ancient Greek Religion,,Juda- ism and Christianity, 100 BC to AD 200. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Pohlsander, Hans A. "Crispus: Brilliant Career and Tragic End." Zeitschrft furAlte Geschichte 33, no. 1 (1984).
Pollock, Frederick. Essays in Jurisprudence andEthics. London: Macmillan, 1882.
Potter, David S. "Martyrdom as Spectacle." In Theater and Society in the Classical World, ed. Ruth Scodel. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.
Prophets and Emperors: Human and Divine Authority from Augustine to Theodosius. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994.
The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395. Routledge History of the Ancient World. London: Routledge, 2004.
. "Roman Religion." In Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire, ed. David S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999.
Potter, David S., and D. J. Mattingly, eds. Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999.
Price, S. R. F. Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Radin, Max. "The Exposure of Infants in Roman Law and Practice." Classical journa120, no. 6 (1925).
Ramage, Nancy H., and Andew Ramage. Roman Art. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson / Prentice Hall, 2009.
Rawson, Beryl, ed. Marriage, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Reichberg, Gregory M., Henrik Syse, and Endre Begby, eds. The Ethics of War. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006.
Reno, R. R. "Stanley Hauerwas." In The Blackwell Companion to Political Theology, ed. Peter Scott and William T. Cavanaugh. Oxford: Black well, 2004.
Rives, J. B. "The Decree of Decius and the Religion of Empire." Journal of Roman Studies 89 (1999).
Roldanus, Johannes. The Church in the Age of Constantine: The Theological Challenges. London: Ashgate, 2006.
Rubenstein, Richard L. The Cunning of History: The Holocaust and the American Future. New York: Harper, 1975.
Rupke, Jorg. Religion of the Romans. Trans. Richard Gordon. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity, 2007.
Rushdoony, Rousas John. The Foundations of Social Order: Studies in the Creeds and Councils of the Early Church. Fairfax, Va.: Thoburn, 1978.
Salzman, Michele Renee. "The Evidence for the Conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity in Book 16 of the `Theodosian Code."' Historia 42, no. 3 (1993).
The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the Western Roman Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.
Scheid, John. Quandfaire, c'est croire: Les rites sacrificiels des Romains. Paris: Aubier, 2005.
Schlabach, Gerald W. "Deuteronomic or Constantinian: What Is the Most Basic Problem for Christian Social Ethics?" In The Wisdom of the Cross: Essays in Honor ofJohn Howard Yoder, ed. Stanley Hauerwas et al. Eugene, Ore.: Wipf and Stock, 2005.
Scodel, Ruth, ed. Theater and Society in the Classical World. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.
Scott, Peter, and William T. Cavanaugh, eds. The Blackwell Companion to Political Theology. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
Seznec, Jean. The Survival of the Pagan Gods. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Sider, J. Alexander. "Constantinianism Before and After Nicaea: Issues in Reconstitutionist Historiography." InA MindPatient and Untamed.-As- sessing John Howard Yoder's Contributions to Theology, Ethics and Peacemaking, ed. Ben C. Ollenburger and Gayle Koontz. Telford, Penn.: Cascadia, 2004.
"`To See History Doxologically': History and Holiness in John Howard Yoder's Ecclesiology." Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 2004.
Simon, Marcel. Verus Israel.•A Study ofthe Relations Between Christians and Jews in the Roman Empire, AD 135-425. Trans. H. McKeating. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1996.
Skarsaune, Oskar. In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2002.
Smith, R. R. R. "The Public Image of Licinius I: Portrait Sculpture and Imperial Ideology in the Fourth Century." Journal of Roman Studies 87 (1997).
Stark, Rodney. The Rise of Christianity. San Francisco: Harper, 1997.
Stauffer, Ethelbert. Christ and the Caesars: Historical Sketches. Trans. K. and R. Gregor Smith. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1955.
Straub, Johannes A. "Constantine as KOINOS EPISKOPOS: Tradition and Innovation in the Representation of the Christian Emperor's Majesty." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 21 (1967).
. "Konstantins Verzicht auf den Gang zum Kapitol." Ilistoria 4, nos. 2/3 (1955).
Stroumsa, Guy G. The End of Sacrifice: Religious Transformations in Late Antiquity. Trans. Susan Emanuel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
Swift, Louis J. "Augustine on War and Killing: Another View." Harvard Theological Review 66 (1973).
The Early Fathers on War and Military Service. Message of the Fathers of the Church 19. Wilmington, Del.: Michael Glazier, 1983.
"St. Ambrose on Violence and War." Transactions and Proceedings of the American PhilologicalAssociation 101 (1970).
Talbert, Richard J. A. Review of Corruption and the Decline of Rome by Ramsay M
acMullen. Phoenix 45, no. 1 (1991).
Thielman, Frank S. "Another Look at the Eschatology of Eusebius of Caesarea." Vigiliae Christianae 41, no. 3 (1987).
Thompson, E. A. "Christianity and the Northern Barbarians." In The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century, ed. Arnaldo Momigliano. Oxford: Clarendon, 1963.
Tomlin, Roger. "Christianity and the Late Roman Army." In Constantine: History, Historigraophy and Legend, ed. Samuel Lieu and Dominic Montserrat. London: Routledge, 1998.
Treggiari, Susan. "Divorce Roman Style: How Easy and How Frequent Was It?" In Marriage, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome, ed. Beryl Rawson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Trocme, Andrew. Jesus and the Nonviolent Revolution. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 2003.
Troeltsch, Ernst. The Social Teaching ofthe Christian Churches. Trans. Olive Wyon. 2 vols. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1960.
True, David. "Embracing Hauerwas? A Niebuhrian Takes a Closer Look." Political Theology 8, no. 2 (2007).
Turchettti, Mario. "Religious Concord and Political Toleration in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century France." Sixteenth Century journal 22, no. 1 (1991).
Ullmann, Walter. "The Constitutional Significance of Constantine the Great's Settlement." Journal ofEcclesiastical History 27 (1976).
Van Dam, Raymond. The Roman Revolution of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Veyne, Paul. Bread and Circuses: Historical Sociology and Political Pluralism. Trans. Brian Pearce. New York: Penguin, 1960.
"Clientele et corruption an service de 1'Etat: La venalite des offices dans le Bas-Empire romain." Annales 36, no. 3 (1981).
Voltaire. Philosophical Dictionary, Volume 1. Translated by John G. Gorton. Available at Google Books.
On Toleration. Available at
Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. "Civilisprinceps: Between Citizen and King." Journal ofRoman Studies 72 (1982).
Wardman, Alan. Religion and Statecraft Among the Romans. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
. "Usurpers and Internal Conflicts in the 4th Century A.D." Historia 33, no. 2 (1984).
Watson, Alan. The Law of the Ancient Romans. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1970.
. The Spirit of Roman Law. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995.
Weaver, Alain Epp. "After Politics: John Howard Yoder, Body Politics and the Witnessing Church." Review ofPolitics 61, no. 4 (1999).
Weaver, J. Denny. "A Footnote on Jesus." Crosscurrents, Winter 2007.
Weiss, Peter. "The Vision of Constantine." Trans. A. R. Birley. Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 (2003).
Wiedemann, Thomas. Emperors and Gladiators. London: Routledge, 1992.
Wilken, Robert L. John Chrysostom and theJews: Rhetoric and Reality in the Late 4th Century. Eugene, Ore.: Wipf and Stock, 1983.
The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992.
The Myth of Christian Beginnings. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1970.
Williams, Daniel H. "Constantine, Nicaea and the `Fall' of the Church." In Christian Origins: Theology, Rhetoric and Community, ed. Lewis Ayres and S. Gareth Jones. London: Routledge, 1998.
Williams, George Huntston. "Christology and Church-State Relations in the Fourth Century," pts. 1-2. Church History 20, nos. 3-4 (1951).
Williams, Rowan. Arius: Heresy and Tradition. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.
Willis, Geoffrey Grimshaw. Saint Augustine and the Donatist Controversy. 1950. Reprint, Eugene, Ore.: Wipf and Stock, 2005.
Wilson, Anna. "Biographical Models: The Constantinian Period and Beyond." In Constantine: History, Historiography and Legend, ed. Samuel Lieu and Dominic Montserrat. London: Routledge, 1998.
Wirszubski, Chaim. "Libertas" as a Political Idea at Rome During the Late Republic and Early Principate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950.
Wolterstorff, Nicholas. "Fallen Powers." Lecture presented at Consultation on Good Power: Divine and Human, Yale Center on Faith and Culture, October 5-6, 2007.
Woods, David. "On the Death of the Empress Fausta." Greece and Rome, 2nd ser. 45, no. 1 (1998).
Wright, David H. "The True Face of Constantine the Great." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 41 (1987).
Wright, Nigel Goring. Disavowing Constantine: Mission, Church and the Social Order in the Theologies ofJohn HowardYoder andJiirgen Moltmann. Paternoster Theological Monographs. 2000. Reprint, Eugene, Ore.: Wipf and Stock, 2006.
Yoder, John Howard. Body Politics: Five Practices of the Christian Community Before the Watching World. Scottsdale, Penn.: Herald, 2001.
Christian Attitudes to War, Peace and Revolution. Ed. Theodore J. Koontz and Andy Alexis-Baker. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brazos, 2009.
For the Nations: Essays Public and Evangelical. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997.
The Jewish-Christian Schism Revisited. Ed. Michael G. Cartwright and Peter Ochs. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.
Nevertheless: Varieties ofReligious Pacifism. Scottdale, Penn.: Herald, 1992.
"On Not Being Ashamed of the Gospel: Particularity, Pluralism and Validation." Faith and Philosophy 9, no. 3 (1992).
The Original Revolution: Essays on Christian Pacifism. 1971. Reprint, Scottdale, Penn.: Herald, 2003.
The Politics of Jesus. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972.
Preface to Theology: Christology and Theological Method. Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2002.
The Priestly Kingdom: Social Ethics as Gospel. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984.
The Royal Priesthood: Essays Ecclesiological and Ecumenical. Ed. Michael G. Cartwright. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994.
The War of the Lamb: The Ethics of Nonviolence and Peacemaking. Ed. Glen Stassen et al. Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2009.
When War Is Unjust: Being Honest in Just-War Thinking. 1996. Reprint, Eugene, Ore.: Wipf and Stock, 2001.
Zanker, Paul. The Power of-Images in theAge ofAugustus. Trans. Alan Shapiro. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990.
Zerubavel, Eviatar. The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week. New York: Free Press, 1985.
'Norman H. Baynes, Constantine the Great andthe Christian Church, Raleigh Lecture on History (London: Humphrey Milford, 1929).
'The Mennonite theologian and ethicist John Howard Yoder (1927-1997) was for many years the world's most prominent theological proponent of pacifism and was probably the most influential Mennonite theologian who ever lived. He studied at the University of Basel, Switzerland, under Karl Barth, Oscar Cullman, and other prominent theologians and philosophers, then taught at the Goshen Biblical Seminary (now called Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary) and later at the University of Notre Dame. He influenced theologians from many different traditions (most prominently Stanley Hauerwas of Duke University) and is responsible, more than any other American theologian, for the antirealist direction of contemporary Christian thought about politics. His most important book, The Politics ofJesus (1972), included an assault on the theological and ethical inconsistencies in the work of realist Reinhold Niebuhr.
'The notion of theology as a social science comes from John Milbank, Theology and Social Theory: Beyond Secular Reason, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006). In contrast to many modern theologians who consider social science to be foundational for theology, Milbank argues that classical orthodoxy contains its own account of social and political life.
1Historia Augusta, selections available at
'Abridgement of Roman History, trans. John Selby Watson, available at
'The information in the foregoing paragraph is from Jacob Burckhardt, TheAge of Constantine the Great, trans. Moses Hadas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).
'For this stance, see David S. Potter, "Roman Religion," in Life, Death and Entertainment, ed. David S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), pp. 148-49.
'Paula Fredricksen, Augustine and the Jews: A Christian Defense of Jews and Judaism (New York: Doubleday, 2008), p. 89: "Cult, the ancients assumed, made gods happy; and when gods were happy, humans flourished. Conversely, not receiving cult made gods unhappy; and when gods were unhappy, they made people unhappy." Sacrifice was the central religious act in all ancient religions, and that includes the religions of the Greco-Roman classical world. On sacrifice in the Greek world, see Maria-Zoe Petroupoulou, Animal Sacrifice inAncient Greek Religion, Judaism and Christianity, 100 BC to AD 200 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) and Marcel Detienne and Jean-Pierre Vernant, The Cuisine of Sacrifice Among the Greeks (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); on Roman sacrifice, see George Heyman, The Power of Sacrifice: Roman and Christian Discourses in Conflict (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2007), and John Scheid, Quand faire, c'est croire: Les rites sacrificiels des Romains (Paris: Aubier, 2005).
6Lactantius Death 10; Timothy D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981). Timothy D. Barnes ("Sossianus Hierocles and the Antecedents of the `Great Persecution,' " Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 80 [1976]: 245) says that this likely occurred in Antioch. A. H. M. Jones (Constantine and the Conversion ofEurope [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978], p. 49) dates this incident to the previous year, 298.
7The date 297 is sometimes given, but Barnes ("Sossianus," pp. 247-50) argues in detail for the later date.
'Simon Corcoran, The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284-324, rev. ed., Oxford Classical Monographs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 135-36.