The Covert War Against Rock

by Alex Constantine

  Friends of Hendrix, according to Electric Gypsy, confiscated financial documents from his New York office and turned them over to Jimi: “One showed that what was supposed to be a $10,000 gig was in fact grossing $50,000.”

  “Jimi Hendrix was upset that large amounts of his money were missing,” reports rock historian R. Gary Patterson. Hendrix had discovered the financial diversions and took legal action to recover them.18

  But there was another factor also involving funds.

  Some of Hendrix’s friends have concluded that “Jeffrey stood to make a greater sum of money from a dead Jimi Hendrix than a living one. There was also mention of a one million dollar insurance policy covering Hendrix’s life made out with Jeffrey as the beneficiary.” The manager of the Experience constructed “a financial empire based on the posthumous releases of Hendrix’s previously unreleased recordings.”19 Crushing musical voices of dissent was proving to be an immensely profitable enterprise because a dead rocker leaves behind a fortune in publishing rights and royalties.

  Roadies couldn’t help but notice that Mike Jeffrey, the seasoned military intelligence officer, was capable of “subtle acts of sabotage against them,” reports Shapiro. Jeffrey booked the Experience for a concert tour with the Monkees and Hendrix was forced to cancel when the agony of playing to hordes of 12-year-old children, and fear of a parental backlash, convinced him to bail out.

  As for the arrest in Toronto, Hendrix confidantes also blame Jeffrey for the planted heroin. The charges were dropped after Hendrix argued that the unopened container of dope had been dropped into his travel bag upon departure by a girl who claimed that it was cold medicine.20

  In July, 1970, one month before his death, at precisely the time Hendrix stopped all communications with Jeffrey, he told Chuck Wein, a film director at Andy Warhol’s Factory: “The next time I go to Seattle will be in a pine box.”21

  And he knew who would drop him in it. Producer Alan Douglas recalls that Hendrix “had a hang-up about the word ‘manager.’” The guitarist had pled with Douglas, the proprietor of his own jazz label, to handle the band’s business affairs. One of the most popular musicians in the world was desperate. He appealed to a dozen business contacts to handle his bookings and finances, to no avail.22

  Meanwhile, the sabotage continued in every possible form. Douglas: “Regardless of whatever else Jimi wanted to do, Mike would keep pulling him back or pushing him back. . . . And the way the gigs were routed! I mean, one nighters—he would do Ontario one night, Miami the next night, California the next night. He used to waste [Hendrix] on a tour—and never make too much money because the expenses were ridiculous.”23

  The obits were a jumbled lot of skewed, contradictory eulogies: DRUGS KILL JIMI HENDRIX AT 24, ROCK STAR IS DEAD IN LONDON AT 27, OVERDOSE. Many of the obituaries dwelt on the “wild man of rock” image, but there were also many personal commentaries from reporters who followed his career closely, and they dismissed as hype reports of chronic drug abuse. Mike Ledgerwood, a writer for Disc and Music Echo, offered a portrait that the closest friends of Jimi Hendrix confirm: “Despite his fame and fortune—plus the inevitable hang-ups and hustles which beset his incredible career—he remained a quiet and almost timid individual. He was naturally helpful and honest.” Sounds magazine “found a man of quite remarkable charm, an almost old-world courtesy.”

  Hendrix biographer Tony Brown has, since the mid-’70s, collected all the testimony he could find relating to Hendrix’s death, and finds it “tragic” but “predictable.” The official cause of death was asphyxiation caused by inhaling his own vomit, but in the days and weeks leading up to the tragedy anyone with an ounce of common sense could see that Hendrix was heading for a terrible fall. Unfortunately, no one close to him managed to steer him clear of the maelstrom that was closing in. Brown sent a report based on his own investigation to the Attorney General’s office in February, 1992, “in the hope that they would reopen the inquest into Jimi’s death. The evidence was so strong that they ordered Scotland Yard detectives to conduct their own investigation.” Months later, detectives at the Yard responded to Sir Nicholas Lyle at the Attorney General’s office, rejecting the proposal to revive the inquest.24

  The pathologist’s report left the cause of death “open.” Monika Dannemann had long insisted that Hendrix was murdered. At the time of her own death, she had brought media attention to the case in a bitter and highly-publicized court battle with former Hendrix girlfriend Kathy Etchingham. On April 5, 1996, her body was discovered in a fume-filled car near her home in Seaford, Sussex, south England. Police dismissed the death as a “suicide” and the corporate press took dictation. But the Eastern Daily Press, a newspaper that circulates in the East Anglian region of the UK, raised another possibility: “Musician Uli Jon Roth, speaking at the thatched cottage where Miss Dannemann lived, said last night: ‘The thing looks suspicious. She had a lot of death threats against her over the years. . . . I always felt that she was really being crucified in front of everybody, and there was nothing anyone could do about it.’ Mr. Roth, formerly with the group The Scorpions, said Miss Danneman ‘is not a person to do something to herself.’” Roth threw one more inconsistency on the lot: “She didn’t believe in the concept of suicide.”

  Devon Wilson, another Hendrix paramour, in Experience drummer Mitch Mitchell’s view, “died under mysterious circumstances herself a few years later.”25

  Red, Red Wine

  Was Hendrix murdered while under the influence? Stanton Steele, an authority on addiction, offers a seemingly plausible explanation, “Extremely intoxicated people while asleep often lose the reflexive tendency to clear one’s throat of mucus, or they may strangle in their vomit. This appeared to have happened to Jimi Hendrix, who had taken both alcohol and prescription barbiturates the night of his death.”26

  Evidence has recently come to light clarifying the cause of death—extreme alcohol consumption aggravated by the barbiturates in Hendrix’s bloodstream—drowning. Hendrix is said to have choked to death after swallowing nine Vesperax sleeping tablets. This is not the lethal dose he’d have taken if suicide was the intent—he surely would have swallowed the remaining 40 or so pills in the packets Dannemann gave him if this was the idea—as Eric Burdon, the Animals’ vocalist and a friend of Hendrix, has suggested over the years.

  Hendrix was not felled by a drug overdose, as many news reports claimed. The pills were a sleeping aid, and not a very effective one at that. The two Vesperax that Dannemann saw him take before she fell asleep at 3 AM failed to put him under. He had taken a Durophet 20 amphetamine capsule at a dinner party the evening before. And then Hendrix, a chronic insomniac with an escalated tolerance level for barbiturates, had tried the Vesperax before and they proved ineffective. He apparently believed nine tablets would do him no harm.

  At 10 AM, Dannemann awoke and went out for a pack of cigarettes, according to her inquest testimony. When she returned, he was sick. She phoned Eric Bridges, a friend, and informed him that Hendrix wasn’t well. “Half asleep,” Bridges reported in his autobiography, “I suggested she give him hot coffee and slap his face. If she needed any more help to call me back.” Dannemann called the ambulance at 18 minutes past 11 AM. The ambulance arrived nine minutes later. Hendrix was not, she claimed, in critical condition. She said the paramedics checked his pulse and breathing, and stated there was “nothing to worry about.”

  But a direct contradiction came in an interview with Reg Jones, one of the attendants, who insisted that Dannemann wasn’t at the flat when they arrived, and that Hendrix was already dead. “It was horrific,” Jones said. “We arrived at the flat and the door was flung wide open. . . . I knew he was dead as soon as I walked into the room.” Ambulance attendant John Suau confirmed, “We knew it was hopeless. There was no pulse, no respiration.”27

  The testimonies of Dannemann and medical personnel at the 1970 inquest are disturbingly contradictory. Hendrix, the medical personnel stated, had been dead for at least s
even hours by the time the ambulance arrived. Dr. Rufus Compson at the Department of Forensic Medicine at St. George’s Medical School undertook his own investigation. He referred to the original medical examiner’s report and discovered that there were rice remains in Hendrix’s stomach. It takes three-four hours for the stomach to empty, he reasoned, and the deceased ate Chinese food at a dinner party hosted by Pete Cameron between the hours of 11 PM and midnight, placing the time of death no later than 4 AM.28 This is consistent with the report of Dr. Bannister, the surgical registrar, that “the inside of his mouth and mucous membranes were black because he had been dead for some time.” Dr. Bannister told the London Times, “Hendrix had been dead for hours rather than minutes when he was admitted to the hospital.”29

  The inquest itself was “unusual,” Tony Brown notes, because “none of the other witnesses involved were called to give their evidence, nor was any attempt made to ascertain the exact time of death,” as if the subject was to be avoided. The result was that the public record on this basic fact in the case may have been incorrectly cited by scores of reporters and biographers. Tony Brown: “Even [medical examiner] Professor Teare made no attempt to ascertain the exact time of death. The inquest appeared to be conducted merely as a formality and had not been treated by the coroner as a serious investigation.”30

  In ‘Scuse Me While I Kiss the Sky (1996), Bill Henderson describes the inquest and its aftermath: “Those who followed his death . . . noticed many inconsistencies in the official inquest. It has been an open and shut affair that managed to hide its racist intent behind the public perceptual hoax of Hendrix as a substance abuser. . . . As a result, millions of people all over the world thought that Hendrix had died that typical rock star’s death: drug OD amid tame, opulence, decadence. But it seems that Hendrix could very well have been the victim not of decadence, but of foul play.”31

  Forensic tests submitted at the inquest have been supplemented over the years by new evidence that makes a reconstruction of the murder possible. In October, 1991, Steve Roby, publisher of Straight Ahead, a Hendrix fanzine, asked, “What Really Happened?”: “Kathy Etchingham, a close friend/lover of Jimi’s, and Dee Mitchell, Mitch Mitchell’s wife, spent many months tracking down former friends and associates of Hendrix, and are convinced they have solved the mystery of the final hours.” Central to reconstructing Hendrix’s death is red wine. Dr. Bannister reports that after the esophagus had been cleared, “masses” of red wine were “coming out of his nose and out of his mouth.” The wine gushing up in great volume from Hendrix’s lungs “is very vivid because you don’t often see people who have drowned in their own red wine. He had something around him—whether it was a towel or a jumper—around his neck and that was saturated with red wine. His hair was matted. He was completely cold. I personally think he probably died a long time before. . . . He was cold and he was blue.”32

  Henderson writes:

  The abstract morbidity of Hendrix’s body upon discovery may indicate a more complex scenario than has been commonly held. Hendrix was not a red wine guzzler, especially in the amounts found in and around his body. He was known to be moderate in his consumption. If he was ‘sleeping normally,’ then why was he fully clothed? And how could the ambulance attendants have missed seeing someone who was supposed to be there? The garment, or towel, around his neck is totally mysterious given the scenario so widely distributed. But it is consistent with the doctor’s statement that he drowned. Was he drowned by force? In a radio interview broadcast out of Holland in the early 1970s, an unnamed girlfriend answered ‘yes’ to the question, ‘Was Hendrix killed by the Mafia?’ 33

  Tony Brown, in Hendrix: The Final Days (1997), correlates the consumption of the wine to the approximate time of death: “Jimi must have drunk a large quantity of red wine just prior to his death,” suggesting, the quantity of alcohol in his lungs was the direct cause.34

  The revised time of death, 3–4 AM, contradicts the gap in the official record, and so does the revelation that Jimi Hendrix drowned in red wine. While it is common knowledge that Hendrix choked to death, it has only recently come to light that the wine—not the Verparex—was the primary catalyst of death. Hendrix was, the evidence suggests, forced to drink a quantity of wine. The barbiturates, as Brown notes, “seriously inhibited Jimi’s normal cough reflex.” Unable to cough the wine back up, “it went straight down into his lungs. . . . It is quite possible that he thrashed about for some time, fighting unsuccessfully to gain his breath.”35 It is doubtful that Hendrix would have continued to swallow the wine in “massive” volumes had it begun to fill his lungs. One explanation that explains the forensic evidence is that Jimi Hendrix was restrained, wine forced down his throat until his thrashings ceased. All of this must have taken place quickly, before the alcohol had time to enter his bloodstream. The post mortem report states that the blood alcohol level was not excessive, about 20 mg over the legal drinking limit. He died before his stomach absorbed much of the wine. Jimi Hendrix choked to death. That much of the general understanding of his demise is correct, and little else.

  The kidnapping, embezzling, and numerous shady deceptions would make Jeffrey the leading suspect in any proper police investigation. And his reaction at the news of Hendrix’s death did little to dispel any suspicions that associates may have harbored. Jim Marron, a nightclub owner from Manhattan, was vacationing with Jeffrey in Spain when word of the musician’s death reached him. “We were supposed to have dinner that night in Majorca,” Marron recalls. Jeffrey “called me from his club in Palma saying that we would have to cancel. . . . I’ve just got word from London. Jimi’s dead.” The manager of the Hendrix Experience took the news completely in stride. “I always knew that son of a bitch would pull a quickie,” Jeffrey told Marron. “Basically, he had lost a major property. You had the feeling that he had just lost a couple of million dollars—and was the first to realize it. My first reaction was, Oh my God, my friend is dead.”36 But Jeffrey reacted coldly, comparing the fatality to a fleeting sexual romp in the afternoon.

  His odd behavior continued in the days following the death of Hendrix. He appeared to be consumed by guilt, and on one occasion “confessed.” On September 20, recording engineer Alan Douglas received a call from Jeffrey, who wanted to see him. Douglas drove to the hotel where Jeffrey was staying. “He was bent over, in misery from a recent back injury. We started talking and he let it all out. It was like a confession.”

  “In my opinion,” Douglas observed, “Jeffrey hated Hendrix.”

  Bob Levine, the band’s merchandising manager, was perplexed by Jeffrey’s response to the tragedy. First, Hendrix’s manager dropped completely out of sight. “We tried calling all of Jeffrey’s contacts . . . trying to reach him. We were getting frustrated because Hendrix’s body was going to be held up in London for two weeks and we wanted Jeffrey’s input on the funeral service. A full week after Hendrix’s death, he finally called. Hearing his voice, I immediately asked what his plans were and would he be going to Seattle. ‘What plans?’ he asked. I said, ‘The funeral.’ ‘What funeral?’ he replied. I was exasperated: ‘Jimi’s!’ The phone went quiet for a while and then he hung up. The whole office was staring at me, unable to believe that with all the coverage on radio, print and television, Jeffrey didn’t know that Jimi had died.” As noted, Jeffrey had been notified and almost grieved, in his fashion. “He called back in five minutes and we talked quietly. He said, ‘Bob, I didn’t know,’ and was asking about what had happened. While I didn’t confront him, I knew he was lying.”37

  It was reported that Michael Jeffrey “paid his respects” sitting in a limousine parked outside Dunlap Baptist Church in Seattle. He refused to go inside for the eulogy.38 Hendrix was buried at the family plot at Greenwood Cemetary in Renton.

  Screenwriter Alan Greenberg was hired to write a screenplay for a film on the life of Jimi Hendrix. He traveled to England and taped an interview with Dannemann shortly before her death in April, 1996. In that interview, Dan
nemann sketched in more details of Jeffrey’s skullduggery, which continued after Hendrix’s death and has long been concealed behind a wall of misconceptions. On the Greenberg tapes, Dannemann denied allegations of heroin use, as do others close to Hendrix: “You should put that into the right perspective since all of the youngsters still think he was a drug addict. The problem was, when he died, I was told by the coroner not to talk until after the inquest, so that’s why all these wild stories came out that he overdosed from heroin.” The coroner found no injection tracks on Hendrix’s body. That he snorted the opiate, a charge advanced by biographer Chris Welch in Hendrix, is disputed by Jimi’s closest friends. He indulged primarily in marijuana and LSD. The popular misconception that Hendrix was a heroin addict lingers on but should have been buried with him. One of rock’s greatest talents was maliciously smeared by the press on this count.

  At times, the public has been deliberately misled about Hendrix’s drug habits. Kathy Etchingham, a former girlfriend, was deceived into giving an article about Jimi to a friend in the corporate media, and it was snatched up by a newspaper, rewritten, and the story that emerged depicted the guitarist as a violent and drug-infested lunatic. The editor later apologized in writing to Kathy for falsifying the record, but failed to retract in print.39 Media swipes at Hendrix to this day are often unreasonably vicious, as in this transparent attempt to shape public opinion from London’s Times on December 14, 1993: