Women in Dark Times
Page 31
67 Luxemburg, ‘The Historical Conditions of Accumulation’, The Accumulation of Capital, p. 338; see also Reader, pp. 55–6.
68 Luxemburg, ‘Slavery’, Reader, p. 114.
69 Luxemburg, ‘The Dissolution of Primitive Communism’, 1908, Reader, p. 103.
70 Georg Lukács, History and Class Consciousness – Studies in Marxist Dialectics, trans. Rodney Livingstone (London: Merlin, 1971), pp. 32–3.
71 Luxemburg, ‘Martinique’, 1902, Reader, p. 123.
72 Ibid., p. 124.
73 Ibid., p. 125.
74 Ibid., p. 123.
75 Luxemburg, ‘Slavery’, Reader, p. 122.
76 Ibid.
77 Ettinger, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 22.
78 Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 226.
79 Luxemburg, ‘Crisis in German Social Democracy’; see also Reader, p. 331.
80 Luxemburg, ‘Organisational Questions of Russian Social Democracy’, p. 301; see also Reader, p. 255.
81 Ibid.
82 Ettinger, ed., Comrade and Lover, p. 76; see also Reader, pp. 381–2.
83 Luxemburg, ‘The Russian Revolution’, p. 69; see also Reader, p. 305.
84 Hannah Arendt, ‘On Humanity in Dark Times: Thoughts About Lessing’, Men in Dark Times, p. 16.
85 Luxemburg to Kostya Zetkin, 24 September 1907, Letters, p. 245; see also Arendt, ‘On Humanity in Dark Times’, p. 17.
86 Luxemburg to Luise Kautsky, 15 April 1917, Letters, p. 392.
87 Luxemburg to Mathilde Wurm, 16 February 1917, Letters, p. 374.
88 Luxemburg to Clara Zetkin, 23 January 1903, Letters, p. 148; see also ‘Life of Korolenko’, 1918, Rosa Luxemburg Speaks, ed. and introduction by Mary Alice Waters (New York: Pathfinder, 1970), p. 22.
89 Luxemburg to Mathilde Wurm, 16 February 1917, Letters, p. 374.
90 Luxemburg to Henriette Roland Holst, 17 December 1904, Letters, p. 182.
91 Luxemburg to Robert Seidel, 23 June 1898, Letters, p. 65.
92 Ibid.
93 Ettinger, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 54.
94 Luxemburg and Eleanor Marx met at the Fourth Congress of the Second International in London July 1893. Karl Liebknecht, Luxemburg’s co-revolutionary at the time of the 1919 Spartacist revolution, was the son of Wilhelm Liebknecht, one of the most significant figures in the life of Eleanor Marx. The two women were also linked through Karl Kautsky and Clara Zetkin. For a powerful account of these links and of Eleanor Marx’s tragic relationship to Edward Aveling, see Rachel Holmes, Eleanor Marx – A Life (London: Bloomsbury, 2014).
95 Luxemburg to Jogiches, 2 March 1899, Letters, pp. 109–10.
96 Luxemburg to Jogiches, 24 March 1894, Letters, pp. 11–12.
97 Luxemburg to Jogiches, 24 March 1894, Letters, p. 10, emphasis original.
98 Ibid.
99 Luxemburg to Jogiches, 30 April 1900, in Ettinger, ed., Comrade and Lover, p. 98.
100 Ettinger, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 108.
101 Luxemburg, ‘Life of Korolenko’, p. 348.
102 Luxemburg to Jogiches, 17 May 1898, Letters, p. 42.
103 Luxemburg to Sonja Liebknecht, 2 May 1917, Reader, p. 391.
104 Luxemburg to Jogiches, 6 May 1899, Letters, p. 114.
105 Luxemburg to Robert and Mathilde Siedel, 11 August 1898, Letters, p.85.
106 Luxemburg to Jogiches, in Ettinger, ed., Comrade and Lover, p. 87.
107 Luxemburg to Jogiches, July 1896, cited in Ettinger, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 69.
108 Luxemburg to Jogiches, 24 June 1898, Letters, p. 71.
109 Luxemburg to Jogiches, 21 March 1895, Letters, p. 32.
110 Luxemburg to Jogiches, around 13 January 1900, Letters, p. 126; see also Ettinger, ed., Comrade and Lover, p. 88.
111 Luxemburg to Hans Diefenbach, 1917 (complete date not given), cited in Ettinger, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 213.
112 Luxemburg to Jogiches, 17 September 1905, cited in Ettinger, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 128.
113 Luxemburg to Jogiches, September 1908 (complete date not given), cited in Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 258.
114 Sheila Rowbotham, ‘Revolutionary Rosa’, Guardian, 5 March 2011.
115 Arendt, ‘On Humanity in Dark Times’, p. 14.
116 Peter Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, 2 vol. edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1966), Vol. 2, p. 492.
117 Gillian Rose, ‘Love and the State: Varnhagen, Luxemburg and Arendt’, The Broken Middle: Out of our ancient society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
118 Rich, Arts of the Possible, p. 96.
119 Luxemburg to Kostya Zetkin, 13 May 1907, Letters, p. 239.
120 Luxemburg, Herzlichst Ihre Rosa, p. 216.
121 Luxemburg to Kostya Zetkin, 13 May 1907, Letters, p. 239.
122 Luxemburg cited in Ettinger, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 95.
123 Luxemburg, Rosa Luxemburg Speaks, p. 343.
124 Luxemburg to Jogiches, 2 March 1899, Letters, pp. 105–6.
125 Luxemburg to Matthilde Siedel, 11 August 1898, Letters, p. 84.
126 Luxemburg to Jogiches, 16 July 1897, Letters, p. 37.
127 Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 5 (London: Hogarth 1958), p. 525.
128 Luxemburg, Mass Strike, p. 46; Reader, p. 191.
129 Ahdaf Soueif, ‘One year on and we still march for justice’, Guardian, 25 January 2012.
130 Christopher Bollas, Free Association (Cambridge: Icon, 2002), p. 36.
131 Ibid., p. 11.
132 Luxemburg to Franz Mehring, 31 August 1915, Letters, p. 351.
133 Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 382, my emphasis.
134 Ettinger, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 81.
135 Ibid., p. 48.
136 Ibid., p. 179.
137 Arendt, ‘Rosa Luxemburg’, Men in Dark Times, p. 47.
138 Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 12.
139 Luxemburg to Henriette Roland Holst, 27 October 1904, Letters, p. 179.
140 Luxemburg, ‘Life of Korolenko’, p. 351.
141 Luxemburg to Luise Kautsky, 27 January 1917, Letters, p. 367.
142 Cited in Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 507.
143 Luxemburg to Mathilde Wurm, 16 February 1917, Letters, pp. 375–6.
144 Minutes of the Proceedings of the Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Berlin, September 1901, cited in Rory Castle, ‘ “You alone will make our family’s name famous” – Rosa Luxemburg, Her Family and the Origins of her Polish-Jewish Identity’, praktika/teoretyczna, 6, 2012, p. 120.
145 Ettinger, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 184; Luxemburg to Jogiches, 28 January 1902, in Ettinger, ed., Comrade and Lover, p. 122.
146 Luxemburg, ‘Po Pogromie’ (‘After the Pogrom’), Młot (Hammer), 8 August 1910, p. 10, cited in Castle, ‘ “You alone will make our family’s name famous” ’, p. 119.
147 Ibid., pp. 100–6.
148 Hannah Arendt, The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age, ed. and introduction by Ron H. Feldman (New York: Grove Press, 1978), p. 246; see also Hannah Arendt, The Jewish Writings, ed. Jerome Kohn and Ron H. Feldman (New York: Schocken, 2007), p. 466.
149 Luxemburg, ‘The Junius Pamphlet’, p. 19; see also Reader, p. 321.
150 Luxemburg to Sophie Liebknecht, 24 December 1917, Letters, p. 453.
151 Luxemburg, ‘Life of Korolenko’, p. 360.
152 Luxemburg, ‘The Junius Pamphlet’, p. 128; see also Reader, p. 341.
153 Arendt, ‘Rosa Luxemburg’, p. 57.
154 Luxemburg, ‘The Junius Pamphlet’, p. 125; see also Reader, p. 339.
155 Rote Fahne, 18 November 1918, cited in Cliff, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 30.
156 Luxemburg to Luise Kautsky, 15 April 1917, Letters, p. 393.
157 Luxemburg, ‘Life of Korolenko’, pp. 355–6.
158 Clara Zetkin, ‘Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht’, Leipziger Volkszeitung, 3 February 1919, in Clara Zetkin, Selected Writings, p. 155.
159 Ibid.
160 Luxemburg to Sophie Liebknecht, 24 December 1917,
Letters, p. 457.
161 Ibid.
162 Ibid.
163 Luxemburg to Clara Zetkin, 9 March 1916, Letters, p. 354.
164 Ibid.
165 Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 38.
166 Rosa Luxemburg to Louise Kautsky, undated (from content: Fridenau, mid-August 1911), Luxemburg, Letters to Karl and Luise Kautsky 1896–1918 (New York: Gordon Press, 1975), p. 164.
167 Luxemburg to Clara Zetkin, after 23 January 1903, Letters, p. 153.
168 Cited in Dunayevskaya, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 27.
169 Luxemburg to Clara Zetkin, 18 November 1918, 24 November 1918, Letters, pp. 480, 481.
170 Reader, p. 239.
171 Reader, pp. 236, 240.
172 Luxemburg, ‘The Proletarian Woman’, 1914, Reader, p. 243.
173 Luxemburg, ‘Women’s Suffrage and Class Struggle’, 1912, Reader, p. 240.
174 Ibid.
175 ‘Address to the Socialist International Women’s Conference’, Reader, p. 237.
176 Ibid.
177 Luxemburg, ‘Women’s Suffrage and Class Struggle’, Reader, p. 241.
2. Painting Against Terror: Charlotte Salomon
1 Luxemburg, ‘After the Pogrom’, cited in Castle, ‘ “You alone will make our family’s name famous” ’, p. 119.
2 Luxemburg, ‘Life of Korolenko’, p. 360.
3 Luxemburg to Hans Diefenbach, 27 March 1917, Letters, pp. 383–4.
4 Charlotte Salomon, Leben? oder Theater? (Life? or Theatre? – hereafter LT), p. 764; JHM, 4877.
5 Luxemburg to Hans Diefenbach, 27 March 1917, Letters, p. 384.
6 Salomon, LT, p. 46; JHM, 4155–6.
7 Salomon, JHM, 4931–2.
8 Salomon, LT, p. 476; JHM, 4595r (recto).
9 Interview with Paula Salomon-Lindberg, 1984, cited in Felstiner, To Paint Her Life, p. 112.
10 Salomon, JHM, 4990.
11 Salomon, JHM, 4931–2.
12 Thomas Mann, ‘Germany and the Germans’, address delivered to the Coolidge Auditorium, Library of Congress, 29 May 1945, Thomas Mann’s Addresses Delivered at the Library of Congress, New German–American Studies/Neue Deutsch–Amerikanische Studien, Vol. 25, 2003 (Maryland: Wildside Press, 2008), p. 65.
13 Thomas Mann, The Genesis of a Novel, trans. Richard and Clara Winston (London: Secker & Warburg, 1961), p. 89.
14 Salomon, LT, p. 43; JHM, 4155–3. See also p. 386: ‘And the expression of the expression is the three-coloured line that is built up very slowly and with much deliberation.’ JHM, 4505.
15 In the English version, the translation of ‘dreifarben’ as ‘tri-coloured’ problematically suggests a link to the French flag. Life? or Theatre?, p. 43.
16 Felstiner, To Paint Her Life, p. 144.
17 Ibid.
18 Salomon, LT, p. 43; JHM, 4155–2.
19 Marthe Pécher to Garry Schwarz, 27 September 1981, cited in Felstiner, To Paint Her Life, p. 142.
20 Bach cantata BWV 508, Salomon LT, p. 138; JHM, 4249, Bach cantata BWV 53, Salomon, LT, p. 127, JHM, 4238.
21 Bernard Wasserstein, On the Eve: The Jews of Europe Before the Second World War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2012), p. 310.
22 Ibid., p. 297.
23 Theodor W. Adorno, ‘Fantasia sopra Carmen’ (1955), Quasi una Fantasia: Essays on Modern Music, 1963, trans. Rodney Livingstone (London: Verso, 1998), p. 62.
24 Ibid., p. 55.
25 Thomas Mann, Doctor Faustus: The Life of the German Composer Adrian Leverkühn as Told by a Friend, trans. John E. Woods (New York: Vintage, 1999), p. 82.
26 Ibid., p. 385.
27 Cited in Felstiner, To Paint Her Life, p. 219.
28 Mann, Doctor Faustus, p. 325.
29 Salomon, LT, p. 192; JHM, 4304.
30 Salomon, LT, p. 224; JHM, 4336.
31 Felstiner, To Paint Her Life, p. 39.
32 Marthe Pécher, interview with Bert Haanstra, 20 September, 1985, cited in Felstiner, To Paint Her Life, p. 155.
33 Arendt, ‘On Humanity in Dark Times’, p. 25.
34 Salomon, LT, p. 722; JHM, 4835.
35 T. J. Clark, ‘Grey Panic’, London Review of Books, 33:22, 17 November, 2011.
36 Salomon, LT, p. 822; JHM, 4924v (verso).
37 Marion Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, 1950 (London: Heinemann, 1957), pp. 141–2.
38 Anna Freud, ‘Foreword’ to Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, p. xiii.
39 Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, p. 143.
40 Ibid., p. 21.
41 Ibid, pp. 143–4.
42 Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 54.
43 Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, p. 143.
44 Ibid., p. 12.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 Anna Freud, ‘Foreword’ to Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, p. xv.
48 Salomon, JHM, 4931–1.
49 Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, p. 11.
50 Marion Milner, The Suppressed Sadness of Sane Men (London: Tavistock, New Library of Psychoanalysis, 1987); see also On Not Being Able to Paint, p. 28.
51 Salomon, LT, p. 791, JHM, 4903.
52 Salomon, LT, p. 794, JHM, 4906.
53 Salomon, LT, pp. 794–5; JHM, 4906–7.
54 Griselda Pollock, ‘Theater of Memory – Trauma and Cure in Charlotte Salomon’s Modernist Fairytale’, in Steinberg and Bohm-Duchen (eds), Reading Charlotte Salomon, p. 59.
55 Salomon, LT, p. 733; JHM, 4846.
56 Salomon, LT, p. 676; JHM, 4790.
57 Salomon, LT, p. 817; JHM, 4922r (recto).
58 Felstiner, To Paint Her Life, p. 66.
59 Ibid. See also Degenerate Art: The Attack on Modern Art in Nazi Germany, 1937, edited by Olaf Peters, exhibition held at Neue Galerie, New York, 2014 (Munich: Prestel, 2014). For the affinity with Salomon, see in particular works by Emil Nolde, Christian Rohlfs, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.
60 Salomon, LT, p. 235; JHM, 4353.
61 Daniel Barenboim and Edward Said, Parallels and Paradoxes: Explorations in Music and Society (New York: Pantheon, 2002), p. 84.
62 Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, p. 72.
63 Ibid., p. 15.
64 Mann, Doctor Faustus, p. 21.
65 Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, p. 18.
66 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Theory of Colours, trans. Charles Locke Eastlake (New York: Dover, 2006). Preface to the first edition of 1810, p. xvii. ‘Deeds and suffering of light’ is the generally accepted formulation which Eastlake renders here as ‘its [light’s] active and passive modifications’.
67 Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, p. 23.
68 Ibid., p. 24.
69 Felstiner, To Paint Her Life, pp. 44, 55.
70 Salomon, LT, p. 821; JHM, 4924r (recto). See also LT, p. 757; JHM, 4870.
71 Monica Bohm-Duchen, in Steinberg and Bohm-Duchen, Reading Charlotte Salomon, p. 33.
72 Salomon, LT, p. 286; JHM, 4404.
73 Alfred Wolfsohn, ‘Orpheo oder das Weg zu einer Maske’, manuscript in collection of Marita Günther, Malérargues, France, c. 1937–8, in JHM collection; cited in Felstiner, To Paint Her Life, p. 51.
74 Salomon, JHM, 5060, 5065.
75 Felstiner, To Paint Her Life, pp. 51–2.
76 Luxemburg, ‘Life of Korolenko’, p. 360.
77 Alfred Wolfsohn, ‘Die Brücke’ (‘The Bridge’), unpublished ms, cited in Felstiner, To Paint Her Life, p. 60.
78 Salomon, LT, p. 73; JHM, 4182, p. 72; JHM, 4181.
79 Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, p. 25.
80 Mann, Doctor Faustus, pp. 384, 261.
81 Ibid., p. 384.
82 Ibid., pp. 384–5.
83 Salomon, LT, p. 56; JHM, 4165.
84 Salomon, LT, p. 690; JHM, 4804.
85 Salomon, LT, pp. 815–16; JHM, 4922 (recto and verso).
86 The missing letter was first published by Julia Watson, ‘Charlotte Salomon’s Memory Work in the “Postscript” to Life? or Theatre?’ (introduction and translation), Signs, Specia
l issue on gender and memory, 28:1, Autumn 2002. It has since been the subject of a film by Frans Weisz on the work of Salomon, Leven? Of Theater?, released in 2012. In the film a number of Salomon scholars are filmed reacting to the information as a confession on Salomon’s part. For the complexities of this issue, see Griselda Pollock, final chapter, The Nameless Artist in the Theatre of Memory: The Confession of Charlotte Salomon’s Leben? oder Theater? 1941–1942 (New Haven: Yale, 2014). I much appreciate Griselda Pollock alerting me to this controversy.
87 Pollock, ‘Crimes, Confessions and the Everyday: Challenges in Reading Charlotte Salomon’s Leben? Oder Theater?’, Naomi Schor Memorial Lecture, Yale University, 5 November 2013.
88 Salomon, LT, p. 818; JHM, 4922v (verso).
89 Ettinger, ed., Comrade and Lover, pp. 1–2.
90 Salomon, LT, p. 798; JHM, 4910.
91 Salomon, JHM, 5020.
92 Salomon, LT, p. 677; JHM, 4791, and p. 116, JHM, 4226.
93 Salomon, LT, p. 275; JHM, 4394 (recto and verso), p. 746; JHM, 4859.
94 For example, Salomon, JHM, 4445r.
95 Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, p. 50.
96 Ibid., p. 38.
97 Salomon, JHM, 4929–2, 4930–1, 4931–4.
98 Milner, On Not Being Able to Paint, p. 92.
99 Salomon, LT, p. 753, JHM, 4866.
100 Mann, Doctor Faustus, p. 186.
101 Ibid., p. 529.
102 Mann, The Genesis of a Novel, p. 75.
103 Ibid., p. 124.
104 Mann, ‘Germany and the Germans’, pp. 48, 64.
105 Nigel Hamilton, The Brothers Mann: The Lives of Heinrich and Thomas Mann 1871–1950 and 1875–1955 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), p. 333.
106 Mann, ‘Germany and the Germans’, p. 56.
107 Ibid., p. 64.
108 Ibid.
109 Ibid.
3. Respect: Marilyn Monroe
1 Susan Strasberg, Marilyn and Me (London: Bantam, 1992), p. 23.
2 Marilyn – The Last Sessions, Channel 4 documentary by Patrick Jeudy, 2008, based on the novel by Michel Schneider, Marilyn’s Last Sessions, trans. Will Hobson (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2011). Schneider’s novel was inspired by an article published in 2005 in the Los Angeles Times by John Miner, a detective involved in investigating Marilyn Monroe’s death who claimed that he had been played a tape of the sessions by her psychoanalyst Ralph Greenson which he had then transcribed from memory. Miner’s claim has been persuasively contested by Anthony Summers and Lois Banner (Anthony Summers, ‘Marilyn’s Darkest Days Laid Bare’, Sunday Times, 29 July 2012; Lois Banner, Marilyn: The Passion and The Paradox (London: Bloomsbury, 2012), pp. 419–20). I have no interest in reproducing his most scurrilous claims, which have made these tapes notorious, but I chose to retain this one quote because, although I have been unable to verify it from another source, it seems to chime so closely with the spirit of what Marilyn Monroe did say, as amply illustrated in what follows (see also note 31 below).