by Chris Turney
Great work is also being done on South Georgia, where rats brought to the islands by whaling and sealing ships in the past are threatening native wildlife once again. As the glaciers retreat, overland routes are now opening up between peninsulas, allowing previously isolated rat populations to expand across the island into the few remaining areas that had been rodent-free.
The South Georgia Heritage Trust (www.sght.org) has instigated the largest rat-eradication program ever attempted, costing millions of dollars. Phase 1 is now complete and has been a success. If you would like to help finish the job by supporting Phase 2, find out more at the SGHT website.
INDEX
A
Adelie Land 225, 227, 236
Adelie penguins 91, 161–2
Admiralty Range 152
aerial photographs 32
aeroplanes 223
Ainsworth, George 224, 235
Aladdin’s Cave 245
albatrosses 161
alcohol 123, 199, 248
Alexandra Mountains 165
American Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 296
American expeditions 13, 19, 69–70, 79, 226–7
American Geographical Society 174, 205
Amundsen, Leon 109, 115, 121, 285
Amundsen, Roald 4, 84, 285
on Belgica 27, 105–6
and Campbell 86
diary entries 123, 129–30
early life 105–6
and Edwards 112–13
health of 131
in Japan 173
and Johansen 123–4
as leader 123–4, 131–2
lectures by 135–6
and Markham 139, 262–3
and Nansen 114–15, 139–40
North Geographic Pole expedition 108–9, 140
Northwest Passage expedition 106–8
and publicity 133–42
and RGS 98–9, 121, 137, 140–1
and Scott 97, 114–15, 135–6, 262
sketches 128
South Pole 117, 136–8, 299
and Wilson 103
Amundsen’s Norwegian Antarctic expedition 84, 102–3, 218
date reached 130
dogs 110, 122, 124–5, 128, 132, 141
journey to pole 124–31
King Edward VII Land work 124
location measurements 125–7
meets German Antarctic Expedition (Filchner) 186
meets Shirase’s Japanese expedition 162–3
meets Terra Nova expedition 86, 120–1
newspaper rights 121, 132–3
oceanography 115, 137
preparations 110–17, 118–19
publicity after 132–6
return to Framheim 123–4, 131–2
start out 122–3, 124–5
weather observations 117–18, 119–20, 129–30, 136
Antarctic Andes 179, 182, 191, 269, 270, 274
Antarctic Circle 2–3, 22
Antarctic Circumpolar Current 278
Antarctic Committee of Enquiry 287
Antarctic Convergence 190–1
Antarctic Expedition Supporters’ Association 147, 173
Antarctic Manual (Markham) 31, 44
Antarctic Surface Water 190–1
Antarctic Treaty 283
Antarctica 3, 27, 268–9
land bridge 44–5, 232, 234–6, 274–5
place names 40–1, 270
see also Terra Australis Incognita
Antarctica Research 170–1
Antarktikos 3–4
Arctowski, Henryk 37, 110
Armitage, Albert 31, 36–7, 52–3
Arrol-Johnston motorcar 55, 56–7
Auckland Islands 202
Aurora 217–18, 229, 245–6, 253
Aurora Australis 49, 251–3
Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE)
dogs 241, 242
Far Eastern Party 240–7
Far Western Party 229-31, 248, 267
funding 215–16, 217–18, 221–3, 253
geological samples 241, 248
Macquarie Island base 224–6, 249
magnetic observations 220, 237–9, 248, 255–6
oceanography 232, 235–6
plans 218–21
publicity after 253–8
scientific observations 239, 295–6
second winter 246–7
Southern Party 247–8
supplies 242, 244, 248
team 217, 220, 241
team relationships 239–40
voyage down 223–5, 227–8
weather observations 236–7, 244–5, 248, 255, 266–7
Western Party 248
Wild’s base 229–30, 253
Wild’s team 246
Winter Quarters 228–9, 236–7, 253
Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science 35, 214–15
Australian government 221
Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions 282
Axel Heiberg Glacier 129, 171, 269
B
Bage, Robert 247–8, 284
Balloon Bight 32, 46–7, 86
balloons 89–90
Bay of Whales 47, 115, 117, 169, 172
Beacon Sandstone 62, 88, 269
Beardmore Glacier 62, 65, 100, 271, 272–3
Beardmore, William 38, 41, 55
Beattie, J. W. 135
Beaufoy 13
Beaumont, Lewis 288–9
Belgian Antarctic Expedition 27, 249
Belgica expedition 27, 75, 105–6, 187–8
Berlin Geographical Society 179
Bernacchi, Louis 28, 75–6
Bickerton, Frank 249, 251, 252
biological samples 48, 161, 219, 296
Bjaaland, Olav 131, 134
Bjövik, Paul 196
Blijde Boodschap 9
boots 54–5, 164, 242
Borchgrevink, Carsten 27–8, 55, 77, 114, 236
Borchgrevink’s expedition 27–8, 66, 68, 219
Bowers, Henry Robertson 94–5, 102, 260
Bransfield, Edward 12
Brennecke, Wilhelm 183, 200, 209–11
British Antarctic Expedition (BAE) 39–40, 45, 111
see also Nimrod expedition (BAE)
British Antarctic expeditions 4, 12, 25–6, 27–8, 38
see also Borchgrevink’s expedition; Discovery expedition; National Antarctic Expedition; Nimrod expedition (BAE); Terra Nova expedition
British Association for the Advancement of Science in Australia 284
British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) 286
British government 22, 41, 42, 68, 108, 221
British Scott Polar Research Institute 282
Brown, Rudmose 263
Bruce, Wilfrid 148
Bruce, William Speirs 30, 142, 178, 182, 232, 234–5
Buckley Island 271, 273
Burberry 54, 107
Butcher’s Shop 128
Byrd, Richard 174
C
Campbell, John 2
Campbell, Victor 85–6, 117, 121
Canadian coastline 21–2
Cape Adare 28, 76–7, 218–19
Cape Crozier 32, 94–5
Cape Denison 228, 240, 248–9
Cape Disappointment 189
Cape Evans 85, 100
Cape Royds 47
carbon dioxide 277
Carmen Land 137–8, 142, 207–8, 269
Carnegie Institute of Washington 112–13, 220
Challenger, HMS 22, 187, 188
Cherry-Garrard, Apsley 78–9, 91, 94–5, 100, 125, 261, 287, 292, 298
Chishima Islands 145–6
Chree, Charles 74, 220
Christiania Geographical Society 50
chronometers 101–2, 126, 127
Clarence and Richmond Examiner 154
climate 74–6, 265–7
clothing 53–5, 96, 107, 164
Clyde 224
coal 62, 65, 271–2
Coats
Land 137, 178, 207
Commonwealth Bay 228, 245, 246, 254
Company Islands 268
compasses 14–16, 18, 20, 58–9, 81, 127
Cook, Frederick 27, 69–70, 109–10, 138–9
Cook, James 10–11, 189
cookers 53, 119
Crean, Tom 101
Curzon, Lord 24, 140, 141, 174, 262, 287–9, 291
D
Daily Chronicle 121, 133, 136, 291–3
Daily Mail 64, 216, 259
Daily Telegraph 155, 157
Daini Hoko-maru 149
Dana, James Dwight 233
Darwin, Charles 43–4, 167–8
Darwin, Leonard 64, 71, 121
Dash Patrol 164, 172
David, Edgeworth 217
and AAE 215, 247, 253
and Amundsen 135
on Antarctic research 42
on coal 271–2
and funding expeditions 42, 43, 215, 253
and geological samples 77
health of 60
lectures by 66–7
letters home 46
and Mawson 66
and Nimrod expedition (BAE) 40, 45
and Penck 284
and RGS 267–70
on science 35–6, 299, 301
and scientific observations 48
and Shirase’s Japanese expedition 153, 155, 157–8, 169–70
South Magnetic Pole expedition 56–61
Davis, John King 61, 121, 202, 214, 298–9
and Aurora 229–32, 245–6, 253
Macquarie Island base 224–5
and Mawson 253
oceanography 232, 235–6, 248
de Gerlache, Adrien 27
Debenham, Frank 78, 82, 83–4, 87–8, 272, 282
Deception Island 191
dehydration 129
Delprat, Paquita 227, 249, 286
Denison, Sir Hugh 228
Deutschland 182, 184, 193, 206
see also German Antarctic Expedition (Filchner)
Devil’s Ballroom 128
Discovery 31, 80
Discovery expedition 31–3, 38, 116
comments on 73–4
dogs 82–3
funding 29, 31
leader 29
magnetic observations 32, 48–9
preparations 28–30
weather observations 32, 73–6, 119–20
see also Scott, Robert Falcon
dogs
Amundsen’s Norwegian Antarctic expedition 110, 122, 124–5, 128, 132, 141
Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE) 241, 242
Discovery expedition 82–3
German Antarctic Expedition (Filchner) 205
Nimrod expedition (BAE) 52–3
Shirase’s Japanese expedition 149–50, 164, 169
Terra Nova expedition 100, 263
Drake Passage 189, 278
D’Urville, Jules Sébastien César Dumont 19, 225–6
Dutch East India Company 9
E
earthquakes 234, 276
Edmonds, Harry 112–13, 137
El Niño 265–6
Elephant Island 285
Ellisworth Mountains 3
emperor penguins 32, 93–5, 166–7
Enderby, Captain 201
Endurance 285
Engelstad, Ole 113–14
equipment see supplies
Erebus, HMS 19–20, 21
Evans, Edgar 260
Evans, Edward ‘Teddy’ 37, 79, 80, 101, 274, 288–93
Expedition World 147
exploration and science mix 14, 30, 293, 297–9, 300–302
F
Farr, C C. 255
fauna 44, 161–2, 190, 192, 278
see also penguins
Ferrar, Arthur 287
Ferrar, Hartley 62
Filchner Ice Shelf 207
Filchner, Wilhelm 4, 175, 177–9, 286
Exposé 195, 210
on future trips 206–7
at Grytviken 193
preparations for expedition 181–6
and Scott 183, 263
search for land 202–3
To the Sixth Continent 195, 199
and Vahsel 195–6, 200
weather observations 208–9
see also German Antarctic Expedition (Filchner)
film rights 165–6
films 165–7, 170, 237, 254, 283, 297
Finsås, Ronny 114
Fisher, Andrew 215
Fisher, Osmond 232–3
Fishery Protection Vessel 189–90
flights 221–3
Flinders, Matthew 20
flora 43–4
food 27, 53
see also meat
Forster, Johann Reinhold 93
fossils 43–4, 62, 65, 274, 275, 276–7, 279
see also Glossopteris
Fox Dip Circle 20
Fram 51, 110, 114, 132, 137, 149, 285
see also Amundsen’s Norwegian Antarctic expedition
Fram Museum, Oslo 106
Framheim 115, 116, 117
Franklin, Sir John 21, 25, 29, 41, 105, 106, 108, 144
Franz Josef Land 51–2
French expeditions 19, 225–6
Freshfield, Douglas 254–5
funding 296–8, 299
Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE) 215–16, 217–18, 221–3, 253
British Antarctic expeditions 26
Discovery expedition 29, 31
Nimrod expedition (BAE) 40–3, 55, 68–9
fur clothing 54, 96
G
Galton, Francis 201
Gauss 180
Gauss, Carl Friedrich 18
Gaussberg 219
geographical exploration 25
Geographical Society of London
see Royal Geographical Society (RGS)
geological samples 31, 57–8, 76–7
Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE) 241, 248
French expeditions 270–1
Nimrod expedition (BAE) 48, 56, 298
Shirase’s Japanese expedition 167–8, 171–2
Terra Nova expedition 101, 260, 261, 271–3
geology 43–4, 62, 65, 101
geomagnetic poles 17
German Antarctic Expedition (Filchner) 4, 175, 205
base 196–8
dogs 205
at Grytviken 192–3, 204–5
meets Amundsen’s Norwegian Antarctic expedition 186
oceanography 185–6, 209–10
post-voyage 204–7
preparations 181–6
scientific observations 179, 180, 198, 206, 207–11, 296
search for land 202–3
team relationships 198–200, 203–7
voyage down 186, 188–9, 193–6
weather observations 208–9
see also Deutschland; Filchner, Wilhelm
Gerritsz, Dirk 9
Gilbert, William 15–16
Ginkgo biloba 277
Gjøa 106–8
Glossopteris 43, 80, 274, 276–7
gloves 54
Gondwanaland 44, 275–6, 278–9
Graham, George 18
Graham Land 137
Gran, Tryggve 82, 83
Great Ice Barrier 21, 28, 32, 46, 115, 172, 270–1
Gregory, John Walter 30, 73–4
Grytviken 191, 192–3
Gunji, Naritada 145–6, 173
H
Haakon, King 131
Halley, Edmund 17–18
Hamilton, Sir Richard 29
Hamre, Ivar 166, 174–5
Hann, Julius von 119–20
Hanssen, Helmer 132
Hassel, Sverre 131–2
Hayes, Gordon 257–8
health of explorers 60, 129, 131, 244, 245, 246–7
see also scurvy
Heiberg, Axel 128
Heinemann, William 136
Helland-Hansen, Bjørn 115
Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 4, 26
Hilary, Sir Ed
mund 247
Hinks, Arthur 125
Hints to Travellers (RGS) 23–4, 88, 101, 111, 201
Hooker, Joseph 19, 24, 43
horses 52–3, 82, 87, 100, 182, 205, 263
Hurley, Frank 220–1, 237, 247, 254, 258, 285
Huxley, Thomas 47–8, 298
hypsometers 111, 128–9
I
IceCube 296
Ikeda, Masakichi 156, 158, 173–4
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 284–5, 299–300
Indo-Australian Pacific Plate 276
International Geographical Congress, Sixth 25–6
International Polar Year 186–7
J
Jackson, Frederick George 52, 53, 107
Jackson–Harmsworth Expedition 52
Jane 13
Japan Times 155
Japanese expeditions 4
see also Shirase’s Japanese expedition
Japanese government 173, 175
Japanese Polar Research Institute 175
Jeffryes, Sydney 250–1, 252
Johansen, Hjalmar 51–2, 108, 123, 140
K
Kainan Bay 162, 174
Kainan-maru 149, 151, 169, 173
Kaiser Wilhelm Ice Barrier 195
Kaiser Wilhelm II Land 180, 248
Keedick, Lee 135
Keltie, John Scott 109, 139, 141, 174
Kerguelen Land 202
Kidson, Edward 266–7
King Edward Point 191
King Edward VII Land 28–9, 32, 165–9, 171, 174, 269, 270, 274–5
king penguins 92
Kishiichi, Kokubo 148
kites, man-bearing 113–14
Kling, Albert 186, 198, 202
Kohl, Ludwig 193
König, Felix 183, 199, 200, 202, 206
Kuril Islands 145–6, 173
L
land bridge 44–5, 232, 234–6, 274–5
Larsen, Carl Anton 192–3, 205
Laseron, Charles 229, 240
Lashly, William 101, 292–3
latitude measurements 125, 136, 202
Le Maire, Jacob 9
Lindstrom, Henrik 118, 122, 123
Lloyd-Creak dipping circle 58, 81
location measurements 23, 125–7
longitude measurements 102, 125, 202
Longstaff, Llewellyn 29, 36
Lorenzen, Wilhelm 200, 203, 205
Lucas sounding machine 234–5
Luitpold Land 194, 195, 269–70
Lyttleton, New Zealand 45, 151
Lyttleton Times 151
M
Mackay, Alistair 56–61
McLean, Archibald 245, 250
McMurdo Sound 20, 31, 47