Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an: Islam and the Founders

by Denise A. Spellberg

  Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2

  Finkelman, Paul

  First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States

  Boykin on

  and court ruling on Oklahoma’s anti-Sharia law

  Jefferson on “wall of separation,”

  First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States (continued)

  and Leland, 7.1, 7.2

  and Muslim “civil rights,” aft.1, aft.2

  New England’s Congregational Protestantism after passage of, 6.1, 7.1

  and religious freedom

  and Tripolitan treaty

  Fischer, Bryan

  Flushing Remonstrance, 2.1, aft.1

  Fondaco dei Turchi, Venice, nts.1n32

  Ford, Henry

  Foss, John

  Foster, Mr. (slave owner in Mississippi), 5.1, 5.2

  Fox, George

  Foxe, John

  France

  Le Fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophète in, 1.1, 1.2

  French Revolution, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Huguenots in

  rights of conscience in Constitution

  Franck, Sebastian, 2.1, nts.1n78

  Franklin, Benjamin, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

  Franks, David S.

  freedom of religion. See religious freedom; religious tolerance

  Freeman’s Oracle

  French Revolution, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Gaffney, Frank J., Jr.

  Garcia, Humberto, 2.1, nts.1n200

  Geller, Pamela

  George III, King of England, 1.1, nts.1n114

  Georgia, 5.1, aft.1

  GhaneaBassiri, Kambiz

  Gibbon, Edward

  Gingrich, Newt

  Ginzburg, Carlo

  Golden Rule

  Castellio on

  Ellison on

  Flushing Remonstrance on

  Jefferson on, xv

  Leland on, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Menocchio on

  Obama on

  Williams on

  Goode, Virgil, Jr.

  Gordon, Thomas

  government

  centralization of military power

  established Puritan religion

  Helwys’s proposed degree of toleration

  imagined Muslim political community in U.S., itr.1, itr.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1

  and national army provision in Constitution

  Protestant Founders of U.S.

  and religious tolerance

  tyranny identified with Muslims, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  Williams’s ideal society

  See also politics; public officeholders; separation of church and state

  Graham, Franklin

  Great Awakening, the

  Great Britain

  accommodations for swearing in of Jews

  and American ships and crew

  expulsion of Jews, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1n46

  Jefferson studying legal precedents of

  Mahomet the Impostor in

  and North African pirates

  and Ottoman Empire

  Prize Act (1708)

  religious tests in

  and Williams’s Bloudy Tenent, 2.1

  Ground Zero Mosque (film), aft.1

  Halal Law of Texas (2003)

  Hamburger, Philip, nts.1n120

  Hamdani, Talat

  Hammuda Bey, 6.1, 6.2

  Hayes, Chris

  Hayy ibn Yaqzan (Ibn Tufayl), 2.1, nts.1n176

  Hebrew Bible. See Old Testament

  Helwys, Thomas, 2.1, 7.1

  Hemings, Elizabeth, nts.1n270

  Hemings, Sara “Sally,” 3.1, 4.1, nts.1n270

  Henry, Patrick

  heresy

  Deism and Unitarianism as

  Locke accused of

  Origen’s heresy, 2.1, 2.2

  of Pelagius

  religious tolerance as, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

  of Servetus

  of seventh-century Christians

  universalist doctrine as

  heretics

  Concerning Heretics (Castellio), 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

  Helwys on acceptance of

  Muslims and Jews excluded from by Locke

  royal religious authority over

  tolerance for, as dissenters, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Hindus and Hinduism

  History of the Corruptions of Christianity, An (Priestley)

  Hoadly, Benjamin

  Hoadly, John

  Holland

  freedom of conscience in 1579

  as refuge for Whigs from England

  religious tolerance in, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

  Remonstrants, nts.1n236

  Huff, Richard Curry, nts.1n120

  Huguenots (French Protestants)

  Humanity in Algiers (anon.)

  Hume, David

  Hutchinson, Anne

  Hutson, James, nts.1n26

  Ibn al-Khattab, Umar, 3.1, 3.2

  Ibn Rushd “Averroes,”

  Ibn Said, Omar, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n156

  Ibn Tufayl, Muhammad ibn ’Abd al-Malik, 1.1, 2.1, nts.1n176

  Ibrahima Abd al-Rahman, Muslim slave, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n156

  immigration

  Irish Catholic immigrants, itr.1, 7.1

  Jefferson’s Virginia Bill for Naturalization of Immigrants

  Muslims, aft.1, aft.2

  name changes

  post–Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

  Immigration and Nationality Act (1965)

  inalienable natural rights theory, 2.1, 7.1

  Independent Whig (weekly)

  infidels

  and Constitution of the United States, 5.1, 6.1

  Deists as

  Jefferson branded as, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, aft.1, aft.2

  Jefferson on, 3.1, 6.1

  and Origen’s heresy

  overview

  as political slur, 6.1, 6.2

  as preferable to heretic

  Qur’an on

  as religious slur, 1.1, 1.2

  Inquisition

  Catholic Inquisition, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

  conversion by

  and Galileo

  and Menocchio, 2.1, aft.1, nts.1n15

  and Servetus

  Spanish Inquisition, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin)

  International Seminar on the History of the Atlantic World, xi

  Iredell, James

  as associate justice

  on Catholic threat

  on Hindus and oaths

  and Johnston, 5.1, 5.2

  and Muslim “civil rights,” itr.1, 5.1

  and North Carolina’s failure to ratify the Constitution

  on religious test for public office, 5.1, 5.2

  on swearing of oaths

  Irish Catholic immigrants, itr.1, 7.1

  Islam

  Adams on

  afterlife and women

  The Algerine Captive on

  as Antichrist, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  anti-Sharia movement, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3

  as antithesis of true Christianity, 1.1, 5.1

  bismillah, 5.1, 5.2

  Christian superiority, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  conversion to, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, aft.1

  and Deist or Unitarian viewpoints

  dissimulation

  on divorce

  and First Amendment, aft.1, aft.2

  five pillars, 3.1, 5.1

  and French Revolution

  Jefferson’s negative views of, itr.1, itr.2, 3.1, 6.1

  Jefferson’s positive views of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  in Jefferson’s Tripoli treaty, 6.1, 6.2

  Jefferson’s use of, to critique other religions, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2

  Leland’s erroneous beliefs, 7.1, 7.2

  Mandeville on

  Mather’s selective approach

  Muhammad, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1n109

  Paine on

  place in Jefferson’s li
brary

  and political rhetoric of Jefferson and Adams

  prohibitions

  pro-Islamic materials by Stubbe

  and Ramadan, 3.1, 6.1, nts.1n140

  scientific discoveries, 3.1, 3.2

  Sharia compatible with American citizenship

  Sharia compatible with English citizenship

  Sharia law, aft.1, aft.2

  Stubbe on, 2.1, nts.1n200

  terminology distortions, 1.1, nts.1n186

  treatment of slaves, 4.1, nts.1n12

  as tyranny

  as weapon for vilifying fellow Christians, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  See also anti-Islamic polemic; conversion to Islam; Muhammad; Muslim Americans; Muslims; Qur’an

  Islam and Liberal Citizenship (March)

  Islamic legal schools

  Islamo-Christian civilization

  “Islamophilia,” nts.1n211

  Ismail, Sultan of Morocco

  janissaries, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1

  Jefferson, Martha

  Jefferson, Thomas

  accusations of being a Muslim, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, aft.1, aft.2

  and Anglicanism, 3.1, 3.2

  as Deist, 5.1, 6.1

  divorce case

  on Golden Rule

  and Islam, x, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7

  and Jews, 3.1, nts.1n201

  and Leland, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Leland on, 7.1, 7.2

  letters to Tunisian ruler, 6.1, 6.2

  letter to Tripolitan ruler

  library catalog system

  library of, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, nts.1n211

  and Locke, 3.1, 3.2

  losses from house fire

  and “Mammoth Cheese” from Massachusetts, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  and Muslim rights, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1

  Muslim slaves of, itr.1, 3.1

  Obama compared to

  and Qur’an, ix–xi, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  and racial differences

  and Ramadan, 6.1, nts.1n140

  on reception at Court of St. James’s

  religion of, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

  religious tolerance of, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1

  on rotation of public officeholders

  as secretary of state, 5.1, 6.1

  slaves of, 3.1, 4.1

  studying British legal precedents, 3.1, 3.2

  and Voltaire’s view of Islam

  See also “Autobiography” (Jefferson); Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (Jefferson); Deists and Deism; Notes on Virginia (Jefferson)

  Jefferson, Thomas, as president

  first inaugural address

  military action against Tripoli/North African pirates, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n18, nts.2n91

  predictions of doom resulting from his presidency

  Tripoli treaty, 6.1, 6.2

  Tunisian ambassador Mellimelli’s visit to D.C.

  Jefferson Bible, 3.1, 6.1

  Jefferson’s Qur’an

  acquisition of, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, nts.1n174

  Ellison’s oath on

  importance of

  at Library of Congress, ix

  overview

  place in Jefferson’s library

  Jesus Christ

  Leland’s references to

  Locke’s references to

  omitting from Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, 3.1, nts.1n249

  Jewish Americans

  Adams, J. Q., on

  on anti-Muslim activist Yerushalmi

  and Flushing Remonstrance, 2.1, aft.1

  and Jefferson’s Virginia Bill for Naturalization of Immigrants, 3.1, nts.1n201

  negative stereotypes, 1.1, 4.1, 5.1

  and Obama accused of being Muslim

  and religious test for public office, 5.1, 5.2

  See also Judaism

  Jews

  and Adams

  The Algerine Captive on

  and Barbary ambassadors

  double loyalty issue

  Edict of Expulsion from England, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1n46

  exclusion from Act of Toleration of 1689

  exclusion from public office, 5.1, 5.2

  immigration to the U.S., aft.1, aft.2, aft.3

  and Jefferson, itr.1, itr.2, 3.1, 3.2

  Leland’s fight for rights of

  Locke on, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

  Menocchio’s argument for salvation of Muslims and, 2.1, aft.1

  Muslims and Christians compared to, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2

  Muslims, Catholics, and, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n3, nts.2n27

  and Muslims, equated, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

  overview

  as People of the Book, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, nts.1n75

  and presence in North Africa

  and religious liberty in New York

  and religious test for public office

  as threat to Christian society, 2.1, aft.1

  toleration of

  Zoroastrians compared to

  See also Judaism

  jihad, 4.1, aft.1

  Johnson, Samuel

  Johnston, Samuel

  on civic virtues vs. creed, 5.1, aft.1

  and North Carolina constitutional ratification debates, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6

  Jones, Terry, ix–x, nts.1n3

  Judaism

  Christian superiority, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Jefferson on, 3.1, 3.2

  Leland on

  and polygamy

  See also Jews; Old Testament

  Judeo-Christian-Islamic religious identity

  Judeo-Christian religious identity

  Kamil, Neil, xii

  Ketton, Robert

  Kidd, Thomas S., nts.1n1

  Koran, See also Qur’an

  Koran (Sale)

  and The Algerine Captive, 1.1

  on God, Jesus, and the Trinity in the Qur’an

  introduction, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1

  Jefferson’s negative views of the Qur’an

  Jefferson’s neglect of

  Jefferson’s positive views of the Qur’an, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Jefferson’s purchase of, 3.1, 3.2

  place in Jefferson’s library

  “Preliminary Discourse,”

  translation issues

  use of Koran vs. Qur’an

  and Voltaire

  Lafayette, Marquis de, 4.1, 4.2

  Lambert, Frank, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  Lancaster, William

  Lee, Richard Henry

  Legal Commonplace Book

  legal decisions. See court cases

  Legend of the Three Rings, The (folklore)

  Leland, John

  beyond religious tolerance

  biography, itr.1, 1.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, nts.1n15

  on conformity in religion

  and Connecticut’s tax to support Congregational Protestantism, 7.1, nts.1n79

  and Helwys

  on Islam

  and Jefferson, 7.1, 7.2

  on Jefferson, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Kidd on, nts.1n1

  as legislator in Massachusetts

  and Leland’s erroneous understanding of Islam

  and Locke

  and Madison, 7.1, nts.1n36

  and Massachusetts’s tax to support Congregational Protestantism

  and Muslim rights, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6

  opposition to Constitution, 7.1, 7.2

  on religious freedom, 7.1, nts.1n1, nts.2n84

  on separation of church and state, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, nts.1n10, nts.2n120

  on slavery

  and Smyth

  and Washington

  and Williams

  Leslie, Peter

  Letter Concerning Toleration, A (Locke), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Liberia

  liberty of conscience principle, Williams’s, 2.1, 2.2

  library at Alexandria, Egypt, burning of, 3.1, nts.1n130

  Library of Congress

  Life and
Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria (El-Abbadi), nts.1n130

  Lingua Franca

  Literary Commonplace Book (Jefferson)

  Locke, John

  accusations of being a Muslim

  and “Age of Arabick” (G. A. Russell), 2.1, nts.1n171

  attacked as Muslim, Socinian, or Deist

  and Bagshaw, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  and Carolinas’ statutes for religious freedom, nts.1n44

  on Christianity

  defense of Unitarians and Muslims

  in Holland, 2.1, nts.1n236, nts.2n260

  on inalienable rights

  and Jefferson, 3.1, 3.2

  and Leland

  on Muslim “civil rights,” itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1

  references to Jesus Christ

  religious tolerance of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1n5

  and Shaftesbury, 2.1, nts.1n220

  and Stubbe

  and Unitarianism

  Louis XIV, King of France

  Luther, Martin, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1

  Madison, James

  Algiers treaty

  and Article 11 of the Tripoli treaty

  beyond religious tolerance

  and Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, 3.1, 3.2

  on inalienable rights

  Jefferson’s letter on Adams dispute

  and Leland, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1n36

  and Muslim rights

  on national army

  on national army provision in Constitution

  Madison, James (continued)

  on prohibiting religious tests for public office

  “Mahomet: A Dream,”

  Mahometans, and other premodern variations of Muslims (Mahamadens, Mahomedans, Mahumetans, Mehomitans, Musselmen, Mussulmans), itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, aft.1

  Locke’s usage, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  and North Carolina debate on religious test, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7

  term defined, 1.1, nts.1n186

  See also Muslims; Saracens; Turks

  Mahomet the Impostor (Voltaire)

  “Mammoth Cheese” from Massachusetts, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Mandeville, Sir John

  Maracci, Ludovico

  Maria (schooner)

  Marschalk, Andrew

  Marshall, John

  Marx, Joseph

  Maryland, 5.1, 5.2

  Massachusetts/Massachusetts Bay Colony

  ban on religious tolerance

  Constitution of Massachusetts, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1n86

  Leland as legislator

  Leland on

  Leland’s fight against tax to support Congregational Protestantism

  and religious test for public office, 5.1, 7.1

  Williams’s exile from, 2.1, 2.2

  Matar, Nabil, 2.1, 4.1, nts.1n204

  Mather, Cotton, 1.1, 2.1

  McCain, John

  McLoughlin, William G., nts.1n120

  McVeigh, Timothy