by Rachel May
Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher. “Of Pens and Needles: Sources for the Study of Early American Women.” Journal of American History. 77 (1990): 200–207.
Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1983.
Chapter 3: Warp & Weft: Agriculture & Industry
Notes
p. 81, Whit Schroeder notes that a piece of lumber in Rhode Island Hall is stamped “James A. Potter & Co.,” a Rhode Island mill founded in 1838. Schroeder, Whit, “Chapter 3: “History of Rhode Island Hall,” The Transformation of Rhode Island Hall: An Archeological Perspective, Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World, Brown University, https://www .brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/about/rihalltransform/6500.html.
It’s possible that Hilton’s mill provided lumber for Rhode Island Hall that was not labeled, or not found to have a label, or perhaps they supplied lumber for other projects by the architects.
Information about Bishroom Vale’s church membership gathered by Sarah Nesnow.
Primary Sources
Godey’s Lady’s Book, The Online Books Page, serial archive listing, University of Pennsylvania, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=godeylady.
Godey’s Lady’s Book and Ladies’ American Magazine, “The Lady’s Book,” Vol. 10–11 (1835), Philadelphia, PA: L.A. Godey & Co., 1830–1839 (original owned by Princeton University).“Letter from Susan to her sisters,” May 18, 1833, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 1: 119–120, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Hilton to Winthrop,” March 15, 1833, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 1: 112, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“NB almost 24 yr,” Franklin Cushman’s note, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 1: 114, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“This very gentle self-reliant man . . .” Franklin Cushman’s note, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 121, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Winthrop…was a very headstrong boy…a very gentle brother Hilton…always tried to restrain him,” Franklin Cushman’s note, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 1: 134, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Winthrop to Eliza Williams,” November 3, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks: vol. 2: 45, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Postscript, Letter from Eliza Williams to Sarah R. Williams,” June 3, 1839. Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks: vol. 2: 138, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Hilton to Winthrop,” March 15, 1833, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 1: 114, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Winthrop to Eliza Williams,” November 8, 1834, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 7: 52–54, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Susan to Eliza Williams,” November 5, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 46, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Susan to Eliza Williams,” July 2, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 23, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Susan to her sisters,” October 15, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 40–41, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Sarah B. Hamlin to Susan,” October 8, 1834, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 7: 49–52, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Susan to her sisters,” May 18, 1833, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 1: 119–120, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Susan to her sisters,” October 15, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 41–42, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Susan to Eliza Williams,” December 10, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 52–54, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Susan and Hilton to Eliza Williams,” September 11, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 34, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Susan to Eliza Williams,” January 11, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 1: 145, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Winthrop to his sister,” November 3, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 44, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Winthrop to Eliza Williams,” December 10 & 11, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 49–51, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Hilton to his sister,” May 7, 1836, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 57, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Hilton to his sister,” June 1, 1836, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 59, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Morning Dresses,” The Court Magazine & Monthly Critic and Lady’s Magazine, vol. 5: xiii (October 1834), London: Edward Churton, 1834. Google book: https://books.google.com/books?id=6qHNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Race and Slavery Petitions Project, Digital Library on American Slavery, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, https://library.uncg.edu/slavery/petitions/ PAR Number 21384008, 21384124. These are Charles Crouch’s court cases, in 1840 and 1841, in which he represented “Simon Mathews and the five grandchildren of the late George Mathews, all free persons of color,” to establish their freedom and handle property and inheritance.
William Hilton Williams’ notebook, Elijah Williams Papers, MSS 34: Series D.
Secondary Sources
Beckert, Sven. Empire of Cotton: A Global History. New York: Vintage, 2014.
Cady, John H. The Civic and Architectural Development of Providence, 1636–1950. Providence: The Bookshop, 1957.
Clark-Pujara, Christy. Dark Work: The Business of Slavery in Rhode Island. New York: NYU Press, 2016.
Coughtry, Jay. The Notorious Triangle: Rhode Island and the African Slave Trade, 1700–1807. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981.
Davis, Paul. “Unrighteous Traffick: Rhode Island and the Slave Trade,” The Providence Journal. Special Report, March 2006. Pettaquamscott Historical Society, October 18, 2014.
Edward McCrady papers, 1787–ca.–1765, Description, South Carolina Historical Society, Charleston, SC.
Helsley, Alexia Jones. “McCrady, Edward, Jr.” South Carolina Encyclopedia. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies, June 8, 2016: http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/mccrady-edward-jr/.
“James C. Bucklin,” Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame Inductee, http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=673.
Johnson, Walter. Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Kennedy, Cynthia M. Braided Relations, Entwined Lives: The Women of Charleston’s Urban Slave Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
Melish, Joanne Pope. Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and “Race” in New England, 1780–1895. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015.
Myers, Amrita Chakrabarti. Forging Freedom: Black Women and the Pursuit of Liberty in Antebellum Charleston. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
Schroeder, Whit, Chapter 3: “History of Rhode Island Hall,” The Transformation of Rhode Island Hall: An Archeological Perspective, Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World, Brown University, https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/ab
out /rihalltransform/6500.html.
White, Deborah Gray. Ar’n’t I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1999.
Chapter 4: Mosaic
Notes
Hasell’s grandfather, Charles Crouch, “printer,” bought from Christopher Jenkins a man named Jack, February 8, 1771. Marriage and Death Notices from the Christian Neighbor, South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. XXVII (1999): 170, 534–535.
Peter Timothy, the employer of Charles Crouch, issued an ad in the 1751 Gazette to reward anyone who could find him with “a small woodcut of a fleeing man . . . usually reserved for runaway slaves.” Charles ran away again, and Timothy “discharged” him, saying that he “was ‘very capable of the Business’ but possessed ‘an unhappy affection for Drink, Play and Scandalous Company.’” Hennig Cohen, “Preface” and “Historical and Descriptive Sketch,” The South Carolina Gazette, University of South Carolina Press (1953): vii–9. (It’s possible that Charles’ grandson and namesake, C. W. Crouch, husband to Eliza Crouch, may have taken after his grandfather, as C.W. was described by family members as “slovenly,” like his father Abraham. C. W. Crouch held many jobs over the course of his lifetime.) For more on Charles Crouch, printer, see also: William L. King, The Newspaper Press of Charleston, S.C.: A Chronological and Biographical History, Embracing a Period of One Hundred and Forty Years, Charleston, S.C., 1872, Chapter III: 21–23.
For more on the history of cooks and cooking: Lam, Francis, “Edna Lewis and the Black Roots of American Cooking,” New York Times, October 28, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/01/magazine/edna-lewis-and-the-black-roots-of-american-cooking.html; Russell, Malinda. A Domestic Cook Book: containing a careful selection of receipts for the kitchen. Paw Paw, MI: 1866, Hathi Trust Digital Library, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=russell%2C%20malinda&searchtype=subject&ft=&setft=false; Randolph, Mary. The Virginia Housewife, or, Methodical cook: a facsimile of an authentic early American cookbook. New York: Dover Publications, 1993; Simmons, Amelia. American Cookery: The first American cookbook: A facsimile of ‘American cookery,’ 1796. New York: Dover Publications, 1984, c1958; Tipton-Martin, Toni. The Jemima Code: Two Centuries of African American Cookbooks. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015; Twitty, Michael W. The Cooking Gene: A Journey Through African American Culinary History. New York: Amistad, 2017.
p. 98, “Beginning in the last decade…,” from Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003.
p. 99–102, information on Mary Ancrum Walker, the “feme sole,” and enslaved people Walker owned, as well as p. 121–122 Abraham Crouch as trustee, was provided by Sarah Nesnow.
p. 102, “As well as extending . . .” & “acquir[ing] cultural capital . . .” from Stankiewicz, Mary Ann. “Middle Class Desire: Ornament, Industry, and Emulation in 19th Century Art Education,” Studies in Art Education. Vol 43, No 4, Summer 2002, 324–338.
p. 107, “Between 1826 and 1836 . . .” from Beckert, Sven. Empire of Cotton: A Global History. New York: Vintage, 2014.
For more on Denmark Vesey and the planned rebellion, please see: Rasmussen, Daniel. American Uprising: The Untold Story of America’s Largest Slave Revolt. New York: Harper Perennial, 2012; Douglas R. Egerton and Robert L. Paquette, eds., The Denmark Vesey Affair: A Documentary History, Southern Dissent (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2017); John Lofton, Denmark Vesey’s Revolt: The Slave Plot that Lit a Fuse to Fort Sumter, American Abolitionism and Antislavery (Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press, 2013); Edward A. Pearson, Designs Against Charleston: The Trial Record of the Denmark Slave Conspiracy of 1822. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
Primary Sources
“Letter from Hilton to his sister,” March 14 & 16, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 6–7, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Winthrop to Eliza Williams,” January 12, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 1: 150, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Winthrop to Hilton,” January 11, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 1: 148, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Susan to her sisters,” May 18, 1833, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 1: 120, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Winthrop to William J. Harris,” March 3, 1838, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 155 (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Susan to Eliza Williams,” July 2, 1835, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 2: 23, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
Middleton, Alicia Hopton. Life in Carolina and New England during the nineteenth century, as illustrated by reminiscences and letters of the Middleton family of Charleston, South Carolina, and of the DeWolf Family of Bristol, Rhode Island. Private printing, 1929. South Carolina Historical Society Rare Books. College of Charleston, Charleston, SC.
Receipt for Abraham Crouch burial, MSS 34, Series C: Jason Williams’ papers (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
Godey’s Lady’s Book, The Online Books Page, serial archive listing, University of Pennsylvania, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=godeylady.
Godey’s Lady’s Book and Ladies’ American Magazine, “The Lady’s Book,” Vol. 1–17, Philadelphia, PA: L.A. Godey & Co., 1830–1839 (original owned by Princeton University), Hathi Trust Digital Library, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008920204.
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Adamson, Jeremy. Calico and Chintz: Antique Quilts from the Collection of Patricia S. Smith (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1997).
Bassett, Lynne Zacek. Telltale Textiles: Quilts from the Historic Deerfield Collection Deerfield, MA: Historic Deerfield, 2003.
Bassett, Lynne Z. and Jack Larkin. Northern Comfort: New England’s Early Quilts, 1780–1850. Nashville: Rutledge Hill Press, 1998.
Beckert, Sven. Empire of Cotton: A Global History. New York: Vintage, 2014.
Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003.
Bolton, Ethel Stanwood and Eva Johnston Coe, American Samplers, Massachusetts Society of Colonial Dames & Harvard University, (1921, books.google.com): 242.
Bridenbaugh, Carl. “Charlestonians at Newport,” The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 1767–1765. Vol. XLI, April, 1940, no 2.
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Camp, Stephanie M.H. Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women & Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994.
Clark-Pujara, Christy. Dark Work: The Business of Slavery in Rhode Island. New York: NYU Press, 2016.
Coughtry, Jay. The Notorious Triangle: Rhode Island and the African Slave Trade, 1700–1807. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981.
Craft, William and Ellen. Running a Thousand Miles to Freedom. Mineola, NY: Dover Thrift Editions, 2014.
Fitts, Robert K. “The Landscapes of Northern Bondage,” Inventing New England’s Slave Paradise: Master/Slave Relations in Eighteenth Century Narragansett, Rhode Island. Studies in African American History and Culture. Routledge, 1998. Pettaquamscott Historical Society, October 18, 2014.
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Goloboy, Jennifer L. “Strangers in the South: Charleston’s Merchants and Middle-Class Values in the Early Republic.” Southern Middle Class in the Long Nineteenth Century. ed. Jennifer R. Green, Jonathan Daniel Wells, and Susanna Delfino. LSU Press, 2011. ProQuest EBook, created from NMich on 2016-11-18.
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Johnson, Walter. Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
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