Flesh Reborn

by Jean-François Lozier

  27 ANOM, C11A 12: 256–260v, Champigny “Relation … [1692–1693],” 17 August 1693; ANOM, C11A 12: 182–205v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1692-1693]”; BNF, Département des manuscrits, Français 6453, f. 1–1v, “Relation des affaires des Iroquois (1692–1693)”; NYCD 4: 6–7, 14–24, 222; La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 322; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 185–8; Bayard and Lodowick, Narrative.

  28 NYCD 4: 17–19; ANOM, C11A 12: 256–260v, Champigny, “Relation … [1692–1693],” 17 August 1693; ANOM, C11A 12: 182–205v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1692–1693]”; BNF, Département des manuscrits, Français 6453, f. 1v–2, “Relation des affaires des Iroquois (1692–1693)”; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 185–6; La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 322–3; ANOM, C11A 13: 109, Callière to the Minister, 10 October 1694; BNF, 13516, f. 43v, Belmont, “Recueil.”

  29 Ibid. Note that Belmont’s “les gens du saut firent echaper 100 [de] leur parens” becomes “virent échapper” in the published version. Cf. BNF, 13516, f. 43v, Belmont, “Recueil” and Histoire du Canada, 35.

  30 ANOM, C11A 12: 256–260v, Champigny, “Relation … [1692–1693],” 17 August 1693; ANOM, C11A 12: 182–205v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1692–1693].”

  31 On Tareha’s embassy and subsequent embassies, and on Governor Fletcher and the Albany magistrates’ renewed efforts to undermine Franco-Iroquois diplomacy, see Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 190–1; NYCD 3: 783; 4: 38–51, 59–64, 76–8; ANOM, C11A 12: 256–260v, Champigny, “Relation … [1692–1693],” 17 August 1693; ANOM, C11A 12: 182–205v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1692–1693]”; BNF, Département des manuscrits, Français 6453, f.4, “Relation des affaires des Iroquois (1692–1693)”; Colden, History of the Five Indian Nations (1747), 154–6; NYSA, A1894, v. 39, no. 82, Examination of Jurian, 25 July 1693; LIR, 170–2. On Tareha himself (alternatively spelled Tarriha, Tarrigha, Tarsha, Tharia, and mistranscribed as Tharca), see Henri Béchard, “Tareha,” in DCB 1: 633–4; Gray, “Narratives and Identities,” 256–79.

  32 La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 268.

  33 On Pierre Millet and on his influence at Oneida, see St-Arnaud, Pierre Millet; Lucien Campeau, “Pierre Millet,” in DCB 2: 473–4; JRAD 64: 118–20, 132; NYCD 4: 47, 169–70. On Suzanne Gouentagrandi, see Bruce G. Trigger, “Gouentagrandi,” in DCB 2: 255–6; St-Arnaud, Pierre Millet, 95–6, 102, 137–9, 143–5, 167, 172, 176–7; Gray, “Narratives and Identities,” 256–79. Charles Cooke etymologizes this as “Gon Wen Da Ge Ren Ni” (or “Gon Wen Ge Ren Ni”), meaning, “they put things down before her,” or more freely, “they prostrate themselves before her.” American Philosophical Society, Mss. 497.3.C772, Iroquois personal names, 1900–1951, Cooke, “Names beginning E-G,” 467. While some scholars had believed that Gouentagrandi was Taréha’s wife, a letter by Millet makes it clear that she was his sister. Cf. Devine, Historic Caughnawaga, 113–14; Jones, “Millet.”

  34 Colden, History of the Five Indian Nations (1747), 203–10; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 200–3; NYCD 4: 86–7; ANOM, C11A 13: 140–151v, Lamothe-Cadillac, “Mémoire …,” [1694]; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 203.

  35 La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 204–20 ; BNF, Département des manuscrits, Français 6453, “Parolles dites par Teganisorens à Mgr. Le comte de Frontenac,” 23 May 1694.

  36 Ibid.

  37 NYCD 4: 115; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 231–44;

  38 ANOM, C11A 14: 65–99v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1694–1695]”; NYCD 4: 120–1. In the report produced at Albany, the names of these messengers were transcribed as Tiurhadareio otherwise diakognorak’igl’s, and Jehanontsiesta. In Monseignat’s relation they are named Tiorhatarion (or Thioratarion, Thiorhatharion, Thioratarions) and Ononsista (or Ononsiaka).

  39 NYCD 4: 124–6, 151–2, 158.

  40 ANOM, C11A 14: 65–99v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1694–1695].”

  41 ANOM, C11A 14: 148–50, Frontenac to the Minister, 25 October 1696; ANOM, C11A 14: 154–67, Frontenac to the Minister, 25 October 1696; ANOM, C11A 14: 35–64, Monseignat, “Relation … [1695–1696]”; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 224–7; NYCD 4: 123.

  42 ANOM, C11A 14: 35-64, Monseignat, “Relation … [1695–1696]”; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 270–8; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 246–9.

  43 ANOM, C11A 14: 35–64, Monseignat, “Relation … [1695–1696]”; La Potherie, Histoire 3: 280–2; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 253.

  44 La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 285; ANOM, C11A 14: 35–64, Monseignat, “Relation … [1695–1696]”; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 256–7, 292–3.

  45 La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 285; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 295–6; ANOM, C11A 15: 3–21, Monseignat, “Relation […] 1696 […] 1697,” (copy in NYCD 9: 665); see also ANOM, C11A 15: 148-153v, Callière to Minister, 15 October 1697; NYCD 4: 279–80. On Otacheté (alternatively, Odatsichta, Odatsigtha, Odasishtee, Odatsighte, Odatrighte), see also NYCD 4: 348, 407, 558–9, 563. His name is one of the hereditary names of Oneida League chiefs (Otacheté, Otasseté, Odatsheghte, Otatschéchte, Otatchette, Otachecté, Odat-sighte, Odaksichte, Odatrighte, Odatsichte, Odatsichta, Ondaghsighte). See Starna, “Retrospecting the Origins,” 295, 313. Some confusion needs to be resolved, however, as Millet wrote several years earlier that he had himself been adopted to replace a chief named Otasseté. JRAD 64: 101.

  46 NYCD 4: 279–82; ANOM, C11A 15: 3–21, Monseignat, “Relation … [1696–1697]”; NYSA, A1894, v. 41, no. 92, Treaty minutes, 9–12 March, 8 July 1697; ANOM, C11A 15: 148–153v, Callière to the Minister, 15 October 1697; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 295–6; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 308–9.

  47 ANOM, C11A 15: 3–21, Monseignat, “Relation … [1696–1697]”; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 294, 297, 309–10.

  48 ANOM, C11A 15: 3–21, Monseignat, “Relation … [1696–1697]”; ANOM, C11A 15: 22–37, Monseignat, “Relation … [1697–1698],” 20 October 1698.

  49 ANOM, G1, 461: 5–6, 8. See also JRAD 65: 28–30.

  50 ANOM, C11A 13: 377v, Callière to the Minister, 27 October 1695; ANOM, C11A 13: 341, Champigny to the Minister, 11 August 1695; ANOM, C11A 13: 118v–119, “État de la dépense faite pour les fortifications de Canada sur les fonds ordonnés par Sa Majesté en l’année 1694,” 26 October 1694; Devine, Historic Caughnawaga, 90–1, 126–9. On the new site, see also ibid., 114, 128–30; Jury, “Kanatakwenke,” 6–9, and “Caughnawaga,” 4–9.

  51 Charlevoix, Histoire, 2: 135; St-Arnaud, Pierre Millet, 172; Devine, Historic Caughnawaga, 181–2. On Gouentagrandi, see supra, note 33.

  52 ANOM, G1, 461: 5–6, 8, censuses of 1693 and 1698.

  53 La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 343–4.

  54 ASSM, P1:36-8b, “Mémoire d’un missionnaire, […] relatif aux activités des Jésuites,” 1685.

  55 Ibid.; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 6: 3851-3858, Tronson to Belmont, 15 April 1685; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 6: 3901-3914, Tronson to Belmont, 4 June 1686.

  56 LAC, MG17-A7-2, 6: 3620-3631, Tronson to Belmont, 6 June 1682; Tremblay, “Politique missionnaire,” 89. For later recommendations of caution, LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4285, Tronson to Gay, March 1692.

  57 ANF, N/III/Canada/12, Vachon de Belmont, “Plant [sic] de la Mission de la Montagne,” 1694; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 222-4, Vachon de Belmont to Louis XIV; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 6: 3901-3914, Tronson to Belmont, 4 June 1686. On the improvements, see also LAC, MG17-A7-2, 19: 9881-9883, “Requête des sauvages, à La Barre pour défricher à la montagne,” 16 July 1683; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 19: 9878, “Copie de la permission accordée par monsieur de La Barre aux sauvages pour défricher à la montagne,” 16 July 1683; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4200-4205, Tronson to Belmont, 2 March 1691.

  58 JRAD 58: 110–24; Lacroix, Origines de La Prairie, 34; Antonia Dansereau, “Michel Barthélémy,” DCB 2: 45.

  59 ASSM, P1: 6.39-1095a, “Bail à ferme, par Marie-Marthe Richaume à M. de Belmont,” 30 July 1689; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4157–4161, Tronson to Belmont, 30 May 1690; BANQ-M, notary Adhemar, Contract between Vachon de Belmont, Léonard Paillard and Jean Lacroix, 22 January 1691; ASSM, P1: 36-8d, Ordonnance of Fleury Deschambault against Léonard Paillard and Jean Lacroix, 13 March
1691; see Garneau, “Fort-Lorette,” 19–23; Tremblay, “Politique missionnaire,” 93.

  60 LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 2239, Tronson to Belmont, 21 April 1696; ANOM, C11A 13: 21–21v, Frontenac and Champigny to the Minister, 5 November 1694.

  61 The parable of the sheep and goats is found in Matthew 25: 31–46. LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4452-4455, Tronson to Gay, 24 April 1695; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4140-4145, Tronson to Belmont, 19 June 1689; La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 344.

  62 LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4285, Tronson to Gay, March 1692; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4392-4398, Tronson to Belmont, 27 March 1694; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4458-4462, Tronson to Rémy, April 1695; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4536-4543, Tronson to Belmont, 21 April 1696.

  63 For Skawenati (Skawneating, Ska8anoti, Sko8anoti) see Cuoq, Lexique de la langue algonquine, 372–3; Beaubien, Sault-au-Récollet, 144; Desro. chers, Saultau-Récollet, 17. Belmont uses “fort Nazareth” in LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4332-4336, Tronson to Belmont, March 1693; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4464-4474, Tronson to Belmont, April 1695. See also ASSM, P1:36–9, Pierre Rousseau, “Mémoire sur la Mission du Sault-au-Récollet,” before 1912.

  64 La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 344; Maurault, “Quand Saint-Sulpice allait en guerre,” 19.

  65 BANQ-M, TL4, S1, D519, Cross-questioning of Louis Badaillac dit LaPlante, 4 January 1701.

  66 ASSM, P1:8A.1-19, Speech addressed to Sir John Johnson, 8 February 1788.

  67 LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4581-4585, Tronson to Belmont 17 April 1698; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4636-4637, Tronson to Mariet, 15 April 1699; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 8: 4828-4830, Lechassier to Mariet, 3 April 1703; Faillon, Vie de la Soeur Bourgeois, 2: 169; La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 343–4.

  68 La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 225 ; Frontenac “Aux sauvages Hurons de Lorette,” 5 December 1696, in P.G. Roy, Inventaire des concessions, 3: 223–4 ; LAC, MG8-A8, 1: 465, “Acte de concession terres du Sault de la Chaudière,” 5 March 1697; Beaulieu, Béreau, and Tanguay, Wendats, 108–12; Boily, Terres amérindiennes, 75.

  69 NYCD 4: 497–8, 558–63. Regarding news of the Peace of Ryswick in the colonies, see ANOM, C11A 15: 22–37, Monseignat, “Relation… [1697–1698],” 20 October 1698; NYCD 4: 338–41, 347–51; Wraxall, Abridgement, 29–30. Havard, Great Peace, 73–4.

  70 They were back in Canada by 21 August. ANOM, C11A 15: 22–37, Monseignat, “Relation … [1697–1698],” 20 October 1698; NYCD 4: 347–51; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 336–7.

  71 ANOM, C11A 15: 22–37, Monseignat, “Relation … [1697–1698],” 20 October 1698. See also La Potherie, Histoire, 4:106.

  72 ANOM, C11A 15: 22–37, Monseignat, “Relation … [1697–1698],” 20 October 1698, emphasis is mine.

  73 Anon., Propositions made by the Five Nations of Indians, 20–1.

  74 ANOM, C11A 15: 22–37, Monseignat, “Relation … [1697–1698],” 20 October 1698; Anon., Propositions made by the Five Nations of Indians, 20–1; La Potherie, Histoire, 4: 100.

  75 References to Massias, Massiac, Jacques René Mathias, Tsihene, Tsienne, Tsioueouy, René Chioui, René Tsiheme, indeed all appear to refer to the same person. See Lamarche, “Habitants de Lachine,” 221. His name is mistranscribed as Blassia in NYCD 9: 685. Inexplicably, La Potherie appears to refer to the same man as “Egredere.” La Potherie, Histoire, 4: 100. On Ohonsiowanne (Cohensiowanne, Cohonsiowanne, Ohonsiowanne, Ouhensiouan, Sannoghtowanne, Tohonsiowanne), who visited the colony in January and September 1699, see La Potherie, Histoire, 4: 124–5; NYCD 4: 492–6, 558, 658; D.H. Corkran, “Ohonsiowanne,” DCB 2: 502. For Ohonsiowanne’s visit, see NYCD 4: 492–6; Wraxall, Abridgement, 31.

  76 NYCD 4: 492–6.

  77 Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 362, 372.

  78 La Potherie, Histoire, 4: 116–17.

  79 Ibid., 4: 122–3

  80 The leading man was called Segowane (Sagawane, Sannoghtowanne), while the other revealed himself intent on not returning to the mission after two years of residence there because the “French Indians” had killed his brother the year before. See NYCD 4: 559, 579.

  81 La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 210.

  82 ANOM, C11A 14: 65–99v, Monseignat, “Relation [1694–695]”; NYCD 4: 121–2. For similar cases, see La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 180, 286.

  83 ANOM, C11A 15: 22–37, Monseignat, “Relation … [1697–1698],” 20 October 1698.

  84 La Potherie, Histoire, 4: 165.

  85 NYCD 4: 895. Cf. La Potherie, Histoire, 4: 192.

  86 Havard, Great Peace; Brandão and Starna, “Treaties of 1701”; Parmenter, Edge of Woods, 231–73. The Christian Iroquois has conversely been minimized. See Sawaya, “Les Sept-Nations du Canada et les Britanniques,” 50–1; Havard, Great Peace, 125.

  87 La Potherie, Histoire, 4: 193–200

  88 Ibid. For on the wood’s edge protocol, the three bare words, and condolence ceremonies, see Foster, “Wampum in Iroquois-White Councils,” 105–7; Hewitt, “Requickening Address”; Fenton, Great Law, 135–40; Pomedli, “Eighteenth-Century Treaties,” 319–39.

  89 La Potherie, Histoire, 4: 197–9.

  90 In 1701, Haronhiateka (also Arioteka, Oraja Dicka, Orojadicka, Orighjadikha, Oriojadricko) was reported to have “been two years among the French in Canada.” According to one account, his wife was a former white captive, adopted among the Senecas. Recognized as a chief at Kahnawake by 1701, he remained so until 1711 at least. See Wraxall, Abridgement, 42; Brodhead et al., eds., NYCD 4: 907; 5: 243, 246.

  91 While Brandão and Starna argue that this was an important subject, Havard believes that it was of only minor importance. Havard, Great Peace, 145–9; Brandão and Starna, “Treaties of 1701.”

  92 LAC, RG 10, vol. 8, 8202, “Conseil adressé à Mr Le Colonel Campbell,” 7 October 1791. Cf. Havard, Great Peace, 147–8; Sawaya, “Les Sept-Nations du Canada et les Britanniques,” 50–4.

  93 La Potherie, Histoire, 4: 249–51; see also Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 417–18. While Havard interprets the fact that the Kiskakon chief was the first to speak as an indication of Odawa preeminence in the Franco-Amerindian alliance, that the representatives of the mission settlements spoke last might also be interpreted in the same way. Havard, Great Peace, 136–7.

  94 La Potherie, Histoire, 4: 249–51; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 417–18. On the signatures, see Havard, Great Peace, 253; Guillaud, et al., “Les signatures amérindiennes.”

  95 Parmenter, “After Mourning Wars”; MacLeod, Canadian Iroquois.

  CONCLUSION

  1 “8takamachi8enon” and “Thék8érimat” in the original. On this incident, see ANOM, C11A 25: 86–86v, Hazeur to the Directeur général of the Compagnie de la Colonie de Canada, 19 June 1705; ANOM, C11A 25: 75–76v, “Requête de François Hazeur au gouverneur Philippe Rigaud de Vaudreuil,” 4 November 1705; ANOM, C11A 25: 77–78v, “Requête de François Hazeur à l’intendant [Raudot],” 5 November 1705; ANOM, C11A 25: 29–30v, “Requête de François Hazeur à l’intendant Raudot,” 3 August 1706; ANOM, C11A 25: 31–31v, “Faits et articles sur lesquels le sieur Hazeur … désire faire interroger trois Indiens du lac Saint-Jean,” 3 August 1706; ANOM, C11A 25: 33–36v, “Procès-verbal de l’interrogatoire de trois Montagnais du lac Saint-Jean,” 3 August 1706; ANOM, C11A 25: 3941v, “Procès-verbal de l’interrogatoire de Godefroy de Saint-Paul par Raudot,” 11 August 1706; ANOM, C11A 25: 46–47v, “Procès-verbal de l’interrogatoire de Pierre Poulin par Jacques Raudot,” 12 October 1706; ANOM, C11A 59: 297, “Requête de François Hazeur à l’intendant Raudot,” 22 September 1707; ANOM, C11A 59: 298, “Ordonnance de l’intendant Raudot,” 26 September 1707; ANOM, C11A 59: 318–381v, Hocquart, “Mémoire sur toutes les parties de la régie du Domaine d’Occident en Canada,” 1733. For the broader context, see Savoie and Tanguay, “Nœud de l’ancienne amitié”; Bouchard, “La présence des ‘Abénaquis-Montagnais’”; Savoie and Tanguay, “Réponse des auteurs”; Tanguay, “Liberté d’errer,” 27–36; Lozier, “In Each Other’s Arms,” 261–4.

  2 Merlet, Histoire des relations, 45–7; Maurault, Histoire des Abénaquis, 499–501; JRAD 69: 68–72.

  3 ANOM, G1, 461:
8, census of 1698; La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 360; Raudot (sic: Silvy), Relation par lettres, 212. See also Grabowski and Dickinson, “Les populations amérindiennes,” 61; Raudot, Relation par lettres, 211; ANOM, C11A 67: 102v, Gilles Hocquart, “Détail de toute la colonie”; Beaulieu, Béreau, and Tanguay, Wendats, 78.

  4 For the Jesuits see ANOM, C11A 106: 48-50v, “État des charges, dépenses et revenus des Jésuites au Canada,” 4 Octobre 1701. For the Sulpicians see for example ASSM, P1:8A.3.17-04, “Notes de M. Roupe sur la composition ethnique de la mission,” ca. 1807–1829.

  5 Beaulieu, Béreau, and Tanguay, Wendats, 110-12.

  6 On the recent character of the name Odanak, see Laurent, New Familiar Abenakis, 206; Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 28; Day, Identity of Saint Francis Indians, 5.

  7 LAC, MG17-A7-2, 8: 4828-4830, Lechassier to Mariet, 3 April 1703; LAC, MG17-A7-2, 8: 4913-4914, Lechassier to Mariet, April 1704; ASSM, S24, 6, Cahiers Faillon, F 377, 2 March 1705; ASSM, S24, 6, Cahiers Faillon, F 378, 26 April 1705; ASSM, S24, 6, Cahiers Faillon, F 379, 2 November 1706.

  8 Tremblay, “Politique missionnaire”; Boily, “Terres amérindiennes,” 157–77.

  9 Grabowski, “Common Ground,” 71; Cuoq, Lexique de la langue iroquoise, 10. For references to Skawenatis (Schawendes, Scawendadyes, Shawendadies, Schawenedey), see for example Wraxall, Abridgement, 229; Colden, History of the Five Indian Nations (1747), 190; NYCD 6: 359.

  10 On the mission at Île aux Tourtes or Tourtres (Aouanagassing, Aounagassing, et Ouanagasing), see Robichaud and Stewart, “Île aux Tourtes.”

  11 ANOM, F3 2: 392–5, “Conseil entre les sauvages d’Amesoquenty et M. de Beauharnois,” 12 May 1704; ANOM, F3 2: 407–10, “Conseil entre les sauvages Abenakis de Koessek et Monsieur le Marquis de Vaudreuil,” 13 June 1704; Boily, “Terres amérindiennes,” 197–211; Lozier, “In Each Other’s Arms,” 255–66.