Circle of Treason
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Anderson, Mike, 145
Andrew, Christopher, 133
Andropov Institute, 71
Angleton, James Jesus, 4, 13, 21, 28, 32, 41, 64
ANLACE Task Force, 107–8, 145
Arafat, Yasir, 8
“back room” security procedures, 17, 18–19, 102, 116–17
Barnett, David Henry, 70–71, 190
Batitskiy, P. F., 39
Bearden, Milton, 19, 68, 100, 103, 118, 133, 175
Black Hat theory, 21, 31, 37
blackmail tactics, 90
Blackshear, Tom, 24
Blee, David, 37–38, 100, 105
Bloch, Felix, 114, 183
Boeckenhaupt, Herbert, 27
Bogatyy, Anatoliy, 6
Bokhan, Sergey Ivanovich, 15, 72–75, 96
Bracy, Arnold, 18, 109–10
British intelligence, 80, 97
Brom, Libor, 10
BUCKLURE, 108
Buster communication system, 46–47
Campbell, Barbara, 107
Carlson, Rod, 88
Caruso, Tim, 107, 145
Casey, William, 7, 8, 92, 94, 99
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): access agents, 22–23, 165; counterintelligence awareness training in, 116; deemphasis of KGB target by, 132–33, 175; employment of family members by, 161–62; FBI cooperation with, 146–48, 190–91; KGB penetration of, 133; women’s assignments in, 1–2, 11
Cherepanov, Aleksandr Nikolayevich, 23, 75
Cherkashin, Viktor Ivanovich, 70, 88–89, 91, 97–98, 157, 160, 168, 169, 170, 186
Chernenko, Konstantin, 95
Chernov, Nikolay, 63–64
Chuvakhin, Sergey Dmitriyevich, 140–41, 143, 167–69, 170, 172
CIA Career Training course, 5, 162
CIA Counterintelligence Center, 112–13, 127; Ames’ assignment to, 174–75. See also CIC/Special Investigations Unit
CIA Counterintelligence Group (SE Division): in dissemination of counterintelligence products, 7–8, 15; reorganization of, 112
CIA Counternarcotics Center, 175
CIA Directorate of Operations, 112, 151; career management staff, 15–16; case management control in, 32; duty officer role in, 6–7; officers’ pseudonyms, 138–39
CIA “KGB Working Group,” 175
CIA Office of Security, 101, 106, 125, 130, 189
CIA Operational Training course, 12–13
CIA Soviet and East European Division. See Soviet and East European entries
CIA/FBI joint operations unit, 87
CIC/Special Investigations Unit: computer security for, 128–29; Congressional ambivalence toward, 159; final report of, 143–44; formation of, 127–28; official recognition of team members, 153–54. See also mole hunt
CKDYNAMITE, 164
CKKAYO, 56
CKQUARTZ, 78
CKRUN, 64
CKSPHERE, 75
CKTRIGON, 163
CKUTOPIA, 78
CKWORTH, 73
Clarridge, Duane R., 163
Clinton, William J., 154
Colby, William, 32, 33
Cold War: end of, 95; Polyakov view of, 42–43
Colin T (CIA), 71
Combest, Larry, 151
communication plans and devices:
KGB compromise of CIA
secure communications, 99;
link with Polyakov, 37–28;
secret writing in Okhota magazine and, 52–53; security test of system of, 103; “Unique” two-way system development, 45–47, 48–49. See also espionage tactics and gear
computer databases in mole hunt, 105–6
Confessions of a Spy (Earley), 159–60
Conrad, Clyde, 83–84, 184
counterintelligence investigations, 189–90
Counterintelligence/Special Task Force (CI/STF): formation of, 104–5; interaction with FBI task force by, 107–8; Lonetree investigation and, 109–10. See also mole hunt
Counternarcotics Center, 175
COURTSHIP joint operations unit, 87, 190
Crockett, Vincent, 59, 60
Cuban intelligence, 115
Cummings, William B., 159
Dan N (CIA), 104, 105, 110, 114, 125
David S (CIA), 165
DeConcini, Dennis, 150, 151
Department of Justice, 154
Dick C (CIA), 46, 73, 74–75, 102
DIONYSUS, 90
Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire (DST), 80, 81, 114, 183
Divilkovskiy, Sergey Ivanovich, 140
Donner, Mike, 145
double agents, 55; Ames’ compromise of, 174–75
Downing, Jack, 117
Drummond, Nelson, 27
Dunlap, Jack, 27
Dupuy, Rosario Casas. See Ames, Rosario
Earley, Pete, 159
Eckstein, Sue, 116–17
Edger, David, 115, 146, 147, 153
Edwards, John, 2
El Salvador, 116
Ellsberg, Daniel, 61
Epstein, Edward Jay, 55, 61
espionage tactics and gear:
cameras, 36, 71, 73, 76, 81, 96–97; concealment devices, 44–45; dead drops, 27, 46, 58, 76, 175–76, 186; internal communications plans, 37, 75; secret writing, 52–53; signal sites, 27, 28, 40, 46, 59–60, 86, 139, 176; spy dust, 93. See also communication plans and devices
Evans, Joe, 21, 32
Fabiew, Serge, 64
Fahey, Helen, 154
false defectors, 21–22, 75; Polyakov as suspected, 29–30
“false flag” operation, 114–15, 121
FAREWELL, 6, 81
FBI/CIA joint operations unit, 87
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Ames’ compromise of sources of, 87–88; analysts status in, 128; attitude toward female professionals, 57; Chernov operation and, 63–64; CIA cooperation with, 146–48, 190–91; doubts concerning, in mole hunt, 131–32; investigation of Ames by, 85–86, 145–48; investigation of Howard by, 98; investigation task force unit, 107–8; Kulak operation and, 56; Motorin operation and, 89; in non-Ames-related mole hunt, 184; observation of Soviet Embassy by, 141; Polyakov operation and, 27
FEDORA, 55, 61
Fedorenko, Sergey Petrovich, 122–24, 164, 173
female professionals: Ames’ attitude toward, 180–81; CIA career tracks for, 5, 11; FBI attitude toward, 57
Filatov, Anatoliy Nikolayevich, 15, 59
Fischer, Joe, 180
Fitzgerald, Myrna, 117
Forden, Dave, 17, 72, 100
French intelligence, 80, 81, 114, 183
Friberg, Frank, 4
Fulton, Bob, 75
Gates, Robert, 151
George, Clair, 18
Gerber, Burton, 16, 17, 18, 23, 24, 53, 68, 72, 99–100, 101, 111, 114
Germany, 83, 91
Gikman, Reino, 114
glasnost, 95
Glickman, Dan, 150–51
Golitsyn, Anatoliy Mikhaylovich: debriefing of, 4–5; defection of, 4, 20–21; on false defectors, 29–30
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 95
Gordievsky, Oleg Antonovich, 72, 80, 97; compromise of, 169–70
Gore, Albert, 154
Grimes, Gary, 13
Grimes, Sandra, 7, 57, 114, 116; on Ames, 178, 180, 186–87; in Ames mole hunt, 139, 141, 146, 148; Chernov operation and, 62–63; conversion to professional status, 13–14; in Counterintelligence Group, 15; on GTPROLOGUE case, 118, 119; in mole hunt, 110–11, 120, 121, 123, 128, 131, 134, 136, 143, 144; official recognition of, 153, 159; Poleshchuk operation and, 65–66, 68; post–mole hunt career, 183; recruitment of, 10–11; in SE Division, 17–19; in Soviet Bloc Division, 12
GRU: American servicemen spying for, 27; false defectors and, 21; illegal agents of, 24, 27, 30; leak of U.S. military plans and, 83; Soviet Bloc division in targeting, 12; study of officer attributes, 24–25
GRU Military-Diplomatic Academy (MDA), 49
GRU Today, The (Vertefeuille), 7
GRU training manual, 50
GTA
BSORB operation, 104
GTACCORD, 83
GTBLIZZARD, 73
GTCOWL, 93
GTEASTBOUND, 104
GTGAUZE, 90
GTGENTILE, 88
GTJOGGER, 70
GTMEDIAN, 114
GTPROLOGUE operation, 19, 117–19
GTPYRRHIC, 122
GTTAW operation, 97
GTTICKLE, 97
GTT WINE, 71
GTVANQUISH, 75
GTWEIGH, 64, 179–80
Guerin, Rudy, 145
Guilsher, John, 76
Hanssen, Robert, 55, 64, 72, 87, 88, 90, 114, 183; betrayal of Polyakov by, 26–27; comparison with Ames, 184–87
Hathaway, Gus, 9, 15, 16, 23, 58, 61, 76, 100–101, 104, 112, 114
Hausmann, Cynthia, 16, 57–58
Heuer, Richards, 12, 34
Hitz, Frederick P., 151
Holt, Jim, 88, 107, 127–28, 133, 145, 152, 153
Hoover, J. Edgar, 56
Horton, John, 25
Hoschouer, Jack, 185
House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI), 150–51, 159
Howard, Edward Lee, 72, 77, 95, 96, 114, 136, 167; compromise of Vasilyev by, 84; defection of, 98
Hulkower, Mark, 154, 156
Hungarian military intelligence, 83
Hutton, Timothy, 160
Illegal Agents, 24, 30–31, 91
Indonesia operations, 70–71
Institute of the United States and Canada (IUSAC), 114, 122
JADE, 55
Jeanmaire, Jean-Louis, 64
Jim F (CIA), 28–29, 30, 34
John B (CIA), 65, 66–67
John Paul II, 8
Joseph F (CIA), 7
JOYRIDE, 138
KAHLUA, 71
Kalaris, George, 15, 56, 64
Kampiles, William, 73–74
Kapitsa, Mikhail, 36
Kapitsa Document, 36, 44
Kapusta, Peter, 21, 32
Karetkin, Yuriy, 157, 176
Karpovich, Serge, 16
Kelley, Brian, 184
KGB: Ames’ “big dump” of case documents to, 169–70; Ames’ initial overtures to, 167–69; compromise of CIA electronic communications by, 99; deception operations, 85; deemphasis as target by CIA, 132–33, 175; false defectors and, 21; mini-bombs operation, 91; Mr. X as deceptive practice of, 103–4; officer aliases, 132; prioritization of espionage investigations by, 85; study on KGB officer attributes, 24
KGB Eighth Chief Directorate, 78
KGB Scientific and Technical Directorate, 58–59, 81
KGB Second Chief Directorate, 75, 93, 118
KGB Working Group, 175
KH-11 spy satellite, 73
Khrenkov, Aleksey, 141, 172–73, 173
Killer Spy (Maas), 146, 160
Kingsley, Rolfe, 33, 37
Kisevalter, George, 6
Koecher, Karel, 124–25, 163–64
Kovich, Dick, 13
Krasilnikov, Rem Sergeyevich, 69–70
Kulak, Aleksey Isidorovich, 14, 15, 82; attempted exfiltration of, 61–62; bona fides of, 56–57, 59; compromise of, 61; death of, 62; FBI and CIA relationship in case management, 56, 58; recruitment of, 55; scope of access of, 58–59
Latin America, 114–15
Legend: The Secret World of Lee Harvey Oswald (Epstein), 61
Leven, Charles, 91, 92
Lomac, Walter, 12, 16, 22, 31, 33–34
Lonetree, Clayton, 18, 108–10, 111
Lunden, Danielle, 145
Lysov, Yuriy, 109
Maas, Peter, 146, 160
Mabey, John, 27, 28, 30
Martynov, Valeriy Fedorovich, 87–88, 98, 104, 128, 168, 190
McCoy, Faith, 7, 15
McCoy, Leonard, 22, 56, 57
McLendon, Art, 107
McWilliams, Larry, 57
Mechulayev, Vladimir, 157, 172, 173, 176
MEGAS, 90
Milburn, Jim, 107, 127–28, 131, 133, 143, 145, 152, 153
military technological espionage, 44
Military Thought (Soviet journal), 43–44, 50, 73
mini-bombs operations, 91
Mislock, Ray, 127, 129
Mister X, 18, 103–4
Mitrokhin, Vasili, 133
mole hunt: computer databases in investigation, 105–6; interview of Ames, 134–36; interview of key CIA personnel in, 134–36; interview of Moscow personnel in, 106; investigation of KGB officers, 132; Moscow as focus of, 109; non-Ames-related, 184; prioritization of suspects, 129–30; psychological review of suspects, 130–31; theories concerning compromise of sources, 102–3; Vertefeuille role in, 9. See also Ames mole hunt; CIC/Special Investigations Unit
Monster Plot theory, 21, 31, 34, 56, 64
Montes, Ana, 167
MORINE leads, 64
Morton, Mike, 90
Moscow CIA office, 18, 50, 118, 168; false volunteers and, 75; as focus of mole hunt, 109; interview of personnel from, 106; inventory of files of, 111; Kulak operation and, 59, 62; operational stand-down of, 59–61; Poleshchuk operation and, 69–70; Polyakov operation and, 27–28, 40, 49; role of, 23; spy dust in tracking personnel of, 93; wire tap operations by, 97
Moscow City Directorate, 93
Moscow Task Force, 18, 111
Motorin, Sergey Mikhaylovich, 87, 89–91, 104, 168, 190
Mr. K. (CIA), 41–42, 48, 51
Murat N (CIA), 103
Murphy, David, 32, 33
MYRRH, 122
Nart, Raymond, 80
National Security Agency, 107
National Security Letters, 142
Naval Investigative Service, 109
NICKNACK, 63
Nightmover (Wise), 160
NIGHTMOVER operation, 145, 146–48
Nolan, James, 56
North Vietnam, 39
Nosenko, Yuriy Ivanovich, 22, 56
NPPD chemical agent, 93
Ogorodnik, Aleksandr Dmitriyevich, 59, 163–64
Okhota magazine, 52–53
Olson, Jim, 127, 129, 130
O’Neill, Edward, 27
O’Reilly, John, 129
Papushin, Sergey, 118, 137
Paul D (CIA), 16, 41, 42, 47, 53
Payne, Dan, 101, 106, 113, 121, 128, 138, 142, 146, 148, 153, 154, 159, 171, 189
PDCLIP, 63
Peace Corps, 9
Penkovskiy, Oleg, 23, 75
Pentagon Papers, 61
Pepper, Ben, 16, 58, 65, 88, 104–5
perestroika, 95
Peterson, Martha, 59, 60
Piguzov, Vladimir Mikhaylovich, 15, 70–71, 113, 190
PIMENTA, 88
Pitts, Earl, 72, 114
PLAYACTOR operation, 145–46
Poleshchuk, Leonid Georgiyevich, 14, 17, 180; arrest and execution of, 69; compromise of, 69–70, 98; motivations as volunteer, 65; recruitment of, 64–65
Polyakov, Dmitriy Fedorovich, 6, 12, 13, 19, 82, 113, 190; Al K as case officer for, 34; characteristics of, 30; CIA recontact plan and, 38–39; communication link with, 37–38, 46–47; communication through Okhota magazine, 52–53; compromise of, 26–27; gifts and remuneration to, 44–45; GRU illegal agents and, 30–31; identification and execution of, 53; intelligence production by, 33; Jim F as case officer for, 28–29, 30; management of by SE Division, 31–32; motivations as volunteer, 42–43; Mr. K as case officer for, 48, 51; New Delhi assignment and, 40, 50–51; Paul D as case officer for, 41, 42, 47; production approach of, 35–36; recruitment by FBI, 27; scope of access of, 35, 43–44; Scotty S as case officer for, 51; as source for The GRU Today, 7; as suspected false defector, 29–30; on Unique communication system, 48–49
polygraph examinations: of Ames, 122, 126, 136, 138, 170, 186; of CIA personnel, in CIC/SIU investigation, 130; of Fedorenko, 124; of Grimes, 11–12; of Howard, 96; of Lonetree, 111; of Rosario Ames, 171; of Smetanin, 86
Popov, Petr Semenovich, 6, 31
Potashov, Vladimir Viktorovich, 114
Price, Ted, 112–13
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Project SLAMMER, 131
Pueblo incident, 43
RACKETEER program, 108
Ranalagh, John, 60
Reagan, Ronald, 92
Reardon, Ray, 101, 106, 113, 127
REDCAP notebook, 4
Redmond, Paul, 17, 18, 19, 84, 100, 101, 110, 114, 121, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 142, 153, 159
Robinson, Don, 147
Royden, Barry, 103
Scotty S (CIA), 51
Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Turner), 60
Segebarth, Nancy Jane, 162, 164, 166, 167, 180
Seina, Violetta, 108
Seliverstov, KGB Resident (Poleshchuk’s boss), 65, 66
Sellers, Mike, 93, 94, 104
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI), 150, 151
Shevchenko, Arkadiy Nikolayevich, 164
Sheymov, Viktor Ivanovich, 15, 78–79
Shurygin, Igor, 160
Sites, Erik, 104
SLAMMER profile, 131
Smetanin, Gennadiy Aleksandrovich, 86–87, 98
Smith, Fran, 104, 113, 114, 129
Smith, I. C., 149
Soviet and East European (SE) Division: Africa operations of, 17; Ames’ assignment to, 163–64; back room security procedures in, 17, 18–19, 102, 116–17; compromise of Soviet assets of, 17, 18, 19, 95–99; deemphasis of KGB target by, 132–33, 175; false defector theory and, 22; naming of, 25; organizational structure, 20, 166; role of, 100; translators/transcribers in, 124–25. See also Counterintelligence/Special Task Force
Soviet and East European Biographics Branch, 6
Soviet and East European Counterintelligence Group, 7, 100
Soviet and East European Czechoslovak Operations Branch, 174
Soviet and East European External Operations for Africa, 17
Soviet and East European External Operations Group, 174
Soviet and East European Production Branch, 7, 18
Soviet and East European Reports Group, 129
Soviet Bloc Division, 12, 20, 25
Soviet defectors and volunteers: blackmail of, 90; double agents and, 55; false defectors, 21–22, 29–30, 75; illegal agents, 24, 91; Monster Plot theory concerning, 21, 31, 34, 56, 64; Polyakov’s motivations as, 42–43; recruitment of, 22–23; studies on approaches to, 24–25. See also individuals by name
Soviet Embassy, 141
Soviet Institute of the United States and Canada (IUSAC), 114, 122
Soviet Military Industrial Commission (VPK), 44, 50, 81–82
Soviet Military-Diplomatic Academy, 49
Soviet Union: assassination attempt on pope and, 7–8; general amnesty in, 72; support for terrorism by, 8