Opium trade; Lin Zexu and; Letter to Queen Victoria on
Opium War; causes of. See also Letter to Queen Victoria
Orchid Pavilion Collection preface to (Wang Xizhi)
The Origin of Species (Charles Darwin); Yan Fu on “Competition” and “Natural Selection” in
“Original Sounds for a Flourishing Age” (“Shengshi yuanyin”) (Shen Xue)
“Original substance”: Xiong Shili’s thought and
Orthodoxy, Neo-Confucian: Lü Liuliang and; revival of, in Qing. See also Orthodoxy, Qing Neo-Confucian
Orthodoxy, Qing Neo-Confucian: late Ming thought and; civil service examinations and; official and scholarly; Zhu Xi and; book projects and; Ma Xiangbo on Fang Xiaoru and
Orthodoxy, Zhu Xi. See Orthodoxy, Neo-Confucian
Our Attitude Toward Modern Western Civilization (Hu Shi)
Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy (Zhongguo zhexue shi dagang) (Hu Shi)
Outline of National Reconstruction
“An Outline for Studying the New Authoritarianism” (Wu Jiaxiang)
Ouyang Xiu
Oxford
Panchen Lama
Pantoja, Diego de
Parallel prose
Parliament
Partiality
Particularism (si)
Parties, political: Chen Duxiu on Confucianism and; Chen Duxiu on women and
Past and present: Wang Fuzhi on; Wei Yuan on; Kang Youwei on institutions and; Hu Shi on literary reform and
Patriotic Church
“Peach Blossom Spring” (Tao Qian)
Peasants: anarcho-communism and; capacity for resistance of; Mao Zedong on organization of; Mao Zedong on land redistribution and. See also Agriculture
Peking Gazette. See Beijing Gazette
Peng Dehuai
Peng Shaosheng
People (min): Lü Liuliang on noble man and; Wei Yuan on interests of; Liang Qichao on relation of the nation to
People’s communes
People’s Daily
The People’s Livelihood (minsheng zhuyi); formulation of, by Sun Yat-sen; The Principle of Livelihood Capital and the State Chiang Kai-shek and
People’s Report (Minbao)
People’s Republic of China
Performance, popular culture and. See Performances, solo
Performances, solo: genres of; purposes of; literary forms of; popular deities and; instruction and. See also Song of Guo Mountain; Woman Huang Explicates the Diamond Sūtra
Persia
Persian Gulf
Peter the Great
Philippines
“The Philosophy of Life” (Zhang Junmai)
Platform Sutra [of the Sixth Patriarch]
Plato
Poland
“Political Leaders, Artists” (Wang Shiwei)
Political tutelage (Sun Yat-sen) debate over, Luo Longji’s opposition to, Jiang Tingfu’s support of; Hu Shi’s critique of; Chiang Kai-shek and
Polygamy
Popular culture; ritual and; elements of, as shared culture; performance and; processions and; temple ceremonies and; ritual specialists and; sai ritual and; communal exorcism and; fire ritual and; domestic ritual and; written texts and
Population: Chen Hongmou on natural resources and; traditional view of; Hong Liangji on
Populism, Russian
Portuguese: China’s early contacts with
Positivism
Posters, big character
Practical learning (solid learning, substantial learning) (shixue); Gu Yanwu on; Evidential Inquiry and; influence of Zhu Xi on; Chen Hongmou and
Pragmatism; Hu Shi on
“Pragmatism” (Hu Shi)
The Precious Scroll on the Lord of the Stove
Precious scrolls (baojuan)
Prefects
Prefectural system (prefectures and districts) (junxian). See Commanderies and prefectures
“A Preliminary Discussion of Literary Reform” (Hu Shi)
“Present-Day Religious Thought and Life in China” (Zhao Zichen)
“The Present-Day Tragedy of Christianity” (Wu Yaozong)
Press, new: Liang Qichao and; commercial newspapers and; Sino-Japanese War and
Priests (daoshi)
Prime minister; Huang Zongxi on; Huang Zongxi on menial position of; Wang Fuzhi on restoration of
A Primer in Verse (Youxie shi) (Taiping Movement): Praising God; Praising Jesus Christ; Praising Parents; The Imperial Court; The Way of a King; The Way of a Minister; The Way of a Family; Paradise
The Principle of Democracy (Sun Yat-sen): Separation of Sovereignty and Ability; Four Powers of the People; Five Power Constitution
Principle(s) (li); Lü Liuliang on; Wang Fuzhi on; Dai Zhen on
The Principles of the Heavenly Nature (Tianqing Daolishu)
“Private advantage” (si) A Procession on the Birthday of the Sanzong God
Processions, popular culture and
Profit (li); Wei Yuan on governance and
A Program of National Reconstruction Progress, institutional: Wei Yuan on
Progress: Kang Youwei on; Liang Qichao on
Prostitutes: He Zhen on
Protestantism, modern Chinese; state and; Zhao Zichen and; Wu Yaozong and. See also The Christian Manifesto; “The Present-Day Tragedy of Christianity”; “The Reformation of Christianity”; We, Because of Faith
Protests from the Study of Jiaobin (Jiaobinlu kangyi) (Feng Guifen)
Psalms
Psycho-physical force. See Material force
Ptolemy
Public discussion
Public opinion
Qi. See Material force; Psycho-physical force
Qian Xuantong
Qianlong emperor
Qin dynasty
Qin Shihuangdi. See First Emperor of Qin
Qing dynasty (1644–1911); Confucianism, Christianity and; Wei Yuan on military system of; defeat of Taipings and; reform and
Qingyi bao. See The China Discussion
Qiu Jun
Qiugulu. See Record of the Search for Antiquities
Qiyuan (Zhuangzi)
Qu Anping
Qu Yuan
Quan Zuwang
Quanxue pian. See Exhortation to Learn “The Question of Agricultural Cooperation” (Mao Zedong)
The Question of Land Redistribution (Mao Zedong)
Quiet-sitting
Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong
Racism, anti-Manchu
Reader’s Digest
Reading (Dushu)
“To Rebel Is Justified” (Mao Zedong)
Rebellion: Hong Liangji on roots of
Reconstruction. See “National Reconstruction”; “Reconstruction of the Village Community”; Rural reconstruction “Reconstruction of the Village Community” (Liang Shuming)
Record of Daily Knowledge (Rizhi lu) (Gu Yanwu)
Record of Inscriptions on Metal and Stone (Zhao Mingchen)
Record of Life
Record of Rites (Liji)
Record of the Search for Antiquities (Qiu-gulu)(Gu Yanwu)
Recorded Conversations [of the Neo-Confucians]
Records of Beliefs Investigated (Kao xinlu) (Cui Shu)
Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) (Sima Qian)
Rectification (zhengfeng) campaigns; Wang Shiwei and
Red Army
Red Emperor
Red Guards
“A Reevaluation of Confucianism” (Li Zehou); Characteristics of Rites; The Structure of Humaneness; Weak and Strong Points of Confucianism
The Refining Fire Ritual of Shenze Village, Zhejiang
“Reform” (bianfa) (Wang Tao)
Reform Edict of January 29, 1901
Reform Edicts of 1895 and 1898
Reform: Gong Zizhen on; late Qing; moral as opposed to technological; Wang Tao on; Hundred Days of; Kang Youwei on institutional change and; Kang Youwei on Grand Commonality and; conservative reactions to, in wake of Sino-Japanese War; selection o
f officials and; Zhu Yixin’s opposition to; Reform Edict of 1901 and; new press and; Chinese writing system and; Liu Shipei on peasantry and. See also Hundred Days Reform; Literary Revolution; New Culture Movement; Self-strengthening
“Reform and Intellectuals” (Fang Lizhi)
Reform, literary. See Literary Revolution
Reformation, Catholic
“The Reformation of Christianity” (Wu Yaozong)
Reformers, late Qing
“Refutation of Han Yu” (Yan Fu)
Refutation of Lü Liuliang’s Discourses on the Four Books (Bo Lü Liuliang Sishu jiangyi)
Regulated verse
Regulations and rules: Yan Fu on, in the West
“The Relationship Between Politics and Economics” (Yu Qiuli)
Religion: Ma Xiangbo on state and; Ma Xiangbo on culture and
Remarks at the Beidaihe Conference (Mao Zedong)
Remonstrance
Ren xue. See The Study of Humanity
Renaissance (renwen zhuyi)
Renben xue. See Humanism
Renewing the People (Xinmin shuo) (Liang Qichao): origin of title of; The Meaning of Renewing the People; On Public Morality; On Progress; “The Consciousness of Rights,”; The Concept of the Nation
Renewing the People (Xinmin congbao) (journal)
Renwen zhuyi. See Renaissnace
Renzong, emperor
“Report on the First Five-Year Plan for Development of the National Economy of the People’s Republic of China” (Li Fuqun)
Report on an Investigation of the Hunan Peasant Movement (Mao Zedong)
Report of the Propaganda Bureau of the Central Committee on the Zhengfeng Reform Movement (Mao Zedong)
Republic of China
Republicanism; Tan Sitong’s advocacy of
Respect for the Guest (Gong Zichen)
Responsibilities: rights and, according to Liang Qichao
“Responsibility system” (agricultural)
Revival (restoration): late Qing
Revolution of 1911
“Revolution and Absolutism” (Jiang Tingfu
Revolution: Zhang Binglin on; Sun Yat-sen on destruction and reconstruction in; receptivity of Chinese to; Mao Zedong on strategy for; Mao Zedong on stages of; liberalism and; Ding Ling on women and. See also Anarchism; Mao Zedong; New Culture Movement
Ricci, Matteo (Li Madou)
Rightness (yi)
Rights (quanli): Liang Qichao on
Rights, people’s: Zhang Zhidong on; Ye Dehui on
Rites (ritual, ritual decorum) (li); Lü Liuliang on principles, desires and; Lü Liuliang on ruler and; Zhang Xuecheng on women’s writing and; popular culture and; community and household; specialists and, in popular culture; types of, in popular culture; death and; opera and; theater and; Honored King of Broad Compassion and; Ma Xiangbo on religion and; Li Zehou on
Rites (Liji)
Rites Controversy
Rites of Zhou (Institutes of Zhou) (Zhouli, Zhouguan)
Ritual. See Rites
“River Elegy” (Su Xiaokang, Wang Luxiang); main premise of
Rizhi lu. See Record of Daily Knowledge
Roberts, Issachar J.
Roman Empire
Roman Empire, Eastern
Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo zhi yanyi)
Romanization of Chinese characters; first system of
Romanovs
Rome (Roman Empire)
Rong Jian. See “Does China Need an Authoritarian Political System in the Course of Modernization?”
Rong Lu
Rousseau, Jean Jacques
Ruan Yuan
Rule, dynastic: Huang Zongxi’s critique of; Huang Zongxi on law and; Huang Zongxi on succession and; Huang Zongxi on “ancestral example” and; Lü Liuliang’s critique of; Wang Fuzhi’s critique of; Gu Yanwu on decentralization of; Gu Yanwu on concentration of authority and; Lu Liuliang’s challenge to; Gong Zizhen on reform and; Kang Youwei’s view of ancestral law and; Tan Sitong on; Liang Qichao on nation and
Ruler and minister: Lu Liuliang on; Wang Fuzhi on; barbarians and; Tan Sitong on
Rulership: Huang Zongxi on; Huang Zongxi on law and; Lü Liuliang on; parent-child relationship and; Wang Fuzhi on; Wei Yuan on power and
Rulin waishi. See Unofficial History of the Scholars
Rural reconstruction: Liang Shuming on
Russell, Bertrand
Russia
Russian Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution, October Revolution)
Russo-Japanese War
Sa Mengwu
“Sacred Edict,”: background of; content of; lectures on; itinerant storytellers and
Sacrifice
Sage: Gu Yanwu on way of; Wei Yuan on moral norms and
Sageliness
Sai ritual
Sakuma Shōzan
Salt monopoly
San min zhu yi. See Three People’s Principles
Sanmin Zhu Yi Youth Corps Sanskrit Sanzong God
Schall, Johann (Johann Adam Schall von Bell); activities of, at Chinese court Scheidemann, Philipp Scholar-officials: schooling and, in Huang Zongxi; Huang Zongxi on selection of; civil service examinations and; opposition to Christianity of; degradation of, according to Gong Zizhen; Wei Yuan on; Wang Tao on recruitment of
Scholars: Gu Yanwu’s view of
Scholarship, classical; Dai Zhen on; Western learning and, according to Nicholas Trigault; self-cultivation and, in Chen Hongmou. See also Evidential Learning
Schools: Huang Zongxi on; Lü Liuliang on well-fields and; Chen Hongmou on; Zhang Zhidong on; Song Shu on illiteracy and
Schopenhauer, Arthur
Science and Democracy (May Fourth Movement)
Science and the Philosophy of Life (Hu Shi)
Science and the philosophy of life, debate on (New Culture Movement). See also “The Philosophy of Life”; “Metaphysics and Science”; “A New Concept of the Universe and Life Based on a New Belief’; Science and the Philosophy of Life
Science, western; literati and, according to Jean-Baptiste Du Halde; Chen Hongmou and; spelling Chinese and; New Culture Movement and; New Confucians on Chinese culture and. See also Science and the Philosophy of Life, debate on
Script reform. See also “Civilizing”; First Steps in Being Able to Understand at a Glance; “Original Sounds for a Flourishing Age"; Letters for Combining the Sounds of Mandarin
Scripts, opera
Selected Philosophical Writings (Feng Youlan)
“Self cultivation for the governance of men” (xiuji zhiren)
Self-cultivation, Neo-Confucian: Liu Shaoqi on Communism and
Self-interest: Huang Zongxi on; the prince and, in Huang Zongxi Selfishness; Liu Shaoqi on sincerity and
Self-respect: Liu Shaoqi on
Self-strengthening; Yan Fu on wealth, power and; spelling of Chinese and
The Sensitivity and Steadfastness of Humaneness (Mou Zongsan)
Sericulture: scholars and
Seton Hall University
“Several Questions in Strengthening and Perfecting the Job Responsibility Systems of Agricultural Production” (Office of the CCP Dehong Dai Nationality and Qingbo Autonomous Zhou Committee)
Sexual revolution
Shame: Gu Yanwu on way of the sage and; Gong Zizhen on scholar-officials and
Shandong Rural Reconstruction Institute
Shang (Yin) dynasty
Shangdi
Shanghai Journal (Shenbao)
Shelley, Percy Bysshe
Shen Baozhen
Shen Buhai
Shen Que
Shen Xue: universal script and. See also “Original Sounds for a Flourishing Age”
Shen Yue
Shenbao. See Shanghai Journal
Shengwu jixu. See Military History of the Qing Dynasty
Shengyuan. See Licientiate
Shennong
Shi. See Material conditions
Shi Jing
Shi Naian
Shibao. See Eastern Times
Shiji. See Records of the Grand Historian
Shimonoseki, Treaty of
Shinto
Shitong. See Understanding History
Shiwu bao (China Progress)
Should a Head of State Preside Over Religious Ceremonies? (Ma Xiangbo)
Shu. See Empathy
Shuihu zhuan. See Water Margin
Shun, emperor
Shunzhi emperor
Shuowen. See Explanation of Writing and Characters
Siku quanshu. See Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
The Silent Gourd (Mogu) (Wei Yuan) On Governance; Pursuit of Profit; Institutional Progress in History; Taxation and Merchants; Reform of the Tribute-Rice Transport System; Reform of the Salt Monopoly
Silk Route
Sima Qian
Sima Xiangru
Sincerity: Liu Shaoqi on
Singapore. See also Four Dragons
Single Whip (tax) reform
Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)
Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
Sinophilia
Sinophobia
Six Arts (liu yi)
Six Classics
“The Six Principles of the People’s Report” (Hu Hanmin): Overthrow of the Present Evil Government; Establishment of a Republic; Land Nationalism Sixteen Maxims
The Sixteen Points: Guidelines for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Sizhou zhi. See Gazetteer of the Four Continents
Smith, Adam
The Social Interpretation of History (Maurice William)
“The Social Responsibility of Today’s Intellectuals” (Fang Lizhi)
Socialism; industrialization and
Socialist spiritual civilization
Society of Jesus. See Jesuits Society to Promote Constitutional Monarchy
Sociology: Yan Fu on Spencer and
Solid Learning. See Practical Learning
Song dynasty (960–1279 C.E.)
Song of Guo Mountain
Song Learning (Song Neo-Confucianism); Dai Zhen’s critique of; Wei Yuan and. See also Evidential Learning
Song lun. See On the History of the Song Dynasty
Song Qingling (Madame Sun Yat-sen)
Song Ruoshen
Song Shu
Songshu
South Korea. See also Four Dragons
Southeast Asia
Soviet Union (USSR); Mao on revolution and
Special Economic Zones
Specialists, ritual
Speech Given at the Chinese Communist National Representative Conference (Chen Yun)
Sources of Chinese Tradition, Volume 2 Page 92