Go West, Young Women!
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Moreno, Antonio, 134, 268n33, 271n77
Moscow Art Theatre, 141
motherhood, 61, 91; without marriage, 41, 131. See also single mothers; work and, 93, 118, 214
Motion Picture Magazine, 51, 118, 123, 142, 144
Motion Picture News, 14
Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), 48, 160-61, 175, 280n39
Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association (MPPDA; Hays Office), 23, 208, 238n36, 298n118; Public Relations Committee (PRC), 209; Production Code, 211, 236n29
Motion Picture Theatre Owners Association (MPTOA), 178, 198, 294n72
Motion Picture Producers Association (MPPA), 197
Moving Picture World, 7, 48, 52, 64, 198, 228n8
Mulock, D.M., 240n6
Mulvey, Laura, 268n31
Munsterberg, Hugo, 41-42, 46, 70, 219
Murger, Henri, 148
Murray, Mae, 271n77
Museum of Modern Art, 9
Mutual Film Corporation v. Ohio Industrial Commission (1915), 19, 20, 84, 236n29
narrative films, 6–7, 47
Nasaw, David, 82
Nation, The, 157, 158
National Association of the Motion Picture Industry (NAMPI), 155, 174-76, 178
National Board of Censorship, 283n82
National Board of Review (NBR), 168-70, 172-73
National Woman's Party, 91
nativism, 4, 22, 108, 157, 228n4, 283n79. See also Americanism
Nazimova, Alla, 15, 113, 136, 140-44, 143, 151, 273nn105-7, 274n118, 275n124
Negri, Pola, 22, 44, 110-12, 111, 140, 172, 216, 265n6
Neilan, Marshall, 271n77
new immigrants. See immigrants, Southern and Eastern European
New Jersey, film production in, 6, 7
New Negroes, 164
New Republic, 27, 105, 106
New Wave cinema, 256n36
New Women, 11, 17, 71, 172, 218, 240n5; films depicting, 132, 138, 219; Klan antagonism toward, 164; social controversy about, 76, 92; success in public sphere of, 39; Western, 12, 24, 50
New York: censorship campaign in, 171–74, 179; film industry in, 7, 16, 46, 165; theater in, 33-35, 39, 46, 141-42
New York American, 53, 189, 194, 208, 287n10
New York Civic League, 176
New York Dramatic Mirror, 6
New York Hat, The, 52
New York Mirror Annual, 244n43
New York Morning Telegraph, 81, 84
New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, 166
New York Times, 21, 23, 94, 95, 142, 163, 174–76, 188, 189, 263n14, 291n53
New York World, 159
nickelodeons, 6, 8, 18–19, 53, 161, 228n8
Night Riders, 19
noir, 212, 215, 216
Oakley, Laura, 78
Oberholtzer, Ellis, 67, 165, 167-70
Old Wives for New, 117, 132, 167
Only Yesterday (Allen), 103
Orientalism, 110, 113, 118, 127–28, 141, 151, 278n12; sexual danger attributed to, 127, 139, 156, 161-63, 177-78
Over the Rhine, 182, 183
Painter, Nell Irving, 258n64
Paradise Garden, 182, 182
Paramount Pictures, 107, 111, 155. See also Famous Players-Lasky (FPL)/Paramount; Arbuckle at, 195, 213, 216; as distributor, 56, 108, 277n6, 297n117; Swanson at, 117, 123
Park, Ida May, 77
Parsons, Louella, 15, 71-85, 81, 88-99, 105, 180–82, 259n82; on attitudes toward marriage and divorce, 94–99, 262n120; autobiography of, 79–80; background of, 72, 257n48; celebrity journalism of, 15, 71-72; at Essanay, 72; frontier thesis applied to motion pictures by, 16, 99; Hearst and, 83–84, 208, 254n12; moves to New York, 79-80; Petrova and, 82; reporting during Great War by, 85–86; syndicated column of, 72-77, 80; in Woman Pays Club, 174; women's achievements covered by, 27, 77-79, 88-93, 255n25,
Passing of the Great Race (Grant), 159
Passion, 110, 111, 172, 173, 265n7
Pathé Frères, 61, 251n137, 280n39
Payne Film Study (PFS), 64, 272n87
“Peace Ship,” 159
Pearson, Roberta, 278n11
Peiss, Kathy, 20
Penalty, The, 172, 173
Pennsylvania State Board of Censors, 166-67, 237n32
People's Institute, 283n82
Perils of Pauline, The (serial), 12, 64, 83–84
Peter Pan (Barrie), 51
Petrova, Olga, 66, 82, 91-92, 257n55, 259n82
Pettijohn, Charles, 108–9, 264n21
Philadelphia, theater in, 35–36, 39, 47
Philadelphia Public Ledger, 191
Philosophy of Love, The, 134
Photoplay, 27, 69, 81, 142, 151, 153, 234n20, 253n3, 263n14; editorial against Ford's anti-Semitism in, 163; fashion column in, 113-14; on female fans, 71, 79; on Glyn's arrival in America, 128–29; Humoresque awarded medal of honor by, 97, 105; on Latin lovers, 134, 140; on popularity of female Western stars, 61-62, 67-68; production companies of female stars criticized in, 57, 88; St. Johns writes for, 144–47, 213–14; Swanson in, 121–23; views on marriage discussed in, 130–31, 271n77, n79; working-class women as readership of, 115-16
Pickford, Mary, 15, 26–30, 42–48, 43, 45, 51-57, 58, 67, 79, 92, 195, 216, 239n2, 250n116, n119; autobiography of, 26-27, 259n75; at Biograph, 46-48, 53, 245-46n60, 248n95; childhood of, 26, 44; DeMille and, 76, 87; divorce of, 95, 207, 209; as family provider, 38, 42, 44, 46-47; female fans of, 12, 44-45, 54-56, 246n64; films produced by, 51-52, 55, 87-88; and founding of United Artists, 27, 88; on Liberty Loan tours, 84–87, 85, 155; Marion and, 17, 56, 90-91, 116, 260n97; marriage of Fairbanks and, 95–97, 96, 209, 245n60; and postwar European film talent, 110–11; and rise of star system, 27-30, 48, 52, 56-57, 69, 86, 117, 239n3; salary of, 44-46, 56, 249n107; stage career of, 34, 42–43, 46–47, 52–53; Zukor and, 53-54, 56
Pictorial Review, 114, 154, 155, 157
Picture-Goer magazine, 82
Pinero, Arthur Wing, 42
Porter, Edwin, 77
Price, Gertrude, 70, 254n4
Printers’ Ink, 73
prizefight films, 175-76
problem girls. See female delinquency
Progressive reform, 4, 15–15, 20–21, 80, 133, 169-70, 227n2, 283n78
Prohibition, 108, 116, 176, 177
promiscuity, 20, 21
prostitution, 20, 41; forced. See white slavery
Protestants, 31, 38-39, 158, 175, 176, 208; native born, 4, 5, 23, 164-65; influence of Orientalism on, 162
Protestant work ethic, 8, 75
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 162, 281n51
public opinion, 156, 173, 178, 197
Public's Pleasure, The (Barry), 9, 70
Pulitzer, Joseph, 82
purity reform, 107-8, 156, 166-68, 174-78, 240
Quigley, Martin, 198–99
Quirk, James, 57, 88, 163
Quirk, Josephine, 99
Quirt, The ), 231n15
racial degeneration, fear of, 21, 156, 159
Radway, Janice A., 255n21
Rambeau, Marjorie, 132-33
Rambova, Natacha, 143, 143-44, 275n124
Ramona (Jackson), 4
Ramsaye, Terry, 109, 278n11
Rappe, Virginia, 180-84, 182, 183, 238n38, 287n3; death of, 213. See also Arbuckle-Rappe scandal
Real Life (Webster), 231n15
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, 55
Red Lantern, The, 142
Reid, Wallace, 57, 130, 209
Republican Party, 23, 208; National Committee, 108
respectability, 8, 16, 77, 92, 215; censorship and, 166, 195, 209; defiance of, 115, 148, 218; fear of feminist rejection of, 91; middle-class, 6, 150, 169, 236n29, 278n11; of movie industry, impact of Arbuckle-Rappe scandal on, 23–24, 197; movies blamed for breakdown of, 106–7; of Woman's Vigilant Committee, 200, 202, 207; and women in theater, 14, 29-31, 34, 39
Resurrection, 50
“revolt from the village” school of literature, 92, 218
Rex Com
pany, 77
Rinehart, Mary Roberts, 90
Rogers, Earl, 144
Rogers, Will, 271n77
Roland, Ruth, 44, 61-62, 62, 63, 251n137
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 37, 48
Roosevelt, Theodore, 4, 15, 93-94
Rosita, 110
rural problem, 4, 15, 80
Ruskin, John, 209
Ruth of the Range, 251n137
Ruth of the Rockies, 251n137
Ryan, Mary, 35
Sadie Thompson, 211
St. Johns, Adela Rogers, 15, 17, 43, 119, 144-45, 147, 148, 213-15, 275n127
St. Johns, Ike, 144
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 189
Salvation Army, 77
San Francisco: Its Builders Past and Present (S.J. Clarke), 200
San Francisco Examiner, 184–89, 200, 203, 204, 287n10
Sanger, Margaret, 133
Saturday Evening Post, 38
scandals, 39, 95, 103, 126, 135, 209. See also Arbuckle-Rappe scandal
Schenck, Joseph, 88-89, 114, 259n85
Schickel, Richard, 239n3
Scott, Walter, 36, 41, 126
Screen Writers Guild, 218
Scripps, E.W., 83
Scripps-McRae newspapers, 254n4
Second Sex, The (Beauvoir), 28-29, 219
Seigel, Jerrold, 148
Select Pictures, 89
Selig Polyscope, 7, 280n39
Selznick, Lewis, 76, 88, 108
Semnacher, Al, 22, 185, 205, 206
Senate, U.S., 157, 198; Judiciary Committee, 178
Sennett, Mack, 9, 121, 189, 256n35, 269n45, 294n72
serials: melodramatic mode in, 83; print, 12, 57, 83, 233n19, 275n132; women starring in, 11–12, 57, 66, 92. See also Fuller, Mary; Holmes, Helen; Roland, Ruth; White, Pearl
Sex, 66
sex education, 172
sexuality, 149-50, 156, 208, 271n73. See also manners and morals, postwar revolution in; censorship and, 154-56, 167–68, 170–72; in companionate marriage, 133; feminism and, 28, 91–92, 260n101; of flappers, 116; glamour and, 119-20; Glyn on, 124, 126, 129; in postwar movies, 21, 110, 111, 117-18, 131–32, 141, 165–67, 208, 172, 177–78, 267n28; of “problem girls,” 20, 106; scandalous, see scandals; of stage actresses, 30-31, 34, 41, 47; of Valentino, 135–36, 138, 140; of vamps, 66–67, 267n23
sexual politics, 8, 9, 16, 92, 166, 220. See also gender/gender roles
Shakespeare, William, 31, 34-37, 41, 42, 48, 190
Sheik, The, 138–40
Sherman, Lowell, 185, 193
Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890), 160
Silver King, The, 46
Sims Act (1912), 175-76
single mothers, 35, 44-45, 81, 169
Sklar, Robert, 280n39
Smalley, Phillips, 77
Smart Set The, 6, 147
Smith, Gladys. See Pickford, Mary
Solter, Harry, 51
Somborn, Herbert K., 261n105
Something to Think About, 267n28
Souls for Sale, 68, 216, 231n15
Sproul, William Cameron, 167
stage. See legitimate theater; vaudeville
stage mothers, stereotype of, 44
Staiger, Janet, 14
Stamp, Shelley, 14, 235n26
Stanislavski, Constantin, 141
Stansell, Christine, 242n15
Stanwyck, Barbara, 219
Starr, Kevin, 5
star system, 32, 33, 77, 86, 118; development of, 12, 57; expansion of audiences in response to, 161; impact of Arbuckle-Rappe scandal on, 23; journalism and, 69, 73; Pickford and, 27, 54; producers’ attempts to weaken, 118, 162, 249n114, 256n35
Stewart, Anita, 259n82, 271n77
Stonehouse, Ruth, 79
story pictures, 6–7, 47; censorship of, 19–20
studio system, 56, 208, 234n22
suffrage movement. See woman suffrage
Sumner, John, 166
Sunshine and Shadow (Pickford), 26–27
Sunshine Comedies, 182
Supreme Court, U.S., 18, 20, 84, 161
Susman, Warren, 239n3
Swanson, Gloria, 15, 110, 117-22, 128-32, 267n27, 269n45, 271n77; childhood of, 44; glamour of, 111–13, 118–21, 119; Glyn and, 118, 123, 125, 128-30, 208; marriages and divorces of, 93, 131, 211, 261n105, 269n49; sexuality in films of, 22, 117–18, 131–32, 172, 208, 209, 210, 267n28, 271n75
Sweet, Blanche, 246n64
Taft, William Howard, 163
Talmadge, Constance, 44, 114, 115, 131, 143, 271n77
Talmadge, Natalie, 114, 115, 143
Talmadge, Norma, 15, 44, 79, 88-89, 113-16, 115, 131, 143, 271n77, 277n4; Film Corporation, 114, 259n85
Talmadge, Peg, 43, 115, 266n17
Talmadge Sisters, The (Talmadge), 115
Tarzan of the Apes (Burroughs), 215
Taylor, William Desmond, 209
Temple, Shirley, 212
Tess of the Storm Country, 55, 56
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 126
Theatrical Syndicate, 274n113
Three Weeks (Glyn), 124–27, 141
Tiger's Tail, The, 251n137
Timber Queen, The, 62, 251n137
Titanic (ship), 129
Toledo News Bee, 48, 70
tourism, 5–7, 12, 13, 78, 98, 147, 227n3
Trilby (du Maurier) 47
true womanhood, ideal of, 34, 42, 132, 190, 194; death-before-dishonor code of, 190
Turnbull, Margaret, The Close-Up, 10
Turner, George Kibbe, 21
Twain, Mark, 44
20th Century Quarterly, 175
Two Fathers, The, 248n87
United Artists (UA), 55, 91, 95, 161, 259n85; Lubitsch at, 110; Pickford's role in founding of, 27, 44, 88; Swanson at, 211, 267n27
Universal Studios, 17, 48, 51, 52, 77, 89, 256n42; at Universal City, 7, 12, 62, 78
Universal Weekly, 78
Uricchio, William, 278n11
Valentino, Rudolph, 22, 111, 112, 135–36, 138–40, 139, 143–44, 182, 209, 210, 287n5
vamps, 66-67, 82, 116, 142, 163, 257n55
Vance, Louis Joseph, 231n15
Variety, 81, 140, 195, 291n53
Van Doren, Carl, 80
vaudeville, 40, 42, 82, 176
Vercoe, Edna, 58-59, 64
Versailles, Treaty of, 110
Victor Film Company, 51, 248n90
Victoria, Queen, 36
Victorian era, 11, 73, 80, 126; breakdown of code of morality of, 106; gender roles in, 132; home furnishing in, 121; ideal of true womanhood in, 28, 34
Vidor, Florence, 132
Vidor, King, 18, 195
Vitagraph Studios, 50, 268n33, 280n39
VLSE, 250n116, 278n6
Walcamp, Marie, 61-62
Walker, Charlotte, 46
Walker, Lillian, 259n82
Walnut Street Theatre (Philadelphia), 35-36
Walsh, Raoul, 96–97
War Brides, 142
Warner brothers, 228n5
Warrens of Virginia, The (de Mille), 46
Weber, Lois, 15, 17, 77–78, 115, 256m39
Webster, Henry Kitchell, 231n15
Welter, Barbara, 24 on 5
West, Mae, 211, 212
Westerns, 5, 9, 59; lower prestige of, 57, 230n14; popularity of male stars of, 61; women in, 50, 62
What Happened to Mary? (serial), 54, 58
White, Daniel, 51
White, Grace Miller, 55
White, Pearl, 11-12, 64-65, 65, 67-68, 75, 271n77; celebrity reporting on, 69, 84; childhood of, 44; western persona of, 12, 57, 64; popularity of, 61-62, 232n18
White Eagle, 251n137
white slavery, 21, 106, 167, 176, 195
white supremacy. See Ku Klux Klan
Why Change Your Wife, 117, 118, 267n28
Wid's Year Book 1920, 108, 263n7, 264n20
Wiggin, Kate Douglas, 55
Wilbur, Crane, 64, 75
Williams, J.D., 87
Wilson, Harry Leon, 231n15
&nb
sp; Wilson, Woodrow, 84, 85, 155, 163, 279n20
Winters, Alice Ames, 214
Woman Pays Club, The, 97, 98, 174
woman suffrage, 13, 50, 16, 91, 296n103; actress advocates of, 66, 78, 140, 144
Woman's Vigilant Committee (WVC), 200, 202-4, 206-7, 211, 295n80, 299n127
Women Adrift (Kunzel and Meyerowitz), 237n31
Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 170, 174
Women's Court, 200, 204
Women's Municipal League, 169, 283n82
working wives, 92–93, 96, 130, 214–15, 260n103
World War I. See Great War
World War II, 219
Wright, Willard Huntington, 6, 147
Yallop, David, 298n127
Yezierska, Anzia, 218
You Can't Believe Everything, 121-23
Young, Clara Kimball, 15, 76, 86, 88, 123, 134-36, 182, 246n64, 298n127
Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), 150
Ziegfeld Follies, 43
Zukor, Adolph, 53-54, 69, 86-88, 108, 145, 161, 228n5; censorship advocates’ anti-Semitic attacks on, 177, 178; Federal Trade Commission charges against, 179, 198; and Hearst's scandal mongering, 189; Pickford and, 27, 53, 54, 56, 88; and postwar revolution in manners and morals, 107; studio system pioneered by, 208, 234-35n22; vertically integrated business structure of, 27, 86