Kearns Goodwin, Doris. No Ordinary Time: Franklin & Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Konigseder, Angelika, and Juliane Wetzel. Waiting for Hope: Jewish Displaced Persons in Post War Germany. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2001.
Krammer, Arnold. Nazi Prisoners of War in America. Pbk. ed. Lanham, MD: Scarborough House, 1992.
———. Undue Process: The Untold Story of America’s German Alien Internees. London: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997.
Krauter, Anneliese “Lee.” From the Heart’s Closet: A Young Girl’s World War II Story. McCordsville, IN: Schatzi Press, 2005.
Mangione, Jerre. An Ethnic at Large. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons; Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press edition, 2001.
Masterson, Daniel M., with Sayaka Funada-Classen. The Japanese in Latin America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
Moss, Norman. 19 Weeks: America, Britain, and the Fateful Summer of 1940. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.
Riley, Karen L. Schools Behind Barbed Wire: The Untold Story of Wartime Internment and the Children of Arrested Enemy Aliens. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
Rowley, Hazel. Franklin & Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010.
Takaki, Ronald. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. Toronto: Little, Brown, 1993.
Tateishi, John. And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese American Detention Camps. New York: Random House, 1984.
Theoharis, Athan G. The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. New York: Temple University Press, 1988.
Walls, Thomas K. The Japanese Texans. San Antonio: University of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures at San Antonio, 1987.
Weglyn, Michi. Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America’s Concentration Camps. New York: Morrow Quill Paperlocks, 1976.
Articles and Essays
Fiset, Louis. “Medical Care for Interned Enemy Aliens: A Role for the US Public Health Service in World War II.” American Journal of Public Health 93 (10) (October 2003): 1644–54.
Fukuda, Nobusuke. “Enduring Communities: An Issei’s Six Years of Internment: His Struggle for Justice.” Discover Nikkei, May 8, 2008.
Ichioka, Yuji. “The Meaning of Loyalty: The Case of Kazumaro Buddy Uno.” Amerasia Journal 23 (3) (1997): 45–71.
Katznelson, Ira. “Failure to Rescue: How FDR Hurt Jewish Would-Be Immigrants.” New Republic, July 6, 2013.
Matsui, Reverend Fumio. “The Present Head Minister.” 50th Anniversary Konko Church of San Francisco, 1981.
Maverick, Maury. “Crystal City.” San Antonio Express-News, December 29, 1985.
Stevens, Lewis. “The Life and Character of Earl G. Harrison.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 104 (5) (March 1956): 591–602.
Zuckerman, Laurence. “FDR’s Jewish Problem.” Nation, July 17, 2013.
Theses and Dissertations
Barber, Marian Jean. “How the Irish, Germans, and Czechs Became Anglo: Race and Identity in the Texas-Mexico Borderlands.” Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, May 2010.
Clark, Paul Frederick. “Those Other Camps: An Oral History Analysis of Japanese Alien Enemy Internment During World War II.” Thesis, California State University, Fullerton, April 25, 1980.
Schmitz, John Eric. “Enemies Among Us: The Relocation, Internment, and Repatriation of German, Italian, and Japanese Amerians During the Second World War.” Dissertation, American University, Washington, DC, 2007.
Newspapers
Cleveland Plain Dealer
Honolulu Star-Bulletin
Laredo Morning Times
Missoulian
New York Times
San Antonio Evening News
San Antonio Express-News
San Francisco Call-Bulletin
San Jose Mercury News
Washington Post
Government Documents
FBI files
National Archives 1 (Washington, DC)
National Archives 2 (College Park, MD)
Archival Materials
Burns, Leslie. Videotaped interviews. University of Texas at San Antonio, Institute of Texan Cultures, 1997–98:
Yae Ahiara
Sei Dyo
Miyo Eshita
Betty Fly
Cheiko Kamisatu
Stogie Kanogawa
Hide Kasai
Lucy Lunz
Carmen Higa Mochizuki
Roy Muraoka
Alice Nishimoto
Derick Shimatsu
Sumi Utsushigawa Shimatsu
Toni Tomita
S. Yamaguchi
Oral histories. University of Texas at San Antonio, Institute of Texan Cultures:
Mona Bizzell Baskin, office employee, 1979
George Ferris, guard, 1979
John Schmitz, 2007
R. C. Tate, superintendent of the camp’s schools, 1979
Margaret N. Williams, secretary, 1979
Centraal Registratiebureau voor Joden 23, Jan Luikenstraat, Eindhoven (list of names of exchangees from Bergen-Belsen). Archives of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC.
Crain, Suzanne Wright. Videotaped interviews of Isamu Taniguchi.
Crystal City Chatter. Newsletter published by Sumi Utsushigawa Shimatsu from 1980 to the present.
First National Reunion of Crystal City’s World War II Internment Camp Families, November 8–10, 2002. Booklet, a project of the Zavala County Historical Commission.
Fukibayashi, Masayuki. Unpublished biography of Fukuda, 1967.
Harrison, Earl. Diary. Donated August 1994, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. RG-10.088, accession no. 1994.A.0079.
Here, in America?: Immigrants as “the Enemy” During WWII and Today. Report of the Assembly on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, April 8–9, 2005, San Francisco, California. San Francisco, CA: National Japanese American Historical Society, 2006.
M.S. Gripsholm: The FBI Files. Washington, DC: FBI Files, 2009. 100-124687, Section 7.
Reicher, Harry. “The Post-Holocaust World and President Harry S. Truman: The Harrison Report and Immigration Law and Policy.” Edited transcript of presentation made in the course “Aftermath of the Holocaust: Truman and the Post-War World.” Conducted by the Midwest Center for Holocaust Education and the Truman Presidential Museum and Library, Kansas City, MO, July 10, 2002. 1–25.
Interviews
Yae Aihara, Los Angeles
Ejii Ayabe, San Francisco
Ruth Becker, Charlotte, North Carolina
Irene Hasenberg Butter, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Michael Camarillo, Crystal City
Arthur Contag, Quito, Ecuador
Suzanne Wright Crain, San Antonio, Texas
Karen Ebel, New London, New Hampshire
Ensi Eiserloh, Anaheim, California
Ingrid Eiserloh, Honolulu
Lothar Eiserloh, Honolulu and San Francisco
Eberhard Fuhr, Chicago
Rose and Tetsuro Fujii, Sebastopol, California
Koichi Fukuda, San Francisco
Nob Fukuda, San Francisco
Saburo Fukuda, San Francisco
Paul Grayber, Bend, Oregon
Jose Angel Gutierrez, Arlington, Texas
J. Barton Harrison, Rosemont, Pennsylvania
Arthur Jacobs, Tempe, Arizona
Lori Lechner Johnston, Sedona, Arizona
Reverend Masato Kawahatsu, San Francisco
Suzy Lechner Kvammen, Newport Beach, California
Heidi Kolb Leszczynski, Frankfurt, Germany
Bernard Levermann, Euless, Texas
Charles McCollister, Simi Valley, California
Carmen Higa Mochizuki, Los Angeles and Las Vegas
Roy Muraoka, Chula Vista, California
Tony “Kaz” Naganuma, San Francisco
Alice Nishimoto, Las Vegas
Mas Okabe, Las V
egas
Sid Okazaki, Los Angeles and Las Vegas
Zeke Romero, Crystal City
Peter Sakai, San Antonio, Texas
Richard Santos, Crystal City
Sumi Utsushigawa Shimatsu, Los Angeles and Las Vegas
Pam Smith, Philadelphia
Min Tajii, Las Vegas
Ben Takeuchi, Las Vegas
Evan Taniguchi, Austin
Joanne Tolosa, San Francisco
Ella Tomita, Honolulu
Toni Tomita, Los Angeles and Las Vegas
Sigrid Banzhaf Toye, Santa Barbara, California
Reverend Alfred Tsuyuki, Los Angeles
Werner Ulrich, Mt. Sinai, New York
Johanna Wartermann Howell, Garland, Texas
Al Wohlpart, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Jacob Wolf, New York City
Documentaries
Alien Enemy Detention Facility. Crystal City, Texas. 16 mm black-and-white camp film.
Hattendorf, Linda. The Cats of Mirikitani. Arthouse Films, 2003.
Hidden Internment: The Art Shibayama Story. Peek Media in association with the Japanese Peruvian Oral History Project, 2004.
Reverend Yoshiaki Fukuda, 50th Year Memorial Service. Produced by Konko Church, San Francisco, 2007.
Suzuki, Junichi. 442: Live with Honor, Die with Dignity. UTB Pictures and Film Voice, 2010.
Online Resources
Crystal City Internment Camp, 1945. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRfSHgdh2UA
German American Internee Coalition. http://www.gaic.info
Japanese American Legacy Project. http://densho.org
Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/murrow.html
National Archives. http://www.468thbombgroup.org
Pearl Harbor Casualty List. http://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phlist.php
US Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org
Index
Akiyama, “Porky,” 238
Algiers, Louisiana, internment camp, 96, 116
Alien and Sedition Acts, 77, 262
Alien Enemies Act, 311
Alien Registration Act (1940), 47–50, 51, 52
Alien Registration Division, Justice Department, 48–50, 51–52
American citizens
children of internees as, 137–38, 151, 169, 170, 295, 296, 298
exchanges of internees for, 64–65, 88, 96, 102, 112, 122
as prisoners of war (POWs), 123, 124, 142, 165, 194–95, 323–24, 184–85, 194, 209, 228, 242, 323–24
American School, Crystal City camp, Texas. See Federal School
American Youth Congress, 27
Asian Exclusion Act (1924), 13
Auschwitz concentration camp, Poland, 197, 199, 206, 207, 227, 231
Austin, Stephen F., 36
Barnard, Bern, 241, 242
Becker, Ruth, 192, 195
Belasco, Edward, 13, 14
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Germany, 197–202, 207–08, 264, 265, 266–70, 274, 285, 288, 329
Biddle, Francis
alien registration and, 47–48, 52
as attorney general, 7, 29–30
Eiserloh family’s appeals to, 63, 79, 72, 73, 74, 77–78
Eleanor Roosevelt’s support for immigrants and, 31–32, 33
Harrison as INS commissioner and, 47, 48, 52–54
immigration issues and, 176
on Japanese American internees, 151–52, 177, 322
Nuremberg tribunal and, 322
Pearl Harbor attack and, 30–31
Roosevelt’s internment policies and, 32–33, 152, 322
Black, Hugo, 322
Black Tom incident, Jersey City, New Jersey (1916), 24–25
Border Patrol, 41, 55, 56, 57, 91, 104, 118, 187, 234, 297, 307
Boy Scouts, 141, 156, 164, 169–70
Bradley, Omar, 264
Breitman, Richard, 229–30, 354
Brueckner, Hans J., 235
Buchenwald concentration camp, Germany, 264–65, 268
Buck, Pearl, 34, 51
Buckingham, E. J., 36
Bund (German American Bund), 69, 96, 97–99, 100, 113–14, 298, 300, 323
Butter, Charles, 330
Camp Amache, Colorado, internment cap, 143
Camp Jeanne d’Arc displaced-persons camp, Philippeville, Algeria, 211, 223–26, 229, 232, 266, 271, 274, 284–85, 289
Camp McCoy prisoner-of-war camp, Wisconsin, 77–78
Carroll, J. T., 79, 80
Carusi, Ugo, 30, 177, 299
Cermak, Anton, 25
Chinese immigrants, 12, 50, 176
Chinese Exclusion Act, 176
Churchill, Winston, 214, 323
citizenship
children of immigrants with, 7, 12, 76, 96, 101, 111, 137–38, 145, 184, 198, 227, 234, 241, 251, 273, 279, 289, 293, 305
denial of, due to internment, 324
deportation of individuals with, 301
former Crystal City internees’ later attainment of, 319, 324, 327
immigrants excluded from, 13, 32, 50, 140
internment of Americans with, xvii, 24, 33, 137–38, 145, 234, 241, 299–300, 310–11
Mathias Eiserloh’s applications for, 70–71, 72, 80, 215
repatriation of Americans with, 184
revocation of, 100, 299–300
Civil Liberties Act (1988), 320, 325
Clark, Tom, 299, 301, 303, 322–23
Clinton, Bill, 320
Collaer, Christine, 56
Collaer, Nick, 55, 56, 240
Collins, Wayne, 305, 307, 309
Connally, Tom, 31
Cooley, Thomas N., 301
Crystal City Chatter newsletter, 316
Crystal City Internment Camp, Texas
American-born children in, 137–38, 151, 169, 170, 295, 296, 298
background of, xv–xvi
births at, 178, 233
Café Vaterland beer garden in, 107
camp tokens for purchases in, 108
closure of, 307, 310
daily life in, 105, 236–37, 241–42, 244, 306
deaths in, 233, 317
dossiers kept on internees in, 105
drowning in, 178–80, 233, 317
employees of, 104, 108, 118, 241–42
as family camp, xv–xvi, 297
fiftieth anniversary reunion at, 316–18
film about, 240–43
funerals at, 179–80
Geneva Convention on treatment of internees in, 107–08
German section in. See German internees
granite monument at, 316, 317
health of internees in, 91, 121, 178
heat at, 177, 178, 237
hospital in, 91, 167–68
information about World War II in, 233, 244–45
internee changes after end of World War II and, 246–47
internment policies and questions of citizenship and, 311
Japanese section in. See Japanese internees
junior-senior prom at, 171–74
later contacts among former internees of, 290, 291, 292–93
length of internment at, xvi
limits on internee mail sent from, 105, 175
map of, xii–xiii
mess hall in, 108, 128, 306
mix of nationalities in, 297
monitoring and censorship of mail received at, 105, 174–76
number of internees in, 164, 310–11
oaths signed before leaving, 187
O’Rourke’s report on, 295–97, 311
Popeye statue in, 41–42, 90, 131, 249
postwar deportation from, 298–301
postwar reduction in internees at, 295
prisoners of war in, 38, 88, 96, 134, 169
psychological impact of confinement in, 104–05, 109, 137, 297, 313, 316
reunion of friends from, 315–16, 318
roll calls in, 105, 296
Roosevelt’s death and, 234–35
school syst
em at, 134–35, 163, 233, 296, 299. See also Federal School; German School; Japanese School
self-rule elections of spokesmen in, 94–95
Spain and Switzerland as protecting powers in, 44, 93, 154–55, 169, 171, 299
sports at, 237–38
stores in, 108–09, 118–19, 186
swimming pool in, 105–06, 166, 178
teachers in schools in, 112, 134–35
visitors to internees at, 105, 151, 243, 298
voluntary internment of family members in, 84, 87, 184
volunteers for 442nd Combat Team from, 151–52
Dachau concentration camp, Germany, 243
Daniels, Josephus, 24
Das Lager camp newsletter, 114, 115, 116
Dassel, Marguerite, 75
Day, Robert, 21
Delgado, Miguel, 317
deportation
alien registration laws and, 48, 49
of Crystal City internees, 299–301, 310
of enemy aliens from Latin American countries, 29, 39, 96, 246, 320
fear of, among Crystal City internees, 57, 298
of Fuhr family, 307–08
of Fukuda family, 303–04
of Japanese Peruvians, 305–06, 309
of Kuhn, 298, 323
lawsuits on constitutionality of, 298, 303, 307, 309
release of detainees on Ellis Island held for, 307–08
See also repatriation
Dewey, Thomas E., 99
DeWitt, General John, 23–24, 162
Dickstein, Samuel, 26
Dies, Martin, 42
Dyo, Ken, 169, 170
Dyo, Sei, 169–70
Dyo, Tsutomu, 169
Eisenhower, Dwight, 264, 271–73, 278, 279, 319
Eiserloh, Ensi
American citizenship of, 7, 111, 184
daily life in Crystal City and, 105–06, 108, 109
early life in Ohio of, 6, 8, 63, 66, 70, 75
father’s internment and, 81
Idstein, Germany, stay of, 220, 278, 280, 283
life with Aunt Klara in Cleveland and, 79
postwar return to United States by, 325, 326, 327, 338
repatriation (exchange) to Germany by, 184, 188, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195–96, 213, 217–19
reunion with father, 89–90
train trip to Crystal City by, 83, 84, 85
Eiserloh, Guenther
birth of, 187–89, 233
Idstein, Germany, stay of, 220, 279, 280
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