postwar return to United States by, 325, 326, 337
repatriation (exchange) to Germany by, 190, 192, 193, 195–96, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218
Eiserloh, Ingrid Goldie
American citizenship of, 7, 111, 184, 198, 273
arrival at Crystal City by, 90–91
assault on mother and, 66–68
boys’ anti-German attack on, 5–6, 75
daily life in Crystal City and, xix, 107, 108, 109, 183–84
early life in Ohio of, xix, 3–4, 61–64, 69, 71, 112–13, 190
father’s internment and, 81
father’s relationship with, 87, 190–91, 215–16
FBI’s investigation of, 73–74
German heritage of, 112–13
Idstein, Germany, stay of, 219–22, 273, 274, 277, 278, 279–83, 289
Kuhn and, 101, 103
on life at Crystal City, 95, 104, 105, 328–29
life with Aunt Klara in Cleveland and, 67, 68, 79
reaction to father’s detention by, 8–9, 61, 79
repatriation (exchange) to Germany by, 111, 183–96, 198, 213–19, 227–28, 329
return to United States by, 283, 325–26, 327, 338–29
reunion with father, 89–90, 183–84
school and, 111–13, 325–26
swimming pool construction and, 105–06
train trip to Crystal City by, 83–87
Eiserloh, Johanna
appeals about husband’s status from, 63, 78, 79, 84
assault on, 66–68
background of, 5
birth of son Guenther, 187–89
daily life in Crystal City and, 84, 105, 107, 109
decision to join husband at Crystal City, 84, 88
decision to repatriate to Germany, 88, 111–12
early life in Ohio of, 3–4, 6, 61, 64, 70–72
FBI’s visit to family and, 7, 8
health of, 107, 190, 220
husband’s internment and, 77–78, 79
Idstein, Germany, stay of, 219–20, 221, 278, 280–81, 283
life with Klara and Frank in Cleveland and, 67, 68, 69, 79, 84
marriage of, 70, 71, 215–16, 220
postwar return to United States by, 325, 326, 337–28
reaction to husband’s arrest, 62–63
repatriation (exchange) to Germany by, 186–88, 190, 192, 193, 195, 196, 213, 215–19
reunion with husband, 89–90, 186
sale of house by, 65–66, 67, 68, 79
schooling at Crystal City and, 111–12
train trip to Crystal City by, 83–87
Eiserloh, Lothar
American citizenship of, 7, 111, 184, 279
assault on mother and, 67, 68
Crystal City and, 84, 90, 106, 108, 109
early life in Ohio of, 6, 63, 65, 66, 215
father’s internment and, 81
Idstein, Germany, stay of, 220, 221, 277, 278–82, 283, 290
life with Aunt Klara in Cleveland and, 79
postwar return to United States by, 283, 325, 326, 327, 328
repatriation (exchange) to Germany by, 111, 184, 187–88, 190, 191, 192, 194, 196, 213, 215, 216–19
reunion with father, 89–90
school and, 111–12, 279
train trip to Crystal City by, 83–87
Eiserloh, Mathias
alien board hearing on, 75–77
anti-Semitic views of, 75
background of, 5, 69–70
birth of son Guenther, 187, 188
citizenship applications of, 70–71, 72, 80, 215
daily life in Crystal City and, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109
daughter Ingrid’s relationship with, 87, 190–91, 215–16
decision to remain in Germany and not return to United States by, 283
decision to repatriate to Germany, 82, 88, 111–12
declaration as official enemy alien and prisoner of war, 77
early life in Ohio of, 3–4, 61, 70–72, 190
FBI’s arrest of, 6–8, 26, 62, 66, 68–69, 75
FBI’s investigations of, 68–70, 74–77
German background and connections of, 69–70, 71, 73–74, 75, 76, 77, 94
Idstein, Germany, stay of, 220–21, 280, 283
initial internments of, 24, 77–78, 79–80, 81–82, 87–88
marriage of, 70, 215, 220
Nazi officer’s arrest of, 221, 278, 280
neighbors’ reporting on, 64–65
postwar return to United States by, 325, 326–27, 328
repatriation (exchange) to Germany by, 186, 187, 188, 190–96, 215–19
request for transfer to family camp by, 82, 88
reunion with family, 88–91, 183–84, 186
school and, 111–12, 278
tensions in German section and, 117
wife Johanna’s appeals about status of, 63, 78, 79, 84
wife’s reaction to internment of, 77–78, 79
work history of, 70–73
Ellis, Mabel B., 104
Ellis Island, New York, 54, 95, 100, 125–27, 251, 283, 308–09
El Paso, Texas, internment camp, 43
Elwood, Larry R., 117
Ennis, Edward J., 69, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81–82, 88
Eppeler, Karl, 299–301
exchange. See repatriation
exchange camps, 198
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
arrest and internment policies and, xvii, xviii, 20, 29, 42–43, 299
dossiers and investigations by, 5, 26
Eiserloh family and, 6–8, 26, 62, 66, 68–70, 74, 75, 76, 77
Fuhr family and, 101, 102
Fukuda family and, 154, 157, 158, 159, 160
investigation of Eleanor Roosevelt by, 27–28
Japanese in Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, and, 9–12
Kuhn and the Bund and, 97–98, 98–99, 113–14
Latin American nationals and, 39
repatriation (exchange) and, 185, 187
Taniguchi family and, 146, 147
Utsushigawa family and, 15
Federal School (American School), Crystal City camp, Texas, 58, 111, 112, 132–36, 145, 169, 170–73, 178, 184, 234, 237–38, 244, 246, 249, 301–02
fence sickness, 80, 82, 128, 171
Fertsch, Werner, 235
Fort Lincoln, North Dakota, internment camp, 143, 189, 246
Fort Missoula, Montana, internment camp, 55, 126, 143, 154, 155
Fort Stanton Internment Camp, New Mexico, 116, 189, 246
442nd Regimental Combat Team, 139, 140, 143, 151–52, 243, 314
Fox, Stephen, 192
Frank, Anne, 202, 203, 206, 230, 265
Frank, Edith, 202, 230
Frank, Margot, 202, 230, 265
Frank, Otto, 202, 230
Frankfurter, Felix, 75
Friedman, Max Paul, 80
Friends of New Germany, 100
Fuhr, Anna, 101, 102, 307, 308
Fuhr, Barbara Minner, 239–40, 301–02, 308, 309, 324, 325
Fuhr, Carl, 101, 102, 307, 308
Fuhr, Eberhard E. (“Eb”)
arrest of, 101–03, 239
background of, 101
Crystal City life and, 103, 116, 234, 237, 238–40, 239, 301
death of Roosevelt and, 234
deportation order for, 307–08
end of World War II and, 244, 246
on his internment, 324–25
postwar career of, 324–25
return to Cincinnati, Ohio, by, 308–09
Fuhr, Gerhard, 101, 102
Fuhr, Julius, 101, 102, 103, 238, 307, 308
Fujii, Ryuchi, 118–20, 170–71, 174
Fukuda, Hiroshi, 304, 309, 319
Fukuda, Koichi, 162–63, 164, 304, 309, 319
Fukuda, Makiko, 161, 162, 304–05, 309, 319
Fukuda, Michisuke (“Mitch”), 158, 163, 164, 168, 305
Fukuda, Nobusuke (“Nob”), 158, 163, 164, 168, 305, 319, 320
Fukuda, Saburo, 158, 309, 319
Fukuda, Shinko
family life of, 157–58, 161
family reunion and, 156, 164
husband’s arrest and, 160, 163–64
internment life and, 161–64, 306
Konko mission and, 159, 319, 320
parole and return to San Francisco by, 309–10, 319–20
son Yoshiro illness and death and, 166–67, 303, 304, 306
Fukuda, Yoshiaki
arrest and initial internment of, 153–56
Crystal City life and, 161, 302, 305–06
deportation to Japan and, 303–04
early life in San Francisco and, 304–05
family reunion and, 156, 164
Konko ministry of, 155, 157–58, 303, 318–19
O’Rourke and, 156–57, 321
parole and return to San Francisco by, 309–10, 318–19
petitions and lawsuit by, 154–55, 305
petition for redress from, 319, 320
son Yoshiro’s illness and death and, 167–68, 303–05
Fukuda, Yoshiro, 166–68, 303–05, 306, 310, 319
Geneva Convention, 40, 44–45, 94, 107–08, 154, 166
German American Bund, 69, 96, 97–99, 100, 113–14, 298, 300, 323
German Americans (born in the United States)
American citizenship of, 7, 111, 184, 198, 273, 279
Black Tom incident and, 24–25
reparations for, 325
split American and German identities of, 219
German immigrants (born in Germany)
American-born children of, 7
anti-German sentiments regarding, 5, 6, 20, 25–26, 62, 64–65, 67, 69, 74–75, 76, 89
arrest and internment of, xvii, 5, 6–8, 23–25, 29, 32–33, 42–43, 44, 62, 77, 80, 87, 322
Black Tom incident and, 24–25
children of. See German Americans
Eleanor Roosevelt’s support for rights of, 19–20, 22
Kuhn and the Bund and, 97–99
Nazis and Nazi sympathizers investigation and, 26–27
removal from Latin America of, xvii, 29, 38, 39–40
split German and American identities of, 73–74
as subjects of suspicion, 5, 64–65, 73, 74–75, 85
German internees, Crystal City camp, xv, 38, 44, 54–55, 90, 91, 102, 132, 295, 324–25
American-born children of, 44, 103
awareness of World War II progress among, 96, 188, 233, 243, 244
camp administration of nationalities and, 94–95, 297–98
camp store for, 108–09, 117, 118–19, 186
closure of camp and, 307
conflicts between German Jews and, 80–81, 116
daily life for, 58, 106–07, 244
Das Lager camp newsletter for, 114, 115, 116
death of Roosevelt and, 234–35
disputes between Japanese and, 55
film about Crystal City and, 240–42
flag with swastika controversy and, 93–94, 95, 103, 104, 111
German culture in, 90
housing constructed for, 55, 56
Kuhn and, 96–97, 100–01
Nazi sympathizers among, 80, 93–94, 184, 345
O’Rourke’s handling of problems in, 95, 100, 103, 114–18, 298, 345
pressure to use German School among, 111, 112
reparation proposals for, 325
repatriation of. See repatriation
school for, 58, 90, 111–13, 120, 134, 135, 299
self-rule election of spokesman by, 93, 94–95, 114–15
Switzerland as protecting power for, 44, 93, 299
German School, Crystal City camp, Texas, 58, 90, 111–13, 120, 134, 135, 299
Germany
anti-Semitism in, 75, 80
exchanges for American citizens held in, 64–65, 88, 96, 102, 112, 188, 193–95, 323–24
Kuhn and the Bund and, 98, 100, 113, 323
Nazi treatment of Jews in. See Jews in Germany
repatriation of internees to. See repatriation
World War II and, 32–33, 73, 85, 170, 197, 213–14, 243, 277–78, 323
Gila River Relocation Camp, Arizona, 147–50
Gilford, M. E., 49
Goldsmith, Kathryn, 133–34, 135, 237
Goslar, Hanneli, 201–02
Grayber, Paul, xvi–xvii
Grew, Joseph, 123
Gross, Carl, 36
Guffey, Joseph, 53–54
Gullion, Allen, 23
Gutierrez, Jose Angel, 42, 43–44, 316–17
Harada, Higo, 244
Harrison, Anna, 45, 46
Harrison, Carol Sensenig, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 176
Harrison, Earl, 322
Harrison, Earl G.
Alien Registration Division and, 47, 48–50, 51–52
background of, 45–46
Biddle’s encouragement of, 47, 52–53
Crystal City administration and, 55, 56, 85, 111, 165, 176, 311, 321
Crystal City German section unrest and, 94, 103–04, 115
Crystal City site selection by, 35, 37–38, 41, 43, 44, 45, 54, 269
death of, 322
education for the internees and, 111
Eleanor Roosevelt’s visit with, 50–52
Fukuda’s complaint about treatment and, 165
gift from Japanese internees in Crystal City to, 177
immigration issues in Congress and, 176–77
as INS commissioner, 35, 38, 53–54, 115, 176, 269
instructions to employees on being patient from, 115
Jewish displaced persons and, 263–64, 265–72, 273, 321
Jewish families sheltered by, 47, 176
marriage and family of, 46–47
Mathias Eiserloh report from, 88
need for a camp seen by, 38, 40, 43
postwar civil rights work of, 321
protection of internees and, 85, 104, 311
resignation from INS by, 177, 180, 269
schools in camps and, 111, 134
War Refugee Board and, 231
Harrison, J. Barton (“Bart”), 47, 176, 321, 322
Harrison, Joseph Layland, 45, 46
Harrison, Paul, 322
Harrison Report, 269–72, 278, 285, 321
Hasenberg, Gertrude
Amsterdam life of, 203, 205
arrest of, 204
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and, 197, 199, 288
decision to emigrate to America, 226
exchange journey of, 200, 201, 208, 209, 266, 329
health of, 200, 201, 209, 210, 288
hospitalization in Switzerland of, 209, 210, 212, 224, 225–26, 266
reunion with family in United States, 288
Westerbork Camp and, 206
Hasenberg, Irene
Amsterdam life of, 203
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and, 197, 198–200, 201–02, 207–08, 274, 285, 288, 329, 330
decision to emigrate to America, 226, 284, 285
exchange journey of, 198, 200–01, 208–12, 231, 266, 329–30
family background of, 202
Kaplans’ sponsorship of, 226, 284, 286–87
parents’ arrest and, 204
Philippeville displaced-persons camp and, 211, 223–26, 229, 232, 266, 271, 274, 284–85, 289
postwar life of, 330
reunion with family in United States, 288
school and, 287–88
ship journey to United States, 274, 285–87
Westerbork Camp and, 205–06
Hasenberg, John
Amsterdam life of, 203–05
arrest of, 204
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and, 197, 207, 329
death of, 208–09, 284, 288, 330
decision to not go into hiding, 203
exchange journey of, 200–01, 208, 329
false passports secured by, 204, 207, 231
work history of, 202–03
Hasenberg, Werner, 288, 329
Amsterdam life of, 203, 2
04, 226
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and, 197, 200, 201, 207, 288, 329, 330
decision to emigrate to America, 226
exchange journey of, 200, 208–09, 329
health of, 209, 210
hospitalization in Switzerland of, 210, 212, 224, 225–26, 266
parents’ arrest and, 204
reunion with family in United States, 288
Hasenburger, Heinrich Johann, 114–15, 118
Heart Mountain Relocation Camp, Wyoming, 121, 125, 127–30, 132, 251, 254, 292, 314
Heinemann, Wilhelm, 81
Helm, Edith, 27, 28
Hemingway, Ernest, 26
Henshaw, George H., 142
Herlands, William B., 99
Hersey, Evelyn, 96
Hiroshi, Kenneth, 243
Hiroshima, Japan
bombing of, 245, 246, 257
internees’ return to, 260–62, 291
Hitler, Adolf
German immigrants and, 26, 75, 80, 86, 88, 93, 95, 237, 240
Jews and, 48, 177, 228, 267
Kuhn and the Bund and, 96, 97, 98, 113
war and, 22, 28, 29, 72–73, 177, 185, 195, 240, 284
Hoelscher, Ernie and Helen, 63–65, 74
Hohenreiner, Therese, 100
Homfreyganj Massacre, 165–66
Hoover, J. Edgar, 5, 26, 27–28, 29, 32, 68, 69, 72, 77, 99, 114
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 26, 42
Hull, Cordell, 26, 27
Ickes, Harold, 148
immigrants
alien registration of, 47–50, 51–52
American citizenship of children of, 7, 12, 76, 96, 101, 111, 137–38, 145, 184, 198, 227, 234, 241, 251, 273, 279, 289, 293, 305
arrests of, 5, 16, 62–63, 269
denial of citizenship to, 13, 32, 50, 140
Eleanor Roosevelt’s protection of rights of, 19, 22, 31–32, 33, 50, 51
internment of, xv–xvii, 23–24, 32, 78, 310–11, 325
labeled as dangerous enemy aliens, xv, xvii, xviii, 8, 77, 100, 143, 147, 156, 262, 298
repatriation of. See repatriation
split foreign and American identities of, 73–74
as subjects of suspicion, 5, 19–20, 22–25, 42, 48, 49–50, 85, 176, 262
immigration
Harrison’s experience with, 45–46, 265–66, 269
laws on. See immigration laws
Roosevelt’s policies on, 26–27, 50, 262
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
applicants for naturalization and, 70
arrest of Latin Americans and, 39–40
Biddle as commissioner of, 35, 38, 53–54, 111, 115, 176–77
Carusi as commissioner of, 177
Congressional action on immigration issues and, 176–77
Crystal City administration by, xv, 38, 56, 58, 94, 240, 263
education for internees and, 111, 134–35
Eiserloh family and, 68, 69, 72, 80, 84, 86, 88, 89, 263, 326
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