Maximinus, ambassador to Attila, 313–24, 327, 328, 333
Maximus, philosopher, 252
Maximus, usurper, 237
Mazda, 58
Mederichus, Alamannic hostage, 90
Melania, senatorial heiress, 122, 126
Melanthias, imperial villa, 177
Merida, capture, 344
Merobaudes, poet and soldier, 283–9, 291–3, 298, 338, 345, 377
Merogaisus, Frankish king, 68
Mesopotamia: Arsacid dynasty, 59, 61; Persian gains, 60, 73, 386; Roman forces, 28, 176, 387; Roman frontier, 13; Roman province, 60, 176; Sasanian dynasty, 61
metalwork, 88
Metz, fall of, 337
migration: across Danube, 367–8; flight from Huns, 204–5; Germanic, 145; Gothic, 94, 145, 201; movement from Germania, 201–2; Radagaisus’ invasion, 197, 201; Rhine invasion, 197, 201; Roman policy towards migrants, 159–60
Milan, city, 25, 28, 29, 280; siege, 340, 341, 342
Mithradates VI Eupator Dionysus, king of Pontus, 12
Moesia, Lower, province, 172, 175, 185
Moesia, Upper, province, 183, 300
Molino del Postero, 39
Mongol language, 148
Mongols, 446
Morava valley, 168, 171
Mosella, poem (Ausonius), 40–4
Moselle, river, 22, 32, 35, 40–3, 56, 57
Naissus: city, 168, 236, 315; siege and capture, 301–2, 303, 304, 307
Namatianus, Rutilius Claudius, see Rutilius
Naqs-I Rustam, temple inscription, 58–9
Narbonne, Visigothic control, 392, 397
Nedao, battle of the, 354, 356
Nepos, Julius, emperor, 426, 427, 428, 429–30
Nero, emperor, 159
Nicaea, council (325), 78–9
Nicomedia, city, 25
Nicopolis ad Istrum, city, 189, 311, 343
Nisibis, city, 60, 70
nomadism, 147, 150, 326–7, 328
Nomus, ambassador to Attila, 333–4
Noricum: Alaric’s advance, 221; Gothic settlement, 225; kingdom, 407; life after Roman rule, 412–15; Radagaisus’ invasion, 194; rebellion, 285; refuge centres, 410–11; relationship with Rome, 407–8; Roman defences, 409–10, 411–12, 414; Roman province, 408; Severinus in, 407
Notitia Dignitatum, 63, 246–8, 272–3, 298, 385, 387, 409, 411, 434
Novae, legionary base, 170, 172
Noviodunum, fortress, 72, 172
Numerianus, emperor, 60
Numidia, province: administration, 275, 292; importance to Roman empire, 272; land policy, 295–6, 438; peace treaties, 286, 295; rural settlement, 113; taxation, 295, 296, 298; Vandal-Alan control, 286, 292, 294, 382, 432; Vandal-Alan invasion, 270–2, 281
Octavian, see Augustus
Odessus, city, 171
Odotheus, leader of Greuthungi, 154
Odovacar, ‘king’ in Italy, 357, 367, 428–30, 445, 452
Oescus, legionary base, 170, 360
olives, 277–8
Olybrius, Anicius, emperor, 396, 425
Olympiodorus of Thebes, historian and diplomat: on Alaric, 226; on Constantius, 236, 252; embassy to Goths, 203, 313, 324–5; on Gothic lands, 242; on Honorius and Placidia, 258; on Hunnic kings, 157; journeys, 203, 324; on Placidia’s wedding, 239–40; as source, 192, 194, 206, 239, 260, 304–5; style, 192
Olympius, politician: career, 223–4, 225, 253, 255; death, 237; plot against Stilicho, 222, 233; regime, 223–4, 225
Onegesius, notable at court of Attila: house, 318; meeting with, 314; name, 329; Roman embassy strategy, 313, 316; Roman prisoner of, 361; subduing Akatziri, 325; wife, 321
Onoulph, son of Edeco, 357
Oppida culture, 56
Optila, guards officer, 373–4
Orestes, ambassador of Attila, general, 314–16, 323–4, 426, 427, 428
Orientus (poet), 207
Orléans, siege, 337, 338, 342
Orosius, Spanish chronicler, 198, 208, 211, 212, 239
Orsova, 193, 194, 196
Osrhoene, province, 60
Ostia, port, 15
Ostrogoths: creation of, 330, 353, 452, 454; freeman class, 94–5; Italian kingdom, 95, 452; law code, 431; relationship with Noricans, 413; relationship with Roman empire, 454
Padusia, wife of Felix, 258, 261, 321
palatini (imperial bureaucracy), 28, 134, 296
Palentia, sack, 381
Palladius, bishop of Ratiaria, 76, 79
Palladius, imperial bureaucrat, 100, 101, 103, 104, 254
Palladius, son of Petronius Maximus, 378
Pannonia: expulsion of Huns, 203; Goth advance, 408; Goths in, 224, 353, 355–6, 359, 362, 388; Hunnic power, 362, 388; Nedao battle, 354; Radagaisus’ invasion, 194; Roman forces, 177
Pannonians, 195
Panormus, siege, 290
Papirius, Marcus, senator, 228
Parisinus Latinus 8907, 76, 78
Parthia, 59
Passion of St Saba, 92–3, 96
Patrick, St, 37
Paul, brother of Orestes, 427, 428
Paul, count, 416
Paulinus, bishop of Nola, 122, 123, 126
Paulinus of Pella, poet, 249
Pavia, mutiny, 222–3
Pax Romana, 134, 171, 173, 231, 439
peasants, 111, 112, 115, 134–5, 444
Pechenegs, 150
Pentadius, bureaucrat, 290
Persia: Achaemenid dynasty, 58, 59; Arsacid dynasty, 59–60, 61; Attila’s plans, 334–5, 336; conflict with Rome, 59–62, 65, 70–1, 141–2, 166, 173, 181, 189, 386; relationship with Huns, 387; relationship with Rome, 386–7; Sasanian dynasty, 60–2, 64, 67, 97, 110, 141, 333, 386, 447, 459; Shapur inscription, 58–9; territorial gains in 363, 61 (map); threat to Rome, 48, 65, 67, 97, 98, 131, 142, 161, 386, 447
Petronius of Arles, 419
Petronius Maximus, senator and usurper, 372–3, 375, 377, 378–9, 390, 395
Petrosidius, Lucius, 6
Peutinger Table, 272, 279
Philip, emperor, 59, 63
Philippopolis, city, 171; fall, 310
Philippus, praetorian prefect, 116
Photius, bibliophile and patriarch of Constantinople, 192, 206, 257, 25
Picts, 345
Pietroasa: fort, 91, 93; treasure, 88
Placentia, battles, 384, 428
Placidia, daughter of Valentinian III, 371–2, 379, 396
Placidia, Galla, see Galla Placidia
Pliny, natural historian, 19
poetry, 441
Poland: agriculture, 87; amber trade, 456–7; iron production, 87–8
Polybius, historian, 443
Pompey, soldier and statesman, 9, 275
Portchester, fort, 346
Portus, port, 272–3, 276
pottery, 88, 113–14, 200, 278, 437
Praetextatus, Vettius Agorius, 19
principales (elite), 117
Priscus, historian: on Aetius, 374; on Akatziri, 325, 360; on assassination plot, 253, 323, 333; on Attila, 319–20, 334, 340; on Attila’s court, 318–22, 329; embassy to Attila, 313–24; on fall of Hunnic empire, 351, 368; on Honoria, 335; on Hunnic campaigns, 361–2; on Hunnic fugitives, 321, 326; on Naissus siege, 301–2; on peace treaty with Huns, 312; on Roman- Hun meeting, 300–1; on Roman and Hunnic societies, 138–9; on Sciri, 359; as source, 305, 306, 307, 329, 351, 372, 403; on tribute, 368
prisoners: civilian, 361, 362; Gallic, 12; Roman, 61, 76–7, 301, 341, 361
Probus, Petronius, 254–5
Proconsularis, province: administration, 275; confiscation of estates, 293–4; importance to Roman empire, 272; land policy, 295, 429, 438; lost revenue, 296, 298; peace treaty, 286; rural settlement, 113; Vandal- Alan control, 292, 293–4, 432; Vandal- Alan invasion, 270, 271
Procopius, father of Anthemius, 392–3
Procopius, historian, 208, 268, 400, 403, 405–6
Procopius, uncle of Julian, 73, 74, 75
Procopius, usurper, 393
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professional class, 133
Profuturus, general, 173–4
Prosper of Aquitaine, poet, 207–8
Przeworsk culture, 87, 88, 199–200
Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II, wife of Marcian, 371
Punic wars, 8, 12, 16, 273
Quadi, 81, 195
quaestor (legal officer), 43, 253
Quintanis: defences, 411; raids on, 413
Quintilian, lawyer, 42
Radagaisus, Gothic king: defeat and death, 194, 204, 205, 216; followers, 194, 197–8, 201, 205–6, 223, 224, 352–3, 445, 451, 453; invasion of Italy, 194, 205, 218, 408, 433; origin of attack, 196
Raetia, province, 177, 195, 206
Ratiaria, fortress, 308, 310
Ravenna: garrison, 388; imperial capital, 225, 226, 229, 237, 263, 284; Nepos’ departure, 426; Paul’s death, 428; siege, 226–7; Stilicho’s death, 223
receptio (Roman treatment of immigrants), 159
Rechila, king of the Suevi, 344
religion: Mediterranean, 83; persecutions, 75, 92–3, 96, 293; promoted by emperors, 76; rise of Christianity, 14, 123–4; sack of Rome, 229; Zoroastrianism, 58; see also Augustine, Christianity, Severinus, Ulfilas
Remigius, magister officiorum, 100, 101, 103, 104
Renatus Frigiderus, historian, 206, 282
rescript system, 108–9, 117
Respendial, king of the Alans, 264
Rhine: army revolt, 394; bridges, 7; coinage, 89; crossing (406), 194, 196, 197, 198, 201, 204, 206, 249; Germanic peoples, 48, 49, 98; population, 85, 114; raids, 113; Roman defences, 13, 199, 394, 416, 425; Roman frontier, 9, 26, 28, 42, 56–8, 66–7, 71–2, 81, 103, 281; settlements, 86, 90–1; summit meeting, 74
Rhine invaders (406): Constantius’ campaigns against, 264–5; crossing, 201, 206; in Gaul, 207–8 (map); impact on Roman strategy, 221; languages, 263; mixed population group, 197; numbers, 198, 445, 446; origins, 194–5, 196, 204, 433; relationship between groups, 264–5; route, 206–8 (map), 210–11; in Spain, 208–9 (map)
Rhodope, province, 175
Rhodope mountains, 168, 175, 178
Rhône, river, 7, 22
Rhône valley, Burgundian presence, 382, 397
Richomeres, general, 173
Ricimer, patrician and general: forces, 427; marriage, 393; negotiations with Constantinople, 392–3; relationship with Avitus, 379, 384, 390; relationship with Libius Severus, 391, 392; relationship with Majorian, 390–1, 399; resources, 406; war with Anthemius, 435–6, 428
Riothamus, king of the Bretons, 416
rivers, 55–6
Roman empire: army, see army; bureaucracy, 116–18; components of collapse, 443–9; corruption, 101–3; council, 253; creation, 8–9; crisis of 405–8, 193 (map); duration, 13–14; eastern front in 363, 61 (map); eastern survival, 431; economy, 111; emperors, see emperors; fall, 99; fourth century, 10–11 (map); frontiers, 9, 13, 28, 48, 55–8, 201–2, 387; legal system, 24; limits of government, 103–10, 448–9; polity, 128–40; size, 106–7, 448; western losses, 347–8 (map)
Romanization, 439–40
Romanness, 431–2; destruction of central, 432–7; local, 437–43
Romanus, comes Africae, 100, 101, 103, 104
Rome: Attila’s retreat, 340–1; basilicas, 227–8; bishop of, 126; citizenship, 108, 439; city, 15, 26; forum, 284; games, 21, 68, 184; population, 20–1; ports, 15; sack by Celts (390 BC), 228; sack by Goths (410), 191, 227–32, 267, 434; sack by Vandal-Alan coalition (455), 379, 382, 395; Salerian Gate, 227, 228; senate, 15–17, 24, 26–7, 28, 30–1, 74, 124–5, 128, 132, 139, 221, 224–5, 248; sieges by Goths, 224–5, 227, 228, 248
Romulus, father-in-law of Orestes, 427
Romulus ‘Augustulus’, emperor: accession, 427; deposition, ix, 146, 430, 431, 434, 445, 446; rule, 429
Rua (Ruga), Hunnic king, 300, 326, 327, 362
Rugi: conflict with Goths, 358; Hunnic control, 330; recruited by Rome, 427, 445; relationship with Norican communities, 413, 414, 415; territory, 355
Runderberg, the, 91, 93
Rusticius, prisoner of Huns, 341
Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, master of offices and poet, 233–5, 244, 245, 250
Saba, St, 92–3, 96
Sabinus, Quintus Titurius, legate, 4, 5, 22, 55
sacrificial goods, 92, 93–4
St Bernard Pass, 7, 22
Sallust, historian, 17, 102, 231
Salona, port, 260
Sangara, city, 70
Saône, river, 22
Saphrax, leader of Greuthungi, 151, 152, 179, 183, 185, 213
Sardinia, Vandals expelled, 400
Sardis, city, 118
Sarmatians: armour, 156; burials, 98; cavalry, 155, 157; conflict with Goths, 358; conflict with migrant groups, 85; culture, 199; impact of migration, 450, 455; language, 49; relationship with Huns, 330, 355; relationship with Rome, 98; slaughtered in Colosseum, 68, 184; territory, 49, 81, 98, 147, 154, 195, 355, 358
Sarus, general, 198, 221, 227
Sasanian dynasty: rise, 60–2, 64, 67, 110, 141, 459; threat to Rome, 97, 110, 333, 386, 447
Saxons: in Britain, 245, 345–6, 415; political units, 86, 94; Roman massacre of raiders, 67–8, 69, 81, 82; territory, 84
Sciri: captives (409), 160; conflict with Goths, 358–9, 367, 368–9; followers of Uldin, 329; Hunnic control, 330; invasion under Uldin, 196, 198; kingdom destroyed, 367; leadership, 357–8, 367, 428; recruited into Roman army, 367, 427–8, 445; territory, 355
Scots, 345
Scottas, follower of Attila, 316–17, 325, 329
Scupi, city, 168
scutum (shield), 6
Scythia: Aetius’ successes, 286; food supplies, 175; Goths in, 185; Huns in, 298, 362; province, 281; Roman garrisons, 172
Scythians, 69, 147, 154, 155, 156
Sebastianus, son-in-law of Boniface, 262, 281
Segestes, leader of Cherusci, 55
Senones, 12
Serapio, king of Alamanni, 83, 90
Serapis, Egyptian god, 83
Serdica, city, 168, 171, 301, 315, 368
Sergeric, brother of Sarus, 227, 241
Seronatus, deputy prefect of Gaul, 420
Severinus, saint, 407, 409, 410, 412, 413–14, 428
Severus, Alexander, emperor, 66
Severus, Lucius Septimius, emperor, 60, 109
Seville, province, 39
Shan-Yu, leader of Hsiung-Nu, 148, 149
Shapur I, ruler of Persia, 58–9, 60, 62, 65, 161
Shapur II, ruler of Persia, 70, 73–4
Shipka pass, 168, 174, 177
shipping, 63, 268, 276, 277, 398–9, 400–6
Sicily: Geiseric’s control, 382; imperial army, 290, 292, 298, 303–4, 306; imperial expeditions, 399, 400; revenue from, 406; Vandal attacks, 290, 395
Sidonius Apollinaris, poet and letter writer: on Anthemius, 393, 401; on Avitus, 377–8, 382–4; on Burgundians, 196–7, 420; career, 394, 418–19, 422–3, 435; on Goths, 422; on Hunnic invasion, 337; on Libius Severus, 391; literary style, 376; on Majorian, 397–8; relationship with Avitus, 375, 382; relationship with Majorian, 394–5; on Theoderic II, 380–1, 418; on Valentinian III, 382; on Vandals, 402; works, 375–7, 415
siege warfare, 7–8, 65, 301–3, 343
Siling Vandals: alliances, 206, 264–5, 452, 453, 454; language, 263; losses, 198, 241–2, 244; origins, 263; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 206; in Spain, 241, 264, 265
Silk Road, 148, 150, 303
Silvanus, banker, 336
Silvanus, general, 215
silver, 88
Sinicy, smithies, 88
Sirmium, city, 25, 28, 355
Sitifensis, city, 286
slaves: Alan society, 263; in Alaric’s army, 224; exchanged for food, 159; in Germanic societies, 94, 95; of Huns, 361; Theophanes’ journey, 106
Snake Mountain, battle, 287–8
Sorogsi, 362
Sozomen, historian, 192
Spain: Alans in, 209, 241–2, 264, 265–6, 288, 344, 4
34; division in 411, 209 (map), 264; inscriptions, 108; invasion (411), 208–9, 241, 246; Justinian’s campaigns, 431; landowners, 438; revolts, 344–5; Roman conquest, 39; Roman control, 288; Suevi in, 396; Vandals in, 209, 221, 241, 266, 288, 344, 434; Visigoths in, 417 (map), 431
Sredna Gora, 168, 171
Stilicho, general: African policy, 218; ambitions for eastern empire, 217–18; career, 216–17, 236; death, 223, 224, 254, 255, 453; defeat of Radagaisus, 205–6, 218; fall, 222–3, 248, 255; guardianship of Honorius, 216–17, 218; plot against, 222, 233, 237; regime, 205, 210, 215, 217, 223–4, 253, 257, 281; relationship with Alaric, 215–16, 218, 219–22, 223, 390; relationship with Constantinople, 217–18, 219, 222; relationship with Honorius, 218, 222, 448; response to British revolt, 218–19, 221; title, 429; unrest against his rule, 211; wife, 321
Strasbourg, battle (357), ix, 82, 85, 92, 458
Succi pass, 168, 173, 178, 181, 183, 315
Suda, 399
Sueridas, Gothic commander, 172
Suevi: alliances, 264, 452; forces, 198; in Gaul, 208, 221, 434; language, 263; migrations, 197; origins, 195, 204, 263; relationship with Huns, 330; relationship with Visigoths, 416; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 201, 206, 433; in Spain, 209, 221, 241, 244, 264, 281, 288, 344, 381, 396, 417; territory, 264, 355, 358
Suleiman Pasha, 174
Syagrius, correspondent of Sidonius, 420, 421
Sylla, Roman captive, 322
Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, senator and author: career, 22, 30, 40, 137, 217, 280; at court of Valentinian I, 33, 35, 36, 42, 45; education, 18, 36; embassy to Valentinian I, 22–3, 29, 44–5, 72; estates, 16, 135–6, 293; on gladiators, 68; houses, 137; journey to Trier, 22, 31–2, 105; on Latin, 18; literary style, 19; marriage, 136; organization of games, 21; on plebeians, 20–1; relationship with Ausonius, 36, 40–4; on Rhine frontier, 42; on senate, 17; studies, 138; wealth, 16, 135; works, 16, 19–20
Syria: agriculture, 112–13; bandits, 134; Persian invasions, 65; Roman annexation, 9; Valens in, 166
Tacitus, historian: on coins, 89; on Germanic leadership, 95; on Germanic wars, 54, 93, 455; on Marcomanni trade, 456; works, 84
Taifali, 190
Tangier, port, 269, 270
Tarifa, port, 267, 269
Tarraconensis, province, 344, 345
Tarragona, capture, 417
Tatulus, father of Orestes, 427
Taurus, praetorian prefect, 116
taxation: African grain tax, 276, 296; for armies, 65, 120–1, 447–8; attitudes to, 120, 140; Carolingian empire, 436–7; effect on agriculture, 114–15, 140; emergency, 65; fraudulent collectors, 134; Hunnic influence, 435; impact on landowners, 116, 296–7; imperial role, 24, 116, 120, 140, 440; levels of, 110; local influence, 116, 440; losses from invasions, 246, 295–8, 345; patron’s influence, 136–7; in post-Roman Italy, 429; as reason for decline and fall of Roman empire, 110; reasons for, 70, 120; redistributive, 436, 454; reductions and remissions, 246, 295–6; riot, 120; sales tax, 297; shipping concessions, 277; withdrawal of imperial grants, 296
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