English relations with here, here, here, here
forts here
global power here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here
and Low Countries here, here
and privateering here–here
sailors from here
trade with here, here, here, here
war with here–here, here, here
see also Philip II, King
Spanish Company here
Spanish Netherlands here, here
Speedwell (ship) here
Spice (Molucca) Islands here, here, here
spice trade here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here
Spierinck, Cornelis, father and son here–here
Spierinck, Katherine here
Spierinck, Mary here
Staper, Richard here, here–here, here, here, here, here
Star Chamber here
Stationers’ Company here, here, here
Steelyard here, here, here, here
Great Hall here–here, here
Stepney here
Stocks Market here
Stow, John here, here, here, here, here, here, here
The Survey of London here, here, here, here–here, here, here
Stow, Thomas here
Strand here, here, here
‘strangers’ (foreigners in London) here–here, here, here–here, here
prejudice against here–here
Straw, Jack here
Stucley, Thomas here
suburbs here–here
Suffolk here
Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan here, here, here, here
Sumatra here, here, here
sumptuary statutes here
Surat here, here
Susan (ship) here
Swallow (ship) here, here
Swan theatre, Southwark here
Sweden here
Switzerland here
Symonds, William here
Syon Palace here–here
Syria here
Tacitus, P. Cornelius here, here, here
Tatars here, here, here
Taylor, John here
Temple Bar here, here, here
Temple church here
tenements here–here
Thames, river:
freezing of here
importance of here, here, here
as London boundary here, here
and London Bridge here, here
Muscovy Company fleet on here
river traffic here, here, here
Venetian ships on here
Thames Street here, here, here, here
Theatre, Shoreditch here
theatres here–here, here, here, here
Thevet, André here
Cosmographie universelle here
The new found worlde… here–here, here
Les Singularitez de la France antarctique here
Threadneedle Street here, here
Three Cranes here, here, here, here, here
Three Swans Inn here
Throgmorton Street here, here
Thynne, Sir John here
Tiger (ship) here
Tilney, Edmund here–here
tobacco here
Tower Hill here, here, here
Tower of London here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Tower Street here
Trinity Lane here
The Trinity (ship) here
Tripoli here, here
Triumph (ship) here
A true report of the… voiage to Java in the East Indies here
Tucher, Lazarus here–here
Turkey here–here, here, here, here, here
see also Ottoman Empire
Turkey Company here, here, here
Tyler, Wat here
Tyndale, William, ‘The Storie of the prophete Jonas’ here–here
Typootes, Paul here–here
Ulm here
United East India Company here
Upper Thames Street here
usury here–here, here
sermons on here–here
Uzbekistan here
Vagabonds Act (1598) here, here
Valencia here
van Asse, Maijken (formerly Soenen) here
van Asse, Melchior here–here
van Hove, Martin here
van Linschoten, Jan Huygen, Discours of voyages into the East and West Indies here
Vanden Wortele, Mayken and Joos here
Varzina, river here
Vaughan, Stephen here–here, here, here
Venice here, here, here, here, here
Vespucci, Amerigo here
Vienna here, here
Vintry here, here, here
Virginia here, here, here–here
Virginia Company of London here, here, here–here, here–here, here
Visscher, Claes here
Vivaldi, Antione here
Vivaldi (banking house) here
Volga, river here
Vologda here, here, here
Vroom, Hendrik Cornelisz here
Wainwright, Alfred here
Wakefield, Yorkshire here
Walloons here
Walsingham, Sir Francis here, here, here, here, here, here
Water Lane here
Wattune, Robert here
Weld, Sir Humphrey here
Welser banking house here, here, here, here, here
West, Henry here
Westminster here, here, here
law courts here
Palace of here
Westminster Abbey here, here, here
Westminster Hall here
Westminster School here, here, here
Westmorland, Earl of here
Whetstone, George here
whipping posts here
White Hart Street here
White, John here
White Sea here, here, here, here, here, here
Whitechapel here, here
Whitehall Palace here, here, here, here
Queen’s Gallery here
Whytyngdone, Richard here
Wilford, James here
Willes, Richard here
Williamson, Goodwife here
Willoughby, Gabriel here
Willoughby, Sir Hugh here, here, here, here, here
Wilson, Thomas, A Discourse upon Usury here, here–here
Wiltshire here
Wittenberg here
Wittewronghele, Jacques and Jacob here–here
Wolfe, Reyner here, here
Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas here, here, here
women:
and education here
numbers in London here
status of here–here
Wood Street here
Woodford, Alexander here
Wren, Sir Christopher here–here, here
Wrench, Katheryne here–here
Württemberg here
Wyclif, John here
Wyndout, Bartholomew and Joan here, here, here, here
Wyndout, Katherine see Haddon, Dame Katherine
Wyndout, Thomas here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Wyngaerde, Anthonis van den here–here, here–here, here
Yorke, Sir John here
Yorkshire here
Zeeland here, here
Zwingli, Ulrich here
Images
1. A village just outside the city: an Elizabethan fete at Bermondsey on the south bank of the River Thames, attributed to Marcus Gheeraerts the elder, c. 1569.
2. Members of the City elite: the lord mayor (left), an alderman (centre) and a senior merchant of a livery company (right) in their robes of office.
3. Commemorative death’s head rings were commonly bequeathed in the wills of wealthy Londoners as memento mori.
4. Paul’s Cross, the most important preaching pulpit in London, in the shadow of St Paul’s Cathedral, and close to the stalls and shops of the city�
��s printers and booksellers.
5. Detail from Anthonis van den Wyngaerde’s panorama of London in the 1540s, looking north from Southwark showing London Bridge. The tall, narrow, decorated spire whose point is between the two distant settlements (Holywell Priory in Shoreditch is on the right) is that of Austin Friars.
6. A family motif: the grasshopper of the influential Greshams, engraved on the underside of a ring.
7. Thomas Gresham in 1544: the young merchant as aspiring courtier.
8. Sir Thomas Gresham’s greatest legacy, the Royal Exchange, c. 1600, modelled on Antwerp’s bourse, a meeting place for Londoners to rival St Paul’s Cathedral.
9. The model merchant: John Isham in his middle forties, well-fed and prosperous, but conscious, too, of his own mortality.
10. Sir Thomas Gresham in his prime by Anthonis Mor: wealth, power and taste all in a single portrait.
11. A detail from Anthony Jenkinson’s groundbreaking map of nearest Asia, 1562. The pictures (which include an Elizabethan galleon sailing on the Caspian Sea) and cartouches give a narrative of his perilous return journey from Moscow to Bukhara.
12. Cosmographer, editor and colonial theorist: the younger Richard Hakluyt commemorated in Victorian stained glass by C. E. Kempe.
13. A universal instrument made by the goldsmith and cartographer Humphrey Cole, 1582. Cole, a superlative craftsman, was closely involved with Martin Frobisher’s three voyages of the late 1570s.
14. Cornelis Kettel’s 1577 portrait of a robust Martin Frobisher, ready to conquer the globe.
15. Shakespeare’s ‘yellow, glittering, precious gold’: an Elizabethan sovereign.
16. A reverse image of the printing plate used for the ‘Copperplate Map’ of London, showing the city suburbs outside Bishopsgate, including Bethlehem Hospital (Bedlam) and the insalubrious Moorfields.
17. The consummate corporate operator: Sir Thomas Smythe, Jacobean governor of the Muscovy, East India and Virginia companies.
18. Colonizing Virginia: trade leads to empire, with the hope of a New Britain planted by London’s merchants and investors. Title-page of Nova Britannia, 1609.
19. The church of St Andrew Undershaft, the last resting place of the London antiquary John Stow, today in the shadow of 30 St Mary Axe.
20. Looking earnestly to heaven: effigy of Paul Bayning (d. 1616), a Levant and senior East India Company merchant and London alderman, who shares a tomb with his brother Andrew (d. 1610) in the church of St Olave, Hart Street.
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First published by Penguin Random House UK 2017
First U.S. edition by Bloomsbury USA 2017
This electronic edition published 2017
© Stephen Alford, 2017
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ISBN: HB: 978-1-62040-821-6
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