The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome
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17. Waterfield, p. 43.
18. Eusebius, Chronicle, p. 198.
19. Thucydides, 1.125.
20. Thucydides, 1.126.
21. Solon 12, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, p. 55.
22. Athenian Constitution, translated by H. Rackham, 2.1–3, in Aristotle in 23 Volumes, vol. 20 (1952).
23. Solon 17, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, p. 61.
24. Lycurgus 15, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, p. 25.
25. Michael Gagarin, Drakon and Early Athenian Homicide Law (1981), pp. 19–21.
26. Solon 1, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, p. 46.
27. Solon 14, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, p. 57.
28. Buckley, pp. 91–92.
29. Solon 6, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, p. 50.
30. Herodotus, 1.29.
31. Solon 25, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, pp. 69–70.
Chapter Fifty-Seven The Beginnings and End of Empire
1. Livy, 1.15, Early History of Rome, p. 50.
2. R. M. Ogilvie, “Introduction: Livy,” in Livy, Early History of Rome, p. 18.
3. Livy, 1.1–1.2, Early History of Rome, pp. 34–36.
4. Livy, 1.15, Early History of Rome, p. 50.
5. Livy, 1.16, Early History of Rome, p. 51.
6. Livy, 1.19, Early History of Rome, p. 54.
7. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, vol. 1, Books I–II (1937), 2.62.
8. Livy, 1.33, Early History of Rome, p. 72.
9. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, vol. 2, Books III–IV (1939), 3.45.
10. Gary Forsythe, ACritical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War (2005), pp. 39–40.
11. Salvatore Settis, ed., The Land of the Etruscans: From Prehistory to the Middle Ages (1985), p. 30.
12. Jacques Heurgon, Daily Life of the Etruscans (1964), p. 136.
13. Christopher S. Mackay, Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History (2004), p. 12.
14. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, vol. 2, 3.61–62.
15. Ray Kamoo, Ancient and Modern Chaldean History: A Comprehensive Bibliography of Sources (1999), p. xxxi.
16. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 2, p. 417.
17. Kamoo, p. xxxiii; Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 2, p. 419.
18. Herodotus, 1.103.
19. Christopher Johnston, “The Fall of Nineveh,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 22 (1901), p. 21.
20. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, vol. 1 (1956), p. 171; Paul Haupt, “Xenophon’s Account of the Fall of Nineveh,” in Journal of the American Oriental Society 28 (1907), p. 101.
21. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 2, p. 420.
22. Nah. 2:6–10, 3:3, 3:19, NIV.
23. Assmann, p. 338.
24. 2 Kings 23:29, NIV.
25. 2 Chron. 35:21, NIV.
26. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 2, p. 421.
27. 2 Kings 23:31–35.
28. Verbrugghe and Wickersham, p. 58.
29. Jer. 46:2–6, NIV.
30. Donald B. Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt (2004), p. 146.
Chapter Fifty-Eight A Brief Empire
1. Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, 10.6.1.
2. Jer. 36.
3. Quoted in Ronald H. Sack, Images of Nebuchadnezzar: The Emergence of a Legend (2004), p. 49. I am grateful to Mr. Sack for his thematic organization of the ancient and classical sources for the reigns of Nebuchadnezzar and Nabonidus.
4. Herodotus, 2.158.
5. Clayton, p. 196.
6. Herodotus, 4.42; Shaw, p. 381; Redford, Egypt, p. 452.
7. Herodotus, 4.42.
8. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 10.6.2.
9. Sack, p. 49.
10. 2 Kings 24; Rogerson, p. 151.
11. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 10.7.3.
12. The Wadi-Brisa Inscription, in Sack, p. 16.
13. Verbrugghe and Wickersham, p. 58.
14. Saggs, Babylonians, p. 167.
15. Paraphrased and slightly condensed from Diodorus Siculus, pp. 149–150.
16. Verbrugghe and Wickersham, p. 59.
17. Saggs, Babylonians, p. 166.
18. Verbrugghe and Wickersham, p. 58.
19. Politics 3.1276, in H. Rackham, trans., Aristotle in 23 Volumes, vol. 21 (1944).
20. Redford, Egypt, p. 461.
21. Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh, p. 146.
22. Clayton, p. 196.
23. Redford, Egypt, p. 463.
24. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 10.7.3.
25. Jer. 37:7–10, NIV.
26. Jer. 38:4; also Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 10.7.3.
27. Letter 4, quoted in Rogerson, p. 153.
28. 2 Kings 25:4–6, NIV.
29. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 10.8.4.
30. Raymond Philip Dougherty, Nabonidus and Belshazzar: A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire (1929), p. 33; Herodotus, 1.74.
31. Herodotus 1.74.
32. Dan. 4:33, NIV.
33. Quoted in Sack, p. 44.
34. Matthias Henze, The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar: The Ancient Near Eastern Origins and Early History of Interpretation of Daniel 4 (1999), pp. 96–99.
Chapter Fifty-Nine Cyrus the Great
1. Herodotus, 1.107.
2. The following is all drawn from Herodotus, 1.108–119.
3. Herodotus, 1.119.
4. 2 Kings 25:27–29.
5. The Chronicle of Jerachmeel, quoted in Sack, pp. 58–59.
6. Verbrugghe and Wickersham, p. 60.
7. Quoted in Sack, p. 22. The work of Megasthenes is lost, but he is quoted in Eusebius.
8. Leick, The Babylonians, p. 64.
9. Dougherty, p. 24.
10. Quoted in Oates, p. 132.
11. Quoted in Dougherty, pp. 72–73.
12. Diodorus Siculus, 2.32.2–3.
13. Herodotus, 1.123–126.
14. Ibid., 1.129–130.
15. Ibid., 1.75–87.
16. Ibid., 1.88–90.
17. Xenophon, The Education of Cyrus (2001), 8.2.1.
18. Ibid., 1.1.2.
19. Ibid., 1.1.5.
20. Ibid., 8.2.8–9.
21. Ibid., 8.2.11–12.
22. Pierre Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire (2002), pp. 38–40.
23. The Verse Account of Nabonidus, quoted in Sack, p. 17.
24. Harran Inscription of Nabonidus, translated by Oppenheim, quoted in Henze, pp. 59–60.
25. The Verse Account of Nabonidus, quoted in Sack, p. 18.
26. Gene R. Garthwaite, The Persians (2005), p. 29.
27. Herodotus, 1.189.
28. Xenophon, Education of Cyrus, 8.5.13.
29. The Cyrus Cylinder, slightly condensed from the translation in Dougherty, pp. 176–168.
30. Ezra 1:1–3, NIV.
31. Ezra 3:12–13, NIV.
Chapter Sixty The Republic of Rome
1. Herodotus 1.164–165.
2. A. Trevor Hodge, Ancient Greek France (1998), p. 19.
3. Barry Cunliffe, The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek: The Man Who Discovered Britain (2002), p. 16.
4. Daithi O’Hogain, The Celts: A History (2002), p. 1.
5. Ibid., p. 2.
6. Hodge, pp. 5, 190–193.
7. Heurgon, p. 13.
8. David Soren et. al., Carthage: Uncovering the Mysteries and Splendors of Ancient Tunisia (1990), p. 49.
9. Politics, 3.1280, Rackham, Aristotle in 23 Volumes, vol. 21.
10. Heurgon, p. 13.
11. Arnaldo Momigliano, “An Interim Report on the Origins of Rome,” Journal of Roman Studies 53:1–2 (1960), pp. 108–109.
12. Livy, Early History of Rome, 1.41–43.
13. Ibid., 1.47.
14. This quote and the following from Livy, Early History of Rome, 2.10.
15. Thomas Babington Macaulay, “Horatius: A Lay Made About the Year of the C
ity CCCLX,” stanza 27.
16. Polybius, The Rise of the Roman Empire (1979), 3.22.
17. Livy, Early History of Rome, 5.34.
18. O’Hogain, p. 2; Bernhard Maier, The Celts: A History from Earliest Times to the Present (2003), pp. 44–45.
19. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 2.17.
20. Maier, p. 24; O’Hogain, p. 7.
21. Cunliffe, pp. 19–20.
22. Epitome of the Philippic History, quoted in Maier, p. 38.
23. Mackay, pp. 26–28.
24. Livy, Early History of Rome, 2.17–19.
Chapter Sixty-One Kingdoms and Reformers
1. Edgerton, p. 54.
2. Thapar, Early India, p. 152.
3. The Laws of Manu, translated by Georg Buhler (1970), 1.93–100.
4. Jan Y. Fenton et al., Religions of Asia (1993), pp. 46–48.
5. Thapar, Early India, pp. 146–148.
6. Rig Veda 10.90, in Edgerton, p. 68.
7. Wolpert, p. 39.
8. Thapar, Early India, p. 149.
9. Fenton et al., p. 90.
10. From the Introduction to the Jataka, 1.54, translated by Henry Clarke Warren in Buddhism in Translation (1896), pp. 56–61.
11. Quoted in Michael Carrithers, Buddha: A Very Short Introduction (2001), p. 46.
12. Ibid., p. 62.
13. Karen Armstrong, Buddha (2004), p. 9.
14. Ibid., p. xi.
15. A. L. Basham, The Wonder That Was India (1963), p. 47.
16. Thapar, Early India, p. 152.
Chapter Sixty-Two The Power of Duty and the Art of War
1. Xueqin, p. 5.
2. Gai Shiqi, Zuozhuan Jishibenmuo, vol. 45 (1979), quoted in Xueqin, p. 170.
3. Ch’ien, p. 77.
4. Cho-yun Hsu, Ancient China in Transition: An Analysis of Social Mobility, 722–222 BC (1965), pp. 59–60.
5. Jonathan Clements, Confucius: A Biography (2004), pp. 10–15. I am grateful to Mr. Clements for assembling the scattered details about the life of Confucius into a chronological record.
6. Clements, pp. 21–22.
7. James Legge, trans., The Sacred Books of the East, vol. 27: The Texts of Confucianism, Li Ki, I–X (1968), 17.9.6.
8. Ibid., 2.1.7.
9. Ibid., 3.2.1, 12.
10. James Legge, trans., Confucian Analects, The Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean (1971), 7.19.
11. Ibid., 1.1.
12. Ibid., 3.1, 3.
13. Clements, p. 39.
14. Ch’ien, p. 787.
15. Jaroslav Prusek, Chinese Statelets and the Northern Barbarians in the Period 1400–300 BC (1971), p. 187.
16. Hsu, p. 69.
17. Sun-Tzu, The Art of War, translated by Lionel Giles (2002), 2.6.
18. Ibid., 3.2.
19. Ibid., 2.2–4.
20. Ibid., 1.18–19.
21. Ibid., 9.24, 26.
22. Quoted in Xueqin, p. 7.
Chapter Sixty-Three The Spreading Persian Empire
1. Herodotus, 1.216.
2. Ibid., 1.214.
3. Ibid., 4.159.
4. Ibid., 2.161.
5. James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest (1906–1907), 4.1000, pp. 510–511.
6. Herodotus, 2.162.
7. Breasted, Ancient Records, 4.1003, p. 511.
8. Ibid., 4.1005, p. 512.
9. J. M. Cook, The Persian Empire (1983), p. 46.
10. Briant, p. 57.
11. Herodotus, 3.64–66.
12. J. M. Cook, Persian Empire, p. 50.
13. Herodotus, 3.72.
14. Maria Brosius, trans. and ed., The Persian Empire from Cyrus II to Artaxerxes I (2000), p. 21.
15. Ibid., p. 48.
16. Ibid., p. 23.
17. J. M. Cook, Persian Empire, p. 53.
18. Brosius, pp. 32–33.
19. Ezra 5:3–9, NIV.
20. Basham, p. 47.
21. Thapar, Early India, p. 154.
22. Keay, p. 67.
23. Ibid.
24. Thapar, Early India, p. 155.
25. Herodotus, 4.44.
26. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, p. 145; Herodotus, 3.94 and 4.44; Brosius, p. 40.
27. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, p. 145.
Chapter Sixty-Four The Persian Wars
1. Herodotus, 4.127.
2. Ibid., 4.64–65, 73–75.
3. Ibid., 4.89.
4. The Persians, in Aeschylus, The Complete Plays, vol. 2, translated by Carl R. Mueller (2002), p. 12
5. Herodotus, 4.126, 131.
6. Briant, p. 144.
7. Herodotus, 5.3.
8. Morkot, p. 65.
9. Peter Green, Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 BC: A Historical Biography (1991), pp. 1–2.
10. Herodotus, 5.18.
11. Waterfield, p. 51.
12. Solon 29, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, p. 73; Athenian Constitution, in Rackhain, Aristotle in 23 Volumes, vol. 20, secs. 13–14.
13. Solon 29, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, p. 74.
14. Herodotus, 1.61.
15. Athenian Constitution, in Rackham, Aristotle in 23 Volumes, vol. 20, sec. 15.
16. Ibid., sec. 16.
17. Ibid., sec. 19
18. Lycurgus 16, in Plutarch, Greek Lives, p. 26.
19. Pomeroy et al., p. 152.
20. Herodotus, 5.73.
21. Athenian Constitution, in Rackham, Aristotle in 23 Volumes, vol. 20, sec. 21.
22. Politics, in Rackham, Aristotle in 23 Volumes, vol. 21, 1302b; Buckley, p. 145.
23. Herodotus, 5.97.
24. Ibid., 5.96.
25. Ibid., 5.99.
26. Buckley, pp. 161–162.
27. H. T. Wallinga, “The Ancient Persian Navy and its Predecessors,” in Achaemenid History I: Sources, Structures, and Synthesis, ed. Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg (1987), p. 69.
28. Herodotus, 5.102.
29. Herodotus, 5.103.
30. H. T. Wallinga, in Sancisi-Weerdenburg, p. 69.
31. Herodotus, 6.17.
32. Herodotus, 6.19.
33. Herodotus, 6.112.
34. John Curtis, Ancient Persia (1990), p. 41.
35. Garthwaite, p. 36; Briant, p. 547.
36. H. T. Wallinga, in Sancisi-Weerdenburg, p. 43; Shaw, p. 384.
37. M. Jameson, in Peter Green, Xerxes of Salamis (Praeger, 1970), p. 98, quoted in Pomeroy et al., p. 194.
38. Pomeroy et al., p. 195.
39. Plutarch, Themistocles, sec. 9, in Plutarch’s Lives, vol. 1, The Dryden Translation.
40. Aeschylus, The Complete Plays, pp. 139–140.
41. Ibid., p. 140.
42. Ibid., p. 142.
43. Plutarch, Themistocles, sec. 16, in Plutarch’s Lives, vol. 1, The Dryden Translation.
44. Herodotus, 9.84.
45. H. T. Wallinga, in Sancisi-Weerdenburg, p. 74.
Chapter Sixty-Five The Peloponnesian Wars
1. Aeschylus, Persians (1981), pp. 67–68.
2. Herodotus, 9.106.
3. Waterfield, p. 72.
4. Thucydides, 1.90.2.
5. Ibid., 1.93.2.
6. Ibid., 1.133–134.
7. Plutarch, Themistocles, secs. 19–21, in Plutarch’s Lives, vol. 1, The Dryden Translation.
8. Plutarch, Themistocles, sec. 22, in Plutarch’s Lives, vol. 1, The Dryden Translation.
9. Plutarch, Themistocles, sec. 29, in Plutarch’s Lives, vol. 1, The Dryden Translation.
10. Thucydides, 1.138.4; Plutarch, Themistocles, sec. 31, in Plutarch’s Lives, vol. 1, The Dryden Translation.
11. Esther 2:12–16.
12. Herodotus, 9.585.
13. Brosius, p. 54.
14. Diodorus Siculus, 11.69.2–6.
15. J. M. Cook, Persian Empire, p. 127.
16. Thucydides, 1.103.2.
17. Ibid., 1.99.4.
18. Ibid., 1.99.1–2.
19. Pericles 13, P
lutarch, in Greek Lives, p. 156.
20. Thucydides, 1.108.4.
21. Pomeroy et al., p. 251.
22. Thucydides, 1.45.3.
23. Ibid., 1.50.2.
24. Ibid., 2.7.1.
25. Ibid., 2.43.1.
26. Ibid., 2.49.2–8.
27. Thucydides, 2.4.
28. Thucydides, 2.52.2–3.
29. J. M. Cook, Persian Empire, p. 129.
30. Alcibiades 1–3, in Plutarch, Greek Lives.
31. Pomeroy et al., p. 306.
32. Buckley, p. 388.
33. Pomeroy et al., p. 309.
34. Thucydides, 7.51.1.
35. Ibid., 7.84.2–5, 85.1.
36. Aristophanes, Lysistrata (1912), p. 1.
37. Alcibiades 24, in Plutarch, Greek Lives.
38. Thucydides, 8.78.
39. Alcibiades 35, in Plutarch, Greek Lives.
40. Alcibiades 37, in Plutarch, Greek Lives.
41. Xenophon, Hellenica, 2.2.10, translated by Peter Krentz.
42. Waterfield, p. 209; Xenophon, Hellenica, 2.2.23; Victor Davis Hanson, in Thucydides, p. 549.
43. Waterfield, p. 210.
44. Athenian Constitution, in Rackham, Aristotle in 23 Volumes, vol. 20, p. 35.
Chapter Sixty-Six The First Sack of Rome
1. Livy, Early History of Rome, 2.21.
2. Ibid., 2.24.
3. Mackay, p. 34.
4. Livy, Early History of Rome, 2.23.
5. Ibid., 2.32.
6. Ibid., 2.32.
7. Ibid., 3.35.
8. Ibid., 3.333.
9. Based partly on Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources, vol. 3: The Roman World (1901), pp. 9–11.
10. Livy, Early History of Rome, 5.21.
11. Ibid., 5.32.
12. Ibid., 5.36.
13. Ibid., 5.38.
14. Ibid., 5.41.
15. Ibid., 5.47.
16. Cunliffe, pp. 21–22.
17. Livy, Early History of Rome, 5.55.
Chapter Sixty-Seven The Rise of the Ch’in
1. Ch’ien, p. 79.
2. Fairbank and Goldman, p. 54.
3. J. J. L. Duyvendak, trans., in his introduction to The Book of Lord Shang: A Classic of the Chinese School of Law (1928), p. 1.
4. Ch’ien, p. 108.
5. Cotterell, China, p. 53.
6. Shih chi 68, translated in Duyvendak, p. 14.
7. Ibid., p. 15.
8. Ibid., p. 16.
9. Shih chi 68, translated in Cotterell, China, p. 55.
10. Shu-Ching Lee, “Agrarianism and Social Upheaval in China,” American Journal of Sociology 56:6 (1951), p. 513.
11. The Book of Lord Shang, translated by Duyvendak, p. 180.
12. Shih chi 68, in Duyvendak, p. 16.
13. Shih chi 68, in Cotterell, China, p. 57.
14. Shih chi 69, in Duyvendak, pp. 16–17.
15. Ibid., p. 17.