Supreme Commander

by Stephen E. Ambrose

  14. U. S. Dept. of State, Foreign Relations, 1943, Vol. II, p. 146.

  15. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 331–34.

  16. Eisenhower to Roosevelt, June 12, 1943, EP, No. 1054.

  17. U. S. Dept. of State, Foreign Relations, 1943, Vol. II, pp. 152–55.

  18. Ibid., pp. 156–57.

  19. Ibid., p. 155.

  20. Eisenhower to Roosevelt, June 18, 1943, EP, No. 1057; Eisenhower to Marshall, June 18, 1943, EP, No. 1058.

  21. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 19, 1943, EP, No. 1064, and De Gaulle, Unity, pp. 129–31, are in essential agreement on what happened at the meeting.

  22. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 19, 1943, EP, No. 1064.

  23. Roosevelt to Eisenhower, June 22, 1943, EP, No. 1058, fn. 5.

  24. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 22, 1943, EP, No. 1069.

  25. Same to same, June 22, 1943, EP, No. 1070.

  26. EP, No. 1070, fn. 5.

  27. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 26, 1943, EP, No. 1075.

  28. Same to same, June 24, 1943, EP, No. 1073.

  29. Macmillan, The Blast of War, p. 287.

  30. Funk, De Gaulle, pp. 148–50.

  31. Macmillan, The Blast of War, p. 282.

  32. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, 6 vols. (Boston, 1948–53), Vol. V, Closing the Ring, pp. 177–79.

  33. Ibid., p. 179.

  34. Roosevelt to Eisenhower, July 8, 1943, EP, No. 1130, fn. 1.

  35. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 22, 1943, EP, No. 1130.

  36. Funk, De Gaulle, pp. 158–60; Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 182–83.

  CHAPTER 15

  1. Eisenhower to Somervell, March 19, 1943, EP, No. 896.

  2. Eisenhower to Handy, March 20, 1943, EP, No. 899.

  3. Eisenhower to Marshall, March 15, 1943, EP, No. 889.

  4. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, pp. 162–64; Bernard L. Montgomery, The Memoirs of Field-Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, K.G. (Cleveland and New York, 1958), pp. 153–65; Tedder, With Prejudice, pp. 426–29.

  5. Patton’s force remained under the administrative wing of Fifth Army until the night of the invasion, when it was activated as Seventh Army.

  6. Eisenhower to CCS, March 20, 1943, EP, No. 898.

  7. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 57–59; Omar N. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, (New York, 1951), pp. 102–21.

  8. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 5, 1943, EP, No. 927.

  9. Eisenhower to CCS, April 7, 1943, EP, No. 942, fn. 1.

  10. Tedder, With Prejudice, pp. 429–30.

  11. JCS to Eisenhower, April 9, 1943, and Eisenhower to CCS, April 12, 1943, EP, No. 942.

  12. Montgomery, Memoirs, pp. 60–62.

  13. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 433.

  14. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 419–20; Farago, Patton, p. 279.

  15. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 163; interview with Eisenhower, October 7, 1965.

  16. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 19, 1943, EP, No. 949.

  17. Marshall to Eisenhower, April 30, 1943, EP, No. 949, fn. 2.

  18. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 22–23.

  19. Maurice Matloff, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943–1944, U. S. Army in World War II, ed. Kent Roberts Greenfield (Washington, 1959), pp. 152–62.

  20. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 24.

  21. Ibid., p. 24; Matloff, Strategic Planning, pp. 152–62.

  22. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 319–20.

  23. Bryant, Turn of the Tide, p. 637.

  24. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 118–19.

  25. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 24; Matloff, Strategic Planning, pp. 152–54.

  26. Eisenhower to Patton, June 4, 1943, EP, No. 1038.

  27. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 322–23.

  28. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 439.

  29. Eisenhower to John Eisenhower, June 19, 1943, EP, No. 1062.

  30. Sir Andrew B. Cunningham, A Sailor’s Odyssey (New York, 1951), p. 540.

  31. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, pp. 165–66; Hanson Baldwin, Battles Lost and Won (New York, 1966), p. 204.

  32. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 11, 1943, EP, No. 1057.

  33. Interview with Eisenhower, November 7, 1967.

  34. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 1, 1943, EP, No. 1092.

  35. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 88.

  36. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 26, 1943, EP, No. 1077.

  37. Butcher, My Three Years, p. 343.

  38. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 172; Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 108–9.

  39. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 9, 1943, EP, No. 1104.

  40. Interview with Lord Louis Mountbatten, July 9, 1965.

  CHAPTER 16

  1. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 351–54.

  2. Eisenhower to CCS, July 10, 1943, EP, Nos. 1106 and 1107.

  3. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 351–54.

  4. Eisenhower to CCS, July 11, 1943, EP, No. 1112.

  5. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 130–31.

  6. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 206.

  7. Baldwin, Battles Lost and Won, pp. 227–31.

  8. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 206.

  9. Montgomery, Memoirs, pp. 166–67.

  10. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 17, 1943, EP, No. 1118.

  11. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 234–35.

  12. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 138–39.

  13. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 89, 235–36.

  14. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 134–38; Farago, Patton, pp. 303–17.

  15. Mountbatten to Eisenhower, September 2, 1943, EP, No. 1256, fn. 1.

  16. Eisenhower to Mountbatten, September 14, 1943, EP, No. 1256.

  17. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 176.

  18. Baldwin, Battles Lost and Won, p. 230.

  19. Farago, Patton, pp. 314–16, has an excellent discussion.

  20. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 371–73.

  21. Ibid., pp. 383–84.

  22. Eisenhower to CCS, August 5, 1943, EP, No. 1168.

  23. Same to same, August 16, 1943, EP, No. 1185.

  24. Eisenhower to Patton, August 17, 1943, EP, No. 1190.

  25. Farago, Patton, pp. 318–43; see especially the Patton folder in EM which contains all the reports and correspondence concerning the incidents.

  26. Eisenhower to Patton, August 17, 1943, EP, No. 1190.

  27. Farago, Patton, pp. 343–44.

  28. Ibid., pp. 344–45; Eisenhower to Marshall, November 24, 1943, EP, No. 1396.

  29. See the Patton file in EM, and Farago, Patton, pp. 345–46.

  30. Patton to Eisenhower, August 29, 1943, quoted in EP, No. 1193.

  31. Baldwin, Battles Lost and Won, pp. 227–31.

  32. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 18, 1943, EP, No. 1191.

  33. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 24, 1943, EP, No. 1205.

  34. Marshall to Eisenhower, August 25, 1943, EP, No. 1209, fn. 1.

  35. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 27, 1943, EP, No. 1209.

  36. Same to same, August 28, 1943, EP, No. 1214; Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 171–73.

  CHAPTER 17

  1. Eisenhower to CCS, July 18, 1943, EP, No. 1111.

  2. Same to same, June 29, 1943, EP, No. 1088.

  3. Churchill to Eisenhower, July 18, 1943, EP, No. 1120, fn. 1.

  4. Eisenhower to Churchill, July 18, 1943, EP, No. 1120.

  5. Eisenhower to CCS, June 30, 1943, EP, No. 1089.

  6. Same to same, July 15, 1943, EP, No. 1117.

  7. Craven and Cate, Europe—Torch to Pointblank, pp. 463–65, in Army Air Forces in World War II.

  8. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 47.

  9. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 281; Feis, Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin, Chapter 17.

  10. Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 55–65; Feis, Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin, Chapter 17.

  11. Macmillan, The Blast of War, p. 305.

  12. Ibid., p. 307.

  13. Murphy
, Diplomat Among Warriors, p. 186.

  14. Eisenhower to CCS, July 26, 1943, EP, No. 1138.

  15. Marshall to Eisenhower, quoting Churchill, July 28, 1943, and Churchill to Eisenhower, July 28, 1943, EP, No. 1138, fn. 1.

  16. Eisenhower to CCS, July 27, 1943, EP, No. 1139.

  17. Churchill to Eisenhower, July 27, 1943, EP, No. 1140, fn. 1.

  18. Eisenhower to Churchill, July 27, 1943, EP, No. 1140.

  19. Marshall to Eisenhower, July 29, 1943, EP, No. 1147, fn. 1.

  20. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 29, 1943, EP, No. 1147.

  21. Macmillan, The Blast of War, pp. 308–9.

  22. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 283–88.

  23. Churchill to Eisenhower, July 29, 1943, EP, No. 1148, fn. 2.

  24. Eisenhower to Churchill, July 29, 1943, No. 1148.

  25. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 4, 1943, EP, No. 1165.

  26. Same to same, August 4, 1943, EP, No. 1164.

  27. Marshall sent Eisenhower a copy of Churchill’s protest; see Marshall to Eisenhower, August 3, 1943, EP, No. 1159, fn. 1.

  28. Macmillan, The Blast of War, p. 309.

  29. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 4, 1943, EP, No. 1164.

  30. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 371–73.

  31. Eisenhower to CCS, July 27, 1943, EP, No. 1141.

  32. Craven and Cate, Europe—Torch to Pointblank, p. 477.

  33. Marshall to Eisenhower, July 19, 1943, EP, No. 1126, fn. 1.

  34. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 20, 1943, EP, No. 1126.

  35. Craven and Cate, Europe—Torch to Pointblank, pp. 477–85.

  36. Eisenhower to CCS, July 28, 1943, EP, No. 1145.

  37. Devers to CCS, July 29, 1943, EP, No. 1145, fn. 2.

  38. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 30, 1943, EP, No. 1154; Eisenhower Office Diary, July 30, 1943.

  39. Marshall to Eisenhower and Devers, July 31, 1943, EP, No. 1154, fn. 1.

  40. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 3, 1943, EP, No. 1161.

  41. Eisenhower to CCS, August 12, 1943, EP, No. 1180.

  42. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 12, 1943, EP, No. 1181.

  43. Arnold to Eisenhower, August 19, 1943, EP, No. 1181, fn. 1.

  44. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 7, 1942, EP, No. 367.

  45. Eisenhower to CCS, August 19, 1943, EP, No. 1198.

  CHAPTER 18

  1. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 444.

  2. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 742–43.

  3. There is a good discussion in Paul Kecskemeti, Strategic Surrender, the Politics of Victory and Defeat (Stanford, 1958), pp. 88–89.

  4. Devers to Eisenhower, August 17, 1943, EP, No. 1189, fns. 1 and 2; Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 435–60; Macmillan, The Blast of War, pp. 290–337.

  5. Eisenhower to CCS, August 17, 1943, EP, No. 1189.

  6. CCS to Eisenhower, August 18, 1943, EP, No. 1189, fns. 1 and 2.

  7. Eisenhower to CCS, August 20, 1943, EP, No. 1200; Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 455–58.

  8. Reprinted in Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 559–64; Macmillan, The Blast of War, p. 308.

  9. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 449.

  10. Eisenhower to CCS, August 28, 1943, EP, No. 1213.

  11. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 460–64.

  12. Eisenhower to CCS, August 28. 1943, EP, No. 1213.

  13. CCS to Eisenhower, August, 29, 1943, EP, No. 1213, fn. 1.

  14. Eisenhower and Murphy to Marshall and Hull, August 30, 1943, EP, No. 1217.

  15. Macmillan, The Blast of War, p. 322.

  16. Eisenhower and Murphy to Marshall and Hull, August 30, 1943, EP, No. 1217; Macmillan, The Blast of War, p. 322.

  17. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 474–79. The number of citations to Garland and Smyth is, I hope, eloquent testimony to my debt to their work in helping me through the maze of the Italian surrender negotiations. A good concise discussion is Feis, Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin, pp. 160–82.

  18. Eisenhower to CCS, September 1, 1943, EP, No. 1221.

  19. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 476–80.

  20. Eisenhower to Smith, September 2, 1943, EP, No. 1228.

  21. Eisenhower to Whiteley for CCS, September 3, 1943, EP, No. 1229.

  22. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 484.

  23. Eisenhower to CCS, September 6, 1943, EP, No. 1232.

  24. Eisenhower to Marshall, September 6, 1943, EP, No. 1233.

  25. Eisenhower to Smith for CCS. September 8, 1943, EP, No. 1243.

  26. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 498–501.

  27. Kecskemeti, Strategic Surrender, pp. 91–97.

  28. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 501–5.

  29. Eisenhower to CCS, September 8, 1943, EP, No. 1245.

  30. Eisenhower to Badoglio, September 8, 1943, EP, No. 1244. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 506–7.

  31. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 508–9.

  32. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 509.

  33. Kecskemeti, Strategic Surrender, p. 95.

  CHAPTER 19

  1. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 411–17.

  2. Eisenhower to CCS, September 9, 1943, EP, No. 1246.

  3. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 515–20.

  4. Eisenhower to CCS, September 9, 1943, EP, No. 1246.

  5. Same to same, September 13, 1943, EP, No. 1251.

  6. Eisenhower to Wedemeyer, September 13, 1943, EP, No. 1248.

  7. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 417–19; Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 187.

  8. Eisenhower to Wedemeyer, September 13, 1943, EP, No. 1248.

  9. Eisenhower to CCS, September 16, 1943, EP, No. 1260.

  10. Eisenhower to Marshall, September 13, 1943, EP, No. 1249.

  11. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 188; Clark, Calculated Risk, p. 199.

  12. Memorandum of September 14, 1943, EP, No. 1255.

  13. Samuel Eliot Morison, Sicily-Salerno-Anzio, January 1943–June 1944, in History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (Boston, 1964), p. 280.

  14. CCS to Eisenhower, September 15, 1943, EP, No. 1257, fn. 2.

  15. Churchill to Alexander, September 15, 1943, EP, No. 1258, fn. 1.

  16. Eisenhower to Churchill, September 15, 1943, EP, No. 1258.

  17. Eisenhower to CCS, September 15, 1943, EP, No. 1257.

  18. Craven and Cate, Europe—Torch to Pointblank, p. 536.

  19. Eisenhower to Marshall, September 18, 1943, EP, No. 1265.

  20. Eisenhower to Marshall, September 20, 1943, contained similar but broader arguments. EP, No. 1271.

  21. Marshall to Eisenhower, September 24, 1943, EP, No. 1286, fn. 2.

  22. Butcher, My Three Years, p. 424.

  23. Marshall to Eisenhower, September 23, 1943, EP, No. 1284, fns. 1 and 5.

  24. Eisenhower to Handy, September 26, 1943, EP, No. 1291.

  25. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 423–26.

  26. Eisenhower to Marshall, September 25, 1943, EP, No. 1287; Churchill to Eisenhower, September 22, 1943, EP, No. 1283, fn. 1.

  27. Eisenhower to CCS, September 26, 1943, EP, No. 1290.

  28. Viorst, Hostile Allies, pp. 180–81; De Gaulle, Unity, pp. 158–64.

  29. Viorst, Hostile Allies, p. 181.

  30. Eisenhower to Badoglio, September 10, 1943, EP, No. 1247; Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 535.

  31. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 540.

  32. Eisenhower to Badoglio, September 13, 1943, EP, No. 1250.

  33. Eisenhower to Marshall, September 13, 1943, EP, No. 1249.

  34. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 542–43.

  35. Eisenhower to CCS, September 18, 1943, EP, No. 1264.

  36. Eisenhower to Smith, September 19, 1943, EP, No. 1266.

  37. Eisenhower to Mason-MacFarlane, September 23, 1943, EP, No. 1282. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 194.

  38. Mason-MacFarlane reported this in a cable to Smith of September 26, 1943, EP, No. 1287, fn. 1.

  39. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, p. 548.

  40. Pres
s conference of September 30, 1943.

  41. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 538–49.

  42. Eisenhower to Badoglio, September 29, 1943, EP, No. 1298.

  43. Eisenhower to CCS, September 30, 1943, EP, No. 1299.

  44. Garland and Smyth, Sicily, pp. 551–52.

  45. Eisenhower to Dill, September 30, 1943, EP, No. 1301.

  CHAPTER 20

  1. J. F. C. Fuller, The Second World War, 1939–45, A Strategical and Tactical History (New York, 1962), p. 268.

  2. Colonel Vincent J. Esposito (ed.), The West Point Atlas of American Wars, 2 vols. (New York, 1959), Vol. II, Map 98.

  3. Churchill to Eisenhower, September 26, 1943, EP, No. 1289 fn. 1; Matloff, Strategic Planning, p. 254; John Ehrman, Grand Strategy, in J. R. M. Butler (ed.), History of the Second World War (London, 1956), Vol. V, pp. 88–94.

  4. Eisenhower to Churchill, September 26, 1943, EP, No. 1289.

  5. Churchill to Eisenhower, October 3, 1943, EP, No. 1313, fn. 1.

  6. Eisenhower to CCS, October 3, 1943, EP, No. 1314.

  7. Tedder to Eisenhower, October 4, 1943, EP, No. 1318, fn. 1; Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 476.

  8. Eisenhower to Tedder, October 5, 1943, EP, No. 1318.

  9. Wilson to Eisenhower, October 5, 1943, EP, No. 1319, fn. 1.

  10. Eisenhower to Wilson and CCS, October 5, 1943, EP, No. 1319.

  11. Churchill to Eisenhower, October 7, 1943, EP, No. 1323, fn. 1.

  12. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 194.

  13. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 429–30.

  14. Eisenhower to Marshall, October 7, 1943, EP, No. 1323.

  15. Marshall to Eisenhower, October 7, 1943, EP, No. 1323, fn. 3.

  16. Matloff, Strategic Planning, pp. 258–59; Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 482.

  17. Eisenhower to CCS, October 8, 1943, EP, No. 1326.

  18. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 191.

  19. Eisenhower to CCS, October 9, 1943, EP, No. 1328.

  20. Eisenhower to Churchill, October 9, 1943, EP, No. 1329.

  21. Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 219–20.

  22. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 429–30, 433–36; Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, pp. 202–3.

  23. Eisenhower to Smith, October 13, 1943, EP, No. 1337; Eisenhower to CCS, October 8, 1943, EP, No. 1327; Eisenhower to Alexander. October 14, 1943, EP, No. 1338.

  24. Smith to Eisenhower, October 13, 1943, EP, No. 1333, fn. 2.

  25. Eisenhower to CCS, October 25, 1943, EP, No. 1360.