The Burma Campaign

by Frank McLynn

  Chapter Twelve

  pp. 258–291

  • 1. Christopher Sykes, Orde Wingate (1959), p. 486. • 2. Trevor Royle, Orde Wingate (1995), p. 281. • 3. Ibid., p. 277. • 4. David Rooney, Wingate and the Chindits (1994), p. 208. • 5. John Connell, Auchinleck (1959), pp. 748, 756–7. • 6. Ibid., pp. 761–2. • 7. DIV, p. 256. • 8. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 275. For the reorganisation of the LRP forces and the six brigades see WO 106/4683–84; 172/2237–2240. • 9. DIV, pp. 21–7. • 10. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 483–4. In February Special Force was rather unnecessarily redesignated 3rd Indian Division, much to Wingate’s annoyance, as this made it sound like the despised Indian army (WO 203/5219). • 11. For the Chindits’ training and Wingate’s idiosyncratic contribution see WO 203/5216. For the air support see P.D. Chinnery, Any Time, Any Place, Anywhere. 50 Years of the USAF Air Commando and Special Operations Forces 1944–1992 (Shrewsbury, 1994), pp. 17–27. For the role of the United States in the Chindit campaigns see WO 203/4214. • 12. L.J. Thomas, Back to Mandalay (Worcester, 1952), pp. 14–19. • 13. R.D. Wagner, Any Place, Any Time, Anywhere. The 1st Air Commandos in World War Two (Atglen, PA, 1998), p. 52. • 14. Leonard Mosley, Gideon Goes to War (1955), pp. 224–8. • 15. Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten (1985), p. 277. • 16. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 487. • 17. Ibid. • 18. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 296. • 19. Rooney, Wingate and the Chindits, op. cit., p. 227. • 20. Mountbatten Diary, p. 50; Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 491. • 21. Charlton Ogburn, The Marauders (NY, 1959), p. 60. • 22. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 499. • 23. Rooney, Wingate and the Chindits, op. cit., p. 157. • 24. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 499–500. • 25. Barbara Tuchman, Sand against the Wind (1971), p. 426. • 26. Derek Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War (1972), pp. 147–8. • 27. Quoted in Jon Latimer, Burma. The Forgotten War (2004), p. 240. • 28. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 494. Additionally Fergusson was disillusioned about the rations issued to his troops. Fergusson had told Wingate he would not again put his troops through the 1943 ordeal, and Wingate had promised to issue credible rations. But all he did was to substitute American K-rations, replacing bully beef with egg and bacon and hard tack with more palatable biscuits. Overall, there were just a few more calories than in the 1943 ration packs. Fergusson felt that Wingate had lied to him. According to the best sources it was not so much Wingate’s bad-tempered confrontation as Mountbatten’s soothing words that made Fergusson change his mind: Bernard Fergusson, The Trumpet in the Hall 1930–1958 (1970), pp. 175–6; Julian Thompson, The Imperial War Museum Book of War Behind Enemy Lines (1998), p. 179. • 29. Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., p. 136. • 30. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 288–9. For the complete Wingate–Mountbatten correspondence see WO 203/5215. For a detailed examination of other issues involved see WO 203/3267. • 31. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 493–4. • 32. Ronald Lewin, Slim. The Standard Bearer (1976), p. 154. • 33. DIV, pp. 218–19. The incident left Slim with a deep loathing for Wingate, which he covered up in his memoirs. The feeling was reciprocated. To his officers in a public session Wingate referred to Slim as ‘a stupid ass’. James Angrim has commented: ‘In actuality there seems to have been a deep animosity, personal and mutual, which, in Slim’s case, appears to have hardened in the decade after Wingate’s death’: Angrim, ‘Orde Wingate and the British Army’, PhD thesis, University of Wales, 2007, Chapter Seven. • 34. Wingate to Mountbatten, 5 January 1944, WO 203/517. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 492–3. The resignation threat ‘did little to sweeten his relationship with Slim’: Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 288. • 35. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 497. • 36. CAB 106/206. • 37. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 289; see also WO 203/5219, 4212. • 38. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 498. • 39. CAB 106/41. • 40. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 289. • 41. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 510. • 42. DIV, p. 216. • 43. There is a very good assessment of all this in Robert Lyman, Slim, Master of War (2004), pp. 177–89. • 44. DIV, p. 217. • 45. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 323. • 46. DIV, p. 218. • 47. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 153. • 48. Ibid., p. 182. • 49. Ibid., pp. 183–4. See also the comments in CAB 106/41. • 50. Rooney, Wingate and the Chindits, op. cit., p. 215. • 51. Bernard Fergusson, Beyond the Chindwin (1995), pp. 241–2. • 52. C.J. Rolo, Wingate’s Raiders (1944), p. 23; Peter Meade, Orde Wingate and the Historians (1987), p. 142. • 53. DIV, p. 217. • 54. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 163. • 55. Ibid., p. 143. • 56. Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., p. 190. ‘It is difficult to see this enigmatic figure as the plain man he depicted in his autobiographical memory of the Far Eastern War’: Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 497. • 57. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., p. 186. • 58. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 500–1. • 59. The entire correspondence can be followed at WO 203/5217–5218. For a convenient summary see Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 291–2. • 60. Pownall Diaries, p. 113. • 61. R. Callahan, Burma 1942–1945: The Politics and Strategy of the Second World War (1978), p. 101. • 62. C. Somerville, Our War (1998), pp. 204–5; Rooney, Wingate and the Chindits, op. cit., p. 171. • 63. Somerville, Our War, op. cit., p. 222; Rooney, Wingate and the Chindits, op. cit., p. 171. • 64. DIV, p. 219. For the evolution of the fly-in plans see WO 203/4620. • 65. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 498–9. • 66. Ibid., p. 510. • 67. Ibid., p. 511. • 68. Pownall Diaries, p. 142. • 69. DIV, p. 220. • 70. Peter O’Brien, Out of the Blue (1984), p. 186. See also WO 203/5222; 203/4260; 203/5216; 203/5220. • 71. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 508. • 72. J. Clabby, History of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps 1919–1961 (1963), pp. 124–6. • 73. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 505–7. • 74. W.J. Cooper, Desert Sand to Jungle Trail (Minster Lovell, 1997), p. 135. • 75. Shelford Bidwell, The Chindit War (1979), p. 136. • 76. Bernard Fergusson, The Wild Green Earth (1946), p. 74. • 77. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 514. • 78. Bidwell, Chindit War, op. cit., pp. 134–6. • 79. Rooney, Wingate and the Chindits, op. cit., p. 159. • 80. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., p. 187. • 81. Geoffrey Evans, Slim as Military Commander (1969), p. 163. • 82. Bidwell, Chindit War, op. cit., p. 150. • 83. DIV, p. 268. • 84. Ibid., pp. 260–1. For the detailed planning of air support see WO 203/5220. • 85. Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., p. 148. Wingate had something of an obsession about the ‘treacherous Chinaman’: see John Bierman & C. Smith, Fire in the Night (2001), pp. 381–4. It is true, however, that Chinese security was lax: B. Prasad, ed., Reconquest of Burma (Delhi, 1958), i, p. 337. • 86. Bidwell, Chindit War, op. cit., p. 104; DIV, pp. 261–2. Slim’s account has been disputed by the pro-Wingate faction. See Bierman & Smith, Fire in the Night, op. cit., pp. 348–50, and Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., pp. 200–1. • 87. Mike Calvert, Prisoners of Hope (1971), p. 23; Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 163; Calvert, The Chindits. Long Range Penetration (1973), p. 27. • 88. DIV, pp. 262–3. • 89. DIV, p. 263. For Cochran’s participation in THURSDAY see MP, iv, pp. 343–4. Surprisingly, Marshall had a high opinion of Wingate: Forrest Pogue, George C. Marshall. Organizer of Victory 1943–1945 (1973), p. 257. • 90. Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., pp. 200–1. • 91. DIV, p. 264. • 92. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 518. • 93. DIV, p. 265. • 94. Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., p. 202. • 95. Bidwell, Chindit War, op. cit., p. 110. • 96. J. Lunt, Imperial Sunset (1981), p. 318. • 97. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 521; Mike Calvert, Fighting Mad (Shrewsbury, 1996), p. 153; Calvert, Prisoners of Hope, op. cit., p. 51. • 98. R. Rhodes-James, Chindits (1980), p. 79. • 99. O’Brien, Out of the Blue, op. cit., pp. 56–9; L.J. Thomas, Back to Mandalay (1952), pp. 161–6; E.R. Evans, Combat Cameraman. China-Burma-India (Pittsburgh, 1996), pp. 77–81. • 100. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 524. The Spitfires at Broadway have generated their own controversy. Slim says 30 Japanese planes raided Broadway but got the shock of their lives when RAF planes took to the air against them and shot down 15: DIV, p. 266. Either these figures are wrong or there must have been more than six Spitfires at Broadway; not even the RAF would accept suicidal odds of five to one. What is certain is tha
t a few days later (19 March), another Japanese raid caught the Spitfires napping; all were either shot down or destroyed on the ground: Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., p. 219. • 101. DIV, p. 266. • 102. Ziegler, Mountbatten, op. cit., pp. 275–6. • 103. Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., p. 192. • 104. A.J. Barker, The March on Delhi (1963), p. 96; Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., p. 259; Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 283. • 105. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 527. • 106. Fergusson, Wild Green Earth, op. cit., pp. 96–117; Fergusson, Trumpet in the Hall, op. cit., pp. 199–200. • 107. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 304. • 108. Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., p. 209; Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 306. • 109. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 528. • 110. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 146. • 111. Ibid., p. 181. • 112. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 306–7; Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 529. • 113. Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., pp. 223–5; Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 183. • 114. Bidwell, Chindit War, op. cit., pp. 134–42. • 115. There is excellent coverage of the Japanese reaction in Louis Allen, Burma. The Longest War 1941–45 (1984); pp. 326–8. The fiasco caused by Wingate’s pathological secretiveness is touched on by his most fervent advocate but quickly skated over: Rooney, Wingate and the Chindits, op. cit., p. 161. • 116. Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 342. • 117. Sykes, Wingate, op. cit., p. 530. • 118. Bidwell, Chindit War, op. cit., pp. 142–6. • 119. Calvert, Prisoners of Hope, op. cit., p. 97; Fergusson, Wild Green Earth, op. cit., p. 121. • 120. Fergusson, Trumpet in the Hall, op. cit., p. 177. There are those who say that Wingate’s order of 23 March to 14 Brigade, instructing them to cut Japanese communications between Wuntho and the Chindwin, was a misunderstanding or complete disregard of Slim’s actual orders (S.W. Kirby, ed., The War against Japan (1961), iii, pp. 212, 218). • 121. Jon Latimer, Burma. The Forgotten War (2004), p. 250. • 122. For a full account see Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 346–8. • 123. ‘Death of Wingate’, WO 203/4881; D. Hanley, The Death of Wingate and Subsequent Events (Braunton, 1994), esp. pp. 66–76. • 124. DIV, pp. 268–9. • 125. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., pp. 310–12. • 126. Rhodes-James, Chindits, op. cit., p. 206. • 127. Ziegler, Mountbatten, op. cit., p. 276. • 128. Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 310. • 129. Rhodes-James, Chindits, op. cit., p. 89. • 130. For various views see Rooney, Wingate and the Chindits, op. cit., pp. 115, 131–5, 139, 150, 219, 228, 230, 235; Tulloch, Wingate in Peace and War, op. cit., p. 190; Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 326; Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 345–6. • 131. DIV, p. 269.

  Chapter Thirteen

  pp. 293–327

  • 1. DIV, p. 289. • 2. A. Clayton, Forearmed: A History of the Intelligence Corps (1993), pp. 183–9. For V-force see WO 203/464. For the groups in general see D.G. Morris, Beyond the Irrawaddy and Salween (Gardendale, Vic., 1996). • 3. Lyall Grant, The Turning Point (Chichester, 1993), p. 54. • 4. Louis Allen, Burma. The Longest War 1941–45 (1984), pp. 193–5. • 5. DIV, p. 286. • 6. Robert Lyman, Slim, Master of War (2004), pp. 165–70. • 7. Ibid., pp. 175–7. • 8. A.J. Barker, Japanese Army Handbook 1939–1945 (Shepperton, 1979), p. 116; K. Tamayama & J. Nunnerley, Tales by Japanese Soldiers of the Burma Campaign 1942–1945 (2000), p. 175. • 9. Tamayama & Nunnerley, Tales, op. cit., p. 175. • 10. S.W. Kirby, ed., The War against Japan (1961), iii, p. 193. • 11. WO 72/4188; G. Evans & A. Brett-James, Imphal. A Flower on Lofty Heights (1962), p. 114; B. Prasad, ed., Reconquest of Burma (Delhi, 1958), i, p. 190. • 12. Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 198–205. • 13. DIV, p. 301. • 14. Grant, Turning Point, op. cit., p. 62; Kirby, ed., War against Japan, op. cit., iii, p. 450. • 15. DIV, p. 303. • 16. Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., pp. 122–6; David Rooney, Burma Victory: Imphal and Kohima March 1944 to May 1945 (1992), p. 35; Grant, Turning Point, op. cit., p. 62. • 17. Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 210–11. • 18. Rooney, Burma Victory, op. cit., pp. 42–5. • 19. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., pp. 172–5. • 20. Ronald Lewin, Slim. The Standard Bearer (1976), pp. 176–82. • 21. Ibid., p. 176. • 22. DIV, pp. 290–1. • 23. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., pp. 165–99. • 24. DIV, pp. 298–300. • 25. WO 203/36. • 26. The entire battle has been well described by Harry Seaman, The Battle at Sangshak (1989). • 27. Tamayama & Nunnelly, Tales, op. cit., p. 161. • 28. Seaman, Battle, op. cit., p. 32. • 29. Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 219. • 30. DIV, p. 299; Seaman, Battle, op. cit., p. 56; Grant, Turning Point, op. cit., p. 61. • 31. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., p. 156. • 32. Ibid., pp. 199–200. • 33. DIV, p. 311. • 34. A. Swinson, Four Samurai (1968), pp. 115–50. • 35. Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 284–6. • 36. DIV, p. 306; Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten (1985), p. 271. • 37. C.F. Romanus & R. Sunderland, Stilwell’s Command Problems (Washington, 1956), p. 175. Marshall was particularly reluctant to divert planes to Imphal, for he feared it would set a precedent whereby Mountbatten would gradually acquire carte blanche to do what he wanted with the aircraft of USAAF: MP, iv, p. 354. • 38. N.R. Franks, The Air Battle at Imphal (1985), p. 37; A. Brett-James, Ball of Fire (Aldershot, 1951), pp. 300–1. • 39. M.R. Roberts, Golden Arrow (Aldershot, 1952), p. 299; Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., p. 157; H. Probert, The Forgotten Air Force (1995), pp. 188–94; H.G. Sanders, The Royal Air Force (1975), iii, pp. 318–23. • 40. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., p. 203. • 41. Pownall Diaries, p. 151. • 42. Ziegler, Mountbatten, op. cit., p. 272. • 43. DIV, p. 308. • 44. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., p. 189. • 45. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 173. • 46. DIV, p. 323. • 47. Ibid., p. 296. • 48. Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 247. • 49. There is a detailed account of the battle in A.F. Freer, Nunshigum. On the Road to Mandalay (Bishop Auckland, 1995). • 50. Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 253–60. • 51. Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., p. 112. • 52. DIV, pp. 325–6. • 53. Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 295–301. • 54. Ibid., p. 223. • 55. Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., p. 233. • 56. Jeremy Taylor, The Devons. A History of the Devonshire Regiment 1685–1945 (Bristol, 1951), pp. 181–7. • 57. DIV, pp. 327–8; Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., p. 233. • 58. Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., p. 327; Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 226–7. • 59. DIV, p. 328. • 60. Jon Latimer, Burma. The Forgotten War (2004), pp. 280–2. • 61. DIV, p. 334. • 62. Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 203–6. • 63. DIV, p. 329; Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., pp. 244–5; Rooney, Burma Victory, op. cit., pp. 244–5. • 64. Latimer, Burma, op. cit., pp. 282–3. • 65. DIV, p. 330. • 66. Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., pp. 246–65; B.R. Mullaly, Bugles and Kukri (1957), pp. 224–30. • 67. Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., pp. 251–61. • 68. Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 278–81. • 69. Rooney, Burma Victory, op. cit., pp. 159–61; Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., p. 264. • 70. Rooney, Burma Victory, op. cit., pp. 162–4. • 71. DIV, p. 336. • 72. A.J. Barker, The March on Delhi (1963), p. 139; Prasad, ed., Reconquest of Burma, op. cit., i, p. 227. • 73. Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 280. • 74. Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., pp. 105–6. • 75. DIV, p. 337. • 76. Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 284. • 77. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., p. 223; Allen, Burma, op. cit., pp. 310–11. • 78. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 184. • 79. DIV, p. 305. • 80. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., pp. 206–7. • 81. DIV, p. 310; G. Evans, Slim as Military Commander (1969), p. 161. • 82. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 178, opts for the former explanation. • 83. The exact number of effectives at Kohima during the siege, like so much else in the Burma campaign, is disputed. For the differing estimates see Arthur Campbell, The Siege. A Story from Kohima (1956), p. 53; Brett-James, Ball of Fire, op. cit., p. 306; Barker, March to Delhi, op. cit., p. 173; Prasad, Reconquest of Burma, op. cit., i, p. 306. • 84. Compton Mackenzie, All Over the Place (1949), p. 77. • 85. The indecision about 161 Brigade, its mixed fortunes and its to-and-from itinerary, can be followed in WO 172/4507, 172/4884; CAB 44/190. See also Kirby, ed., War against Japan, op. cit., iii, p. 301; A. Swinson, Kohima (1966), pp. 51–6. • 86. Campbell, Siege, op. cit., pp. 55, 81; J. Colvin, Not Ordinary Men. The Story of the Battle of Kohima (1995), pp. 86–8; C.E. Lucas-Phillipps, Springboard to Victory (1966), pp. 149–
51. • 87. WO 172/4884; Barker, March on Delhi, op. cit., p. 174. • 88. Barker, March on Delhi, op. cit., p. 171; Colvin, Not Ordinary Men, op. cit., pp. 42–52. • 89. N.R.L. Franks, The Air Battle of Imphal (1985), p. 124; Probert, Forgotten Air Force, op. cit., p. 187. • 90. Kirby, ed., War against Japan, op. cit., iii, p. 303. • 91. Latimer, Burma, op. cit., p. 268. • 92. R. Humphreys, To Stop a Rising Sun (Stroud, 1996), p. 29. • 93. Prasad, ed., Reconquest of Burma, op. cit., i.p. 269; Brett-James, Ball of Fire, op. cit., p. 321. • 94. Campbell, Siege, op. cit., pp. 66–73, 203. • 95. WO 203/2683; 172/4451. • 96. J. Thompson, The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Burma 1942–1945 (2002), pp. 138–40. • 97. P. Steyn, The History of the Assam Regiment. Vol. 11941–1947 (Calcutta, 1959), pp. 70–4. • 98. See the various descriptions in Lyman, Slim, op. cit., p. 209; Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 238; Latimer, Burma, op. cit., p. 271. • 99. Swinson, Kohima, op. cit., p. 103. • 100. Ibid., pp. 116–25; P. Hart, At The Sharp End (Barnsley, 1998), pp. 153–6; see also J. Nunnelly, ed., Tales from the Burma Campaign 1942–45 (Petersham, 1998); D.R. Mankekar, Leaves from a War Reporter’s Diary (New Delhi, 1977); W.A. Wilcox, Chindit Column 76 (1945). • 101. Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 287. • 102. DIV, p. 319. • 103. WO 203/4367. • 104. Latimer, Burma, op. cit., p. 299. • 105. Swinson, Kohima, op. cit., pp. 126–72. • 106. DIV, p. 321. • 107. Swinson, Kohima, op. cit., pp. 175–84. • 108. Ibid., p. 143. • 109. Kirby, ed., War against Japan, op. cit., iii, p. 310. • 110. Ziegler, Mountbatten, op. cit., p. 272. • 111. Alanbrooke Diaries. • 112. DIV, p. 342. • 113. Swinson, Kohima, op. cit., pp. 202–7. • 114. Colvin, Not Ordinary Men, op. cit., pp. 197–206. • 115. E.V.P. Bellers, The History of the 1 st King George V’s Own Gurkha Rifles. Vol 2. 1920–1947 (Aldershot, 1956). • 116. Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 289. • 117. W.L. Hailes & J. Ross, The Jat Regiment (1965), pp. 297–300. • 118. Swinson, Four Samurai, op. cit., p. 135. • 119. Allen, Burma, op. cit., p. 311. • 120. Ibid., pp. 308–9; Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 186. • 121. Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., pp. 312–14. • 122. Swinson, Kohima, op. cit., p. 245. • 123. Ibid., pp. 242–3; Lyman, Slim, op. cit., p. 225. • 124. Lyman, Slim, op. cit., pp. 224–5. • 125. Humphreys, Rising Sun, op. cit., p. 12. • 126. Alanbrooke Diaries, p. 553. • 127. R.J.C. Butow, Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Stanford, CA. 1954), p. 31; F.H.C. Jones, H. Borton & B.R. Pearm, The Far East 1942–1946 (1955), p. 123. • 128. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., pp. 176–82. • 129. Ibid. • 130. Swinson, Four Samurai, op. cit., p. 252; M. Boatner, The Biographical Dictionary of World War Two (Novato, CA, 1996), pp. 267, 275, 287, 387, 1555. • 131. Evans & Brett-James, Imphal, op. cit., p. 204. • 132. Quoted in Royle, Wingate, op. cit., p. 302. • 133. See DIV, passim. • 134. Brett-James, Ball of Fire, op. cit. • 135. A. Brett-James, Report My Signals (1948), pp. 29–30. • 136. Lewin, Slim, op. cit., p. 168.