Mountains Beyond Mountains

by Tracy Kidder

  I wish to offer special thanks to Oaksook Kim, and to the extended Farmer family—especially Ginny, Katy, Jeff, Jennifer, and Peggy—for sharing their memories, for their hospitality, for their warmth.

  I have changed the names of some of the Haitian citizens I depicted and have omitted the surnames of some others. The reason is simple: the possibility of a return to systematic, violent political repression in Haiti and with it more cases like that of “Chouchou Louis.” For their extraordinary grace and kindness, I offer my thanks to all the workers and patients whom I met at Zanmi Lasante, including “Ti Fifi,” Dr. Fernet Léandre, Dr. Hugo Jérôme, Ti Jean, and, of course, Fritz and Mamito and Flore Lafontant.

  SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

  The following is a list—complete as of May 2003—of the published writings of Paul Edward Farmer.

  BOOKS

  Farmer, P. E. AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame. University of California Press, Berkeley: 1992.

  —————. The Uses of Haiti. Common Courage Press, Monroe, Maine: 1994. (Second edition published in 2002.)

  —————. ¿Haití para qué? HIRU Argitaletxea, Hondarribia, Spain: 1994.

  —————. Sida en Haïti: La victime accusée. Editions Karthala, Paris: 1996.

  —————. Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues. University of California Press, Berkeley: 1999. (Second edition published in 2001.)

  —————. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor. University of California Press, Berkeley: 2002.

  BOOKS EDITED

  Farmer, P. E., Connors, M., Simmons, J. (eds.). Women, Poverty, and AIDS: Sex, Drugs, and Structural Violence. Common Courage Press, Monroe, Maine: 1996.

  BOOK CHAPTERS

  Daily, J., Farmer, P. E., Rhatigan, J., Katz, J., Furin, J. J. Women andHIV infection. In Farmer, P. E., Connors, M., Simmons, J. (eds.). Women, Poverty, and AIDS: Sex, Drugs, and Structural Violence. Common Courage Press, Monroe, Maine: 1996: 125–144.

  —————. AIDS and accusation: Haiti, Haitians and the geography of blame. In Feldman, D. (ed.). AIDS and Culture: The Human Factor. Praeger Scientific, New York: 1990: 122–150.

  —————. Birth of the klinik: The making of Haitian professional psychiatry. In Gaines, A. (ed.). Ethnopsychiatry. State University of New York Press, Albany: 1992: 251–272.

  —————. New disorder, old dilemmas: AIDS and anthropology in Haiti. In Herdt, G., Lindenbaum, S. (eds.). The Time of AIDS. Sage, Los Angeles: 1992: 287–318.

  —————. Culture, poverty, and the dynamics of HIV transmission in rural Haiti. In Brummelhuis, H. T., Herdt, G. (eds.). Culture and Sexual Risk: Anthropological Perspectives on AIDS. Gordon and Breach, Newark, N.J.: 1995: 3–28.

  —————. Pestilence and restraint: Haitians, Guantánamo, and the logic of quarantine. In Hannaway, C., Harden, V. A., Parascandola, J. (eds.). AIDS and the Public Debate: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. IOS Press, Burke, Va.: 1995: 139–152.

  —————. The significance of Haiti. In North American Congress on Latin America (ed.). Haiti: Dangerous Crossroads. South End Press, Boston: 1995: 217–230.

  —————. L’anthropologue face À la pauvreté et au sida dans un contexte rural. In Benoist, J., Desclaux, A. (eds.). Anthropologie et sida: Bilan et perspectives. Editions Karthala, Paris: 1996: 89–106.

  —————. Quelles possibilités de réponses locales face au nouvel ordre mondial? In Hurbon, L. (ed.). Les Transitions démocratiques. Syros, Paris: 1996: 257–264.

  —————. Women, poverty, and AIDS. In Farmer, P. E., Connors, M., Simmons, J. (eds.). Women, Poverty, and AIDS: Sex, Drugs, and Structural Violence. Common Courage Press, Monroe, Maine: 1996: 3–38.

  —————. Ethnography, social analysis, and the prevention of sexually transmitted HIV infection. In Inhorn, M., Brown, P. (eds.). The Anthropology of Infectious Disease. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam: 1997: 413–438.

  —————. AIDS and social scientists—Critical reflections. In Becker, C., Dozon, J. P., Obbo, C., Touré, M. (eds.). Vivre et penser le sida en Afrique. Editions Karthala, Paris: 1999: 33–39.

  —————. Cruel and unusual: Drug-resistant tuberculosis as punishment. In Stern, V. (ed.). Sentenced to Die? The Problem of TB in Prisons in East and Central Europe and Central Asia. Prison Reform International, London: 1999: 70–88.

  —————. Brujería, política, y concepciones sobre el sida en el Haití rural. In Armus, D. (ed.). Entre Curanderos y Médicos: Historia, Cultura, y Enfermedad en América Latina. Grupo Editorial Norma, Buenos Aires: 2002: 419–455.

  —————. AIDS e mazzismo: Medicina, stereotipi ed epidemiologia tra gli immigrati haitiani negli USA, 1981–1994. In Spettri di Haiti: Dal colonialismo francese all’imperialismo americano. OmbreCorte, Verona: 2002.

  —————. The house of the dead: Tuberculosis and incarceration. In Mauer, M., Chesney-Lind, M. (eds.). Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment. The New Press, New York: 2002: 239–257.

  Farmer, P. E, Bertrand, D. Hypocrisies of development: Health and health care among the Haitian rural poor. In Kim, J. Y., Millen, J. V., Gersh-man, J., Irwin, A. (eds.). Dying for Growth: Global Inequalities and the Health of the Poor. Common Courage Press, Monroe, Maine: 2000: 65–90.

  Farmer, P. E, Castro, A. Salud y derechos humanos: una vía para la medicina y la salud pública. In Derechos humanos y salud: Encontrando los lazos. Edhuca Salud, Lima, Peru: 2002: 88–90.

  Farmer, P. E, Connors, M., Fox, K., Furin, J. J. Rereading social science. In Farmer, P. E., Connors, M., Simmons, J. (eds.). Women, Poverty, and AIDS: Sex, Drugs, and Structural Violence. Common Courage Press, Monroe, Maine: 1996: 147–205.

  Farmer, P. E, Daily, J. Tuberculosis: Essentials of diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis. In Thaler, S. J., Maguire, J. H., Sax, P. E. (eds.). Primary Care Handbook of Infectious Diseases. Humana Press, in press. Totowa, N.J.:

  Farmer, P. E, Good, B. Illness representations in medical anthropology: A critical review and a case study of the representation of AIDS in Haiti. In Skelton, J., Coryle, R. C. (eds.). The Mental Representation of Health and Illness. Springer-Verlag, New York: 1991: 131–167.

  Farmer, P. E Kim, J. Y Mitnick, C., Timperi, R. Responding to outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: Introducing “DOTS-Plus.” In Reichman, L. B Hershfield, E. S. (eds.). Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive International Approach. Second ed. Marcel Dekker, New York: 1999: 447–469.

  Farmer, P. E Shin, S. S Bayona, J., Kim, J. Y Furin, J. J Brenner, J. G. Making DOTS-Plus work. In Bastain, I., Portaels, F. (eds.). Tuberculosis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands: 2000: 285–306.

  Farmer, P. E Walton, D. Condoms, coups, and the ideology of prevention: Facing failure in rural Haiti. In Keenan, J., Fuller, J., Cahill, L. S. (eds.). Catholic Ethicists on HIV/AIDS Prevention. Continuum, New York and London: 2000: 108–119.

  Farmer, P. E Walton, D., Becerra, M. C. International tuberculosis control in the twenty-first century. In Friedman, L. N. (ed.). Tuberculosis: Current Concepts and Treatment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.: 2000: 475–495.

  Farmer, P. E Walton, D. A Furin, J. J. The changing face of AIDS: Implications for policy and practice. In Mayer, K. D Pizer, H. F. (eds.). The Emergence of AIDS: The Impact on Immunology, Microbiology, and Public Health. APHA, Washington, D.C.: 2000: 139–247.

  Kim, J. Y Shakow, A. Castro, A., Vanderwarker, C., Farmer, P. E. Specificity and collectivity of global public goods: The case of tuberculosis control. In Global Public Goods for Health: Promoting Global Collective Action for Health. Oxford University Press, for the World Health Organization, in press. Oxford:

  Shin, S. S Bayona, J., Farmer, P. E. DOTS and DOTS-Plus: Not the only answer. In Davies, P.D.O. (ed.) Clinical Tuberculosis. Third ed. Arnold Publishers, in press. London:

  Simmons, J., Farmer, P. E Schoepf, B. G. A global perspective. In Farmer, P. E Conn
ors, M., Simmons, J. (eds.). Women, Poverty, and AIDS: Sex, Drugs, and Structural Violence. Common Courage Press, Monroe, Maine: 1996: 39–90.

  Viaud, G., Farmer, P. E Nicoleau, G. Haitian teens confront AIDS: A Partners In Health program on social justice and AIDS prevention. In Goldstein, N., Manlowe, J. (eds.). The Gender Politics of HIV/AIDS in Women: Perspectives on the Pandemic in the U.S. New York University Press, New York: 1997: 302–322.

  JOURNAL ARTICLES

  Banatvala, N. Matic, S. Kimerling, M. Farmer, P. E Goldfarb, A. Tuberculosis in Russia. Lancet 1999; 354:1036.

  Becerra, M. C Freeman, J. Bayona, J. Shin, S. S Furin, J. J Kim, J. Y Werner, B. Timperi, R. Sloutsky, A. Wilson, M. E Pagano, M. Farmer, P. E. Using treatment failure under effective directly observed short-course chemotherapy programs to identify patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2000; 4(2): 108–114.

  Castro, A. Farmer, P. E. Anthropologie de la violence: La culpabilisation des victimes. Notre librarie: Revue des littératures du sud 2002; 148: 102–108.

  Cohen, A. Farmer, P. E Kleinman, A. Health-behaviour interventions: With whom? Health Transition Review 1997; 7: 84–89

  Farmer, P. E Haitians without a home. Aeolus (Duke University) Feb. 24, 1982.

  —————. The anthropologist within. Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin 1985; 59(1): 23–28.

  —————. Bad blood, spoiled milk: Body fluids as moral barometers in rural Haiti American Ethnologist 1988; 15(1): 62–83.

  —————. Blood, sweat, and baseballs: Haiti in the West Atlantic system. Dialectical Anthropology 1988; 13(1): 83–99.

  —————. The exotic and the mundane: Human immunodeficiency virus in Haiti. Human Nature 1990; 1(4): 415–446.

  —————. Sending sickness: Sorcery, politics, and changing concepts of AIDS in rural Haiti. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1990; 4(1): 6–27.

  —————. Pauvreté À risque. Sidalerte 1992; 18: 24–25

  —————. The power of the poor in Haiti. America 1992; 164(9): 260–267.

  —————. Graham Greene: An appreciation from Haiti. America 1993; 168(4): 17–20.

  —————. AIDS-talk and the constitution of cultural models. Social Science and Medicine 1994; 38(6): 801–809.

  —————. What’s at stake in Haiti? Z Magazine 1994; 7(2): 21–25.

  —————. Medicine and social justice. America 1995; 173(2): 13–17.

  —————. On suffering and structural violence: A view from below. Daedalus 1995; 125(1): 261–283.

  —————. Haiti’s lost years: Lessons for the Americas. Current Issues in Public Health 1996; 2(3): 143–151.

  —————. Social inequalities and emerging infectious diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1996; 2(4): 259–269.

  —————. AIDS and anthropologists: Ten years later. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1997; 11(4): 516–525.

  —————. Letter from Haiti. AIDS Clinical Care 1997; 9(11): 83–85.

  —————. Listening for prophetic voices in medicine. America 1997; 177 (1): 8–13.

  —————. Social scientists and the new tuberculosis. Social Science and Medicine 1997; 44(3): 347–358.

  —————. Inequalities and antivirals. Pharos 1998; 61(2): 34–38.

  —————. A visit to Chiap as. America 1998; 178(10): 14–18.

  —————. Case 8, Clinicopathological Conferences: Gram-negative sepsis of uncertain etiology. New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340(10): 869–876.

  —————. Desigualdades sociales y enfermedades infecciosas emergentes. Tareas 1999; (102): 77–97.

  —————. Hidden epidemics of tuberculosis. Infectious Disease and Social Inequalities: From Hemispheric Insecurity to Global Cooperation. A Working Paper of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center, 1999; 31–55.

  —————. Managerial successes, clinical failures. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1999; 3(5): 365–367.

  —————. Pathologies of power: Rethinking health and human rights. American Journal of Public Health 1999; 89(10): 1486–96.

  —————. TB superbugs: The coming plague on all our houses. Natural History 1999; 108(3): 46–53.

  —————. The consumption of the poor: Tuberculosis in the twenty-first century. Ethnography 2000; 1(2): 211–244.

  —————. The major infectious diseases in the world—to treat or not to treat? New England Journal of Medicine 2001; 345(3): 208–210.

  —————. Can transnational research be ethical in the developing world? Lancet 2002; 360:1266.

  Farmer, P. E Bayona, J. Becerra, M. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and the need for biosocial perspectives. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2001; 5(10): 885–886.

  Farmer, P. E Bayona, J. Becerra, M. Furin, J. J Henry, C. Hiatt, H. Kim, J. Y Mitnick, C. D Nardell, E. Shin, S. S. The dilemma of MDRTB in the global era. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1998; 2(11): 869–876.

  Farmer, P. E Bayona, J. Becerra, M. Kim, J. Y Shin, S. S. Reducing transmission through community-based treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1998; 2(11 supp. 2): S190.

  Farmer, P. E Bayona, J. Shin, S. S Alvarez, L. Becerra, M. Nardell, E. Nuñez, C. Sanchez, E. Timperi, R. Kim, J. Y. Preliminary results of community-based MDRTB treatment in Lima, Peru. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1998; 2(11 supp. 2): S371.

  Farmer, P. E Furin, J. J. Sexe, drogue, et violences structurelles: Les femmes et le V.I.H. Journal des Anthropologues 1997; 68–69:35–46.

  Farmer, P. E Furin, J. J Bayona, J. Becerra, M. Henry, C. Hiatt, H. Kim, J. Y Mitnick, C. D Nardell, E. Shin, S. S. Management of MDR-TB in resource-poor countries. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1999; 3(8): 643–645.

  Farmer, P. E Furin, J. J Shin, S. S. Managing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Journal of Respiratory Diseases 2000; 21(1): 53–56.

  Farmer, P. E Gastineau, N. Rethinking health and human rights: Time for a paradigm shift. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 2002; 30(4): 655–666.

  Farmer, P. E Kim, J. Y. Anthropology, accountability, and the prevention of AIDS. Journal of Sex Research 1991; 25(2): 203–221.

  —————. Community-based approaches to the control of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: Introducing “DOTS-plus.” British Medical Journal 1998; 317: 671–674

  —————. Resurgent TB in Russia: Do we know enough to act? European Journal of Public Health 2000; 10(2): 150–152.

  Farmer, P. E Kleinman, A. AIDS as human suffering. Daedalus 1989; 118(2): 135–160.

  Farmer, P. E Léandre, F. Mukherjee, J. S Claude, M. S Nevil, P. Smith-Fawzi, M. C Koenig, S. P Castro, A. Becerra, M. C Sachs, J. Attaran, A. Kim, J. Y. Community-based approaches to HIV treatment in resource-poor settings. Lancet 2001; 358: 404–409

  Farmer, P. E Léandre, F. Mukherjee, J. Gupta, R. Tarter, L. Kim, J. Y. Community-based treatment of advanced HIV disease: Introducing DOT-HAART (directly observed therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy). WHO Bulletin 2001; 79(12): 1145–51.

  Farmer, P. E Lindenbaum, S. Good, M. J. Women, poverty, and AIDS: An introduction. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 1993; 17(4): 387–398.

  Farmer, P. E Nardell, E. Nihilism and pragmatism in tuberculosis control. American Journal of Public Health 1998; 88(7): 4–5.

  Farmer, P. E Robin, S. Ramilus, S. L Kim, J. Y. Tuberculosis, poverty, and “compliance”: Lessons from rural Haiti. Seminars in Respiratory Infections 1991; 6(4): 254–260.

  Farmer, P. E Rylko-Bauer, B. L. L’exceptionnel système de santé américain: Critique d’une médecine À vocation commerciale. Actes de la recherche en Sciences sociales 2001; 139: 13–30

  Farmer, P. E Smith-Fawzi, M. C Nevil, P.
Unjust embargo of aid for Haiti. Lancet 2003; 361: 420–423

  Farmer, P. E Walton, D. Tarter, L. Infections and inequalities. Global Change and Human Health 2000; 1(2): 94–109.

  Furin, J. J Mitnick, C. Shin, S. S Bayona, J. Becerra, M. Singler, J. Alcántara, F. Castaneda, C. Sánchez, E. Acha, J. Farmer, P. E Kim, J. Y. Occurrence of serious adverse effects in patients receiving community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. International Journal for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2001; 5(7): 648–654.

  Furin, J. J Becerra, M. C Shin, S. S Kim, J. Y Bayona, J. Farmer, P. E. Effect of administering short-course, standard regimens in individuals infected with drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2000; 19(1): 132–136.

  Furin, J. J Mitnick, C. D Becerra, M. Shin, S. S Singler, J. M Bayona, J. Alcántara, F. Sánchez, E. Bomann, M. Kim, J. Y Farmer, P. E. Absence of serious adverse effects in a cohort of Peruvian patients receiving community-based treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1999; 3(9 supp. 1): S81.