The Amorous Heart
Page 21
In the private registers kept by families in New England: Laurel Ulrich, A House Full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women’s Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835–1870 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017), 109.
For example, the outline of a heart on a “spirit drawing”: Edward Deming Andrews and Faith Andrews, Visions of the Heavenly Sphere: A Study in Shaker Religious Art (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1969), plate XII.
Though the practice came to an end in the 1850s: France Morin, Heavenly Visions: Shaker Gift Drawings and Gift Songs (New York: Drawing Center, 2001).
Mormon drawings coupled the heart: Ulrich, A House Full of Females, 110 and 133.
They also were and remain popular: See the wonderful examples in Mary Emmerling, American Country Hearts (New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1988).
Many hearts were expressions of friendship: Marilyn Yalom with Theresa Donovan Brown, The Social Sex: A History of Female Friendship (New York: Harper Perennial, 2015), chs. 7 and 8.
Hearts that spoke for one’s loving feelings: Robert Shaw, “United as This Heart You See: Memories of Friendship and Family,” in Expressions of Innocence and Eloquence: Selections from the Jane Katcher Collection of Americana, vol. I, ed. Jane Katcher, David A. Schorsch, and Ruth Wolfe (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 89.
A few years back, when my photographer son Reid and I: Marilyn Yalom, with photographs by Reid S. Yalom, The American Resting Place: Four Hundred Years of Cemeteries and Burial Grounds (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008).
Chapter Seventeen: Hearts and Hands
These words were written by a young American woman: Eliza Chaplin, Nelson Letters, 1819–1869, Essex Institute Library, Salem, Massachusetts.
A proper church wedding usually took place: Merry E. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 49.
Petitions for annulment began with the formula: Ann Rosalind Jones, “Heterosexuality: A Beast with Many Backs,” in A Cultural History of Sexuality in the Renaissance, ed. Bette Talvacchia (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2011), 46.
This trend can be seen in the history of “Lonely Hearts” ads: Francesca Beauman, Shapely Ankle Preferred: A History of the Lonely Hearts Ads, 1695–2010 (London: Chatto and Windus, 2011), citations from 26–29.
Intelligence, wit, kindness, compassion, and mutual respect: Helena Kelly, Jane Austen: The Secret Radical (New York: Knopf, 2017), ch. 4.
Insofar as children were concerned, their legal custody: Yalom, A History of the Wife, 185–191.
“Man for the field and woman for the hearth”: See discussion in Erna Olafson Hellerstein, Leslie Parker Hume, and Karen M. Offen, eds., Victorian Women: A Documentary Account of Women’s Lives in Nineteenth-Century England, France, and the United States (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1981), 118.
Chapter Eighteen: Romanticism, or the Reign of the Heart
Sir Walter Scott maintained that its creator: “Don Juan,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan.
In her fiction, as in her life, Sand sought: For a more complete discussion of Sand and love, see Marilyn Yalom, How the French Invented Love: Nine Hundred Years of Passion and Romance (New York: Harper Perennial, 2012), 195–217.
French stories of adultery have a very long history: Didier Lett, “Marriage et amour au Moyen Age,” Le Monde: Histoire et Civilisations, no. 15 (March 2016): 2.
In a letter to Lewes dated November 6, 1847: E. C. Gaskell, The Life of Charlotte Brontë, vol. II (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1857), 43.
In a subsequent letter to Lewes dated January 12, 1848: This and the following quotations from Gaskell, The Life of Charlotte Brontë, vol. II, 54–55.
Chapter Nineteen: Valentines
The French claim Oton de Grandson’s: Nathalie Koble, Drôles de Valentines: La tradition poétique de la Saint-Valentin du Moyen Age à aujourd’hui (Paris: Héros-Limite, 2016), 266; Jack B. Oruch, “St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February,” Speculum 56, no. 3 (July 1981): 534–565.
All of this was supposed to have taken place: Charity Cannon Willard, Christine de Pizan: Her Life and Works (New York: Persea Books, 1984), 167–168.
“This year the men and women who are”: Charles d’Orléans, Poésies, vol. I, ed. Pierre Champion (Paris: Honoré Champion Editeur, 2010), Ballade LXVI, 128–129 (my translations here and the following).
“in the name of Love / They organized a big festival”: Ibid., Complainte IV, 281.
Several of Charles’s poems begin by invoking: Charles d’Orléans, Ballades et Rondeaux, ed. Jean-Claude Mühlethaler (Paris: Livre de Poche, 1992), Rondeau 50, 430.
There are even pictures of this Saint Valentine’s Day event: Koble, Drôles de Valentines, 273.
In a priggish novel that mixed fact and fiction: Jean-Pierre Camus, Diotrephe, or An historie of valentines, trans. Susan du Verger (1641).
Elizabeth’s letter to John on February 10, 1477: The relevant letters from Elizabeth Brews and Margery Brews to John Paston III are found in Norman Davis, ed., The Paston Letters: A Selection in Modern Spelling (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), 233–235.
Valentine’s Day was not a one-day affair: Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, vol. II, ed. Robert Latham and William Matthews (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1970), 36 and 38.
Some contained complicated puzzles, acrostics, and rebuses: Several fine American examples are reproduced in Ruth Webb Lee, A History of Valentines (New York and London: Studio Publications, 1952), 8–38.
Even if the valentine was only a copy of his text: Barry Shank, A Token of My Affection: Greeting Cards and American Business Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 34–35.
Emily remarked that one instructor: Emily Dickinson, The Letters of Emily Dickinson, vol. I (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1965), 63, emphasis original.
They sold for no less than $5 each: Webb Lee, A History of Valentines, 51–75.
One titled “Cupid in Ambush” pictured Cupid: Debra N. Mancoff, Love’s Messenger: Tokens of Affection in the Victorian Age (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1997), 20–21.
There were specialized cards for different trades and professions: Webb Lee, A History of Valentines, 124.
The directive specifically targeted “boxes and cards”: “Valentine’s Day,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day.
Chapter Twenty: I U
When queried in a 2010 interview: Ilka Skobie, “Lone Wolf: An Interview with Jim Dine,” ArtNet, www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/scobie/jim-dine6-28-10.asp.
For a 2015 retrospective of his work in Los Angeles: Jonathan Novak, “A Retrospective Delves into Jim Dine’s Hearts and Other Iconic Symbols,” Artsy Editorial, February 4, 2015, www.artsy.net/article/editorial-a-retrospective-delves-into-jim-dines-hearts.
In 1999 the Japanese provider NTT DoCoMo released: Amanda Hess, “Look Who’s Smiley Now,” New York Times, October 27, 2016, C1.
Discovering the heart shape in nature has prompted: The Power of the Heart (movie), www.thepoweroftheheart.com, and Steve Casimiro, “25 Awesome Hearts Found in Nature,” Adventure Journal, February 4, 2011, www.adventure-journal.com/2011/02/25-awesome-hearts-found-in-nature.
A site founded by Ellen Huerta that specializes: Sophia Kercher, “Modern Help for the Brokenhearted? It’s Online,” New York Times, February 2, 2017, D3.
Index
Abélard, Peter, 44–45
adultery and infidelity
Bellini’s Norma, 191–192
Dante’s Francesca da Rimini, 73–74
fidelity in medieval storytelling, 47–50
French novels, 197
medieval storytelling, 48–49
Roman view of, 15–16
Valentine’s Day as vice-laden holiday, 210–211
Victor Hugo, 195–196
Aeschylus, 17
Alacoque, Margaret Mary, 134
Albertus Magnus, 54
Alciato, Andrea, 117
Alexander the Great, 84–85
Alexandre de Bernay, 84
Alfred the Englishman, 150–151
allegory, 52–58
amorous love, 2
Cartesian view of, 156–157
contrasting with lust in erotic literature, 168–169
Dante’s preoccupation with, 73–74
Dutch emblem books, 118–123
Egyptians’ view of the heart, 3
eighteenth-century English novels, 161–166
graphic and verbal hearts, 224–225
in medieval European literature, 44–47
in medieval German literature, 50–52
medieval allegories, 52–54
Renaissance art, 115–116
The Romance of the Pear, 52–54
the heart in dialogue with lover, 106–108
the Romantics’ view of the heart, 201–202
theological virtue of caritas and, 74–75
See also sensual love
Amorum Emblemata (Emblems of Love), 118–121
anatomy, 151–152. See also heart, anatomical
Anne de Bretagne, 99
annulment, 182–183
Anselm of Canterbury (saint), 61, 64
Antiochus (king), 8
Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare), 139, 141–142, 145
Aphrodite, 7–8
apocalypse, 27–28
Apollonius, 8–9
Aquinas, Thomas (saint), 74
Arab culture
bards’ recitals of love poems, 19–20
Ibn Hazm’s On Love and Lovers, 23–24
Japanese characters for love and heart, 6
legendary lovers, 21–22
refined view of women in poetry, 41
sexual love in poetry, 19–21
Aristotle, 9
situating the immortal soul in the human body, 156
the function of the heart, 150
art. See graphic arts
L’Art de jouir (The Art of Pleasure) (La Mettrie), 169
Art of Love (Ovid), 12–13, 16
Arthurian romances, 45–47, 49–50
Assisi fresco, 79–82
Assumption of the Virgin (Tegliacci), 81, 82(fig.)
al-Aswad Bin Yafur, 20
Atelier du Maître de Bari, 43(fig.)
Augustine (saint), 4–5
Augustus (emperor), 16
Austen, Jane, 184–186, 197, 199–200
Austria: heart burials of Hapsburgs, 101–102
Avicenna, 54
Baldini, Baccio, 91–92
baptismal certificates, 172–173
da Barberino, Francesco, 76–77, 79–80, 79(fig.), 81
Bartoli, Cecilia, 189
Batten, William, 212–213
Beatus of Liébana, 27–30
Bedouins, 19–22
Bellini, Vincenzo, 189–192
Bernard of Clairvaux (saint), 5
Bernart de Ventadorn, 34
birds, association with Valentine’s Day, 207–209
birth records, 172–173
Blackstone, William, 187
Blanche de Castille, 97
Blondel de Nesle, 37
Bodleian Library, Oxford University, 84
Boel, Cornelius, 113(fig.), 119
Boissard, Jean Jacques, 121–123
Bondone, Giotto di, 69(fig.)
Book of Hours, 68
The Book of Special Grace (Liber specialis gratiae), 62
Book of the Dead, 2–3
Book of the Heart (Jager), 158
Boswell, Samuel, 160–161
brain
addictive nature of love, 224–225
gendered division of the male brain and the female heart, 188, 201
Pascal separating heart and brain functions, 157
the heart and the brain as the source of love, 154–155
Brews, Margery, 211–212
The Bride of Lammermoor (Scott), 194–195
Bridget of Sweden (saint), 66
Brontë, Anne, 198
Brontë, Charlotte, 187, 197–200
Brontë, Emily, 198, 200
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 200–202
Browning, Robert, 200
Brulé, Gace, 35–36
Bullioud, Marguerite, 89–90
burial of the heart, 95–97
burial of Richard I’s heart, 95–96
distribution of James II’s heart and entrails, 100–101
heart burials among clergyman, 102
heart burials among Ottoman Turks, 102–103
heart burials of Austria’s Hapsburgs, 101–102
heart burials of French kings and queens, 96–100
Buthayna, 22
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 192–194, 201
Calvinism, 127
Camus, Jean-Pierre, 210–211
cannibalism, 72–73
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 88
Capellanus, Andreas, 47–49
Caritas (Bondone), 69(fig.)
caritas (Christian love of humankind), 5, 73–76
Caritas (Giotto), 75
Carmina Burana, 39
Catherine of Siena (saint), 65–66
Catholicism
Counter-Reformation, 131–132
discouraging sensual love, 60
emblem books, 129–130
love as a prerequisite to marriage, 181–183
religious passion, 132–135
See also Christianity; religion and religious life
Catullus, 9–11, 15, 118
Champagne, Thibaut de, 36
Chaplin, Eliza, 179–181
charity, 74–75. See also caritas
Charles d’Anjou, 97
Charles d’Orléans, 106–108, 208–210
Charles V of France, 97–98
Charles VII of France, 98
Charles VIII of France, 98–99
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 88, 207–209, 211
children
fear of bastard offspring, 48
foundlings, 159–160, 159(fig.)
illegitimate, 109
Choderlos de Laclos, Pierre, 167–168
Chopin, Frédéric, 196
Chrétien de Troyes, 45–47, 49, 138
Christianity
caritas, 74–75
Christian emblems and devices, 127–129, 128(fig.)
The Commentary on the Apocalypse, 27–28
exchanging hearts with Jesus, 60–68
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 28–30
handfasting as betrothal ritual, 180–181
heart burials among clergyman, 102
Immaculate Heart of Mary, 66–68
marriage liturgy on the ring finger, 14
Martin Luther’s theological symbols, 126–127
medieval Christians’ secular and religious love, 4–6
medieval views of the function of the human heart, 150–151
Mozarabs, 28
notions of feminine virtue, 162
parents choosing their daughters’ husbands, 163–165
passion of Teresa of Ávila (saint), 132–133
Pennsylvania Dutch baptismal certificates, 172–173
Reformation destruction of Catholic symbols and images, 126–127
The Romance of the Pear, 53
Sacred Heart of Jesus, 61, 65–68, 130–132, 134–135
See also Catholicism; Protestantism; religion and religious life
Christine de Pizan, 58, 208–210
Church of Latter Day Saints (LDS), 175–176
Cicero, 15
Cimabue, 77
Cimerlino, Giovanni, 116, 116(fig.)
Claddagh symbol, 183–184
Clanvowe, John, 208
Clarissa: or The History of a Young Lady (Richardson), 161, 163–167
clasped hands, 179–181
Cleland, John, 168
Cligès (Chrétien), 45–47, 49
Clodia, 10
Codex Mane
sse, 33(fig.), 39
Le Coeur Admirable de la Très Sainte Mère de Dieu (The Admirable Heart of the Very Saintly Mother of God), 135
Colditz altarpiece, 127
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 187
The Commentary on the Apocalypse, 27–28
“Complaint of Mars” (Chaucer), 207–208
“Complaints” (Orléans), 209–210
Confessions (Augustine), 4–5
consciousness, 155
corazón (heart), 133
cordiform maps, 115–116, 116(fig.)
Council of Trent (1545), 131–132
Counter-Reformation, 131–132
courtly love
doctrine of refined love, 4–5
European fin’ amor, 34–37
history of Valentine’s Day, 207
legendary lovers in Arab culture, 21–22
Sassanian empire, 26–27
Cramer, Daniel, 129
Cranach, Lucas the Younger, 127
“cruel love” concept, 90–91
Crusades, 50, 96–97
Cupid/Eros, 113(fig.)
as dangerous, inhuman force, 8–9, 118
in Barberino’s Documenti, 77–80
in emblem books, 117, 119–121, 123
Renaissance depictions of Venus and, 114–115
women’s hearts and desires, 12
currency, heart icon on, 10(fig.)
Cyrene, Libya, 10–11, 25–26
Daniel, Arnaud, 35
Dante, 13, 70–74
De humani corporis fabrica (The Fabric of the Human Body) (Vesalius), 151–153
death
heart burial of Richard I, 95
heart burials of French kings and queens, 96–100
portrayal of Cupid and, 117
Wagner’s Tristan and Isolde, 202–204
Defoe, Daniel, 168
Descartes, René, 155–156
Dickinson, Emily, 214–215
Die, Countess de, 35
digital technology: emoji, 222–224
Dine, Jim, 221–222
Discalced Carmelites, order of, 132–133
dissection of the human body, 151–152
Le Dit de la Rose (The Tale of the Rose) (Pizan), 208
Divine Comedy (Dante), 73–74
divorce, 15, 181
Documenti d’Amore (Barberino), 77, 79(fig.)
Donizetti, Gaetano, 194–195
drinking songs, 39
drinking vessels, 25–27, 26(fig.)
Drouet, Juliette, 195–196
dualism, Cartesian, 155–156