The Amorous Heart
Page 23
Non tuis viribus (Not by Your Own Strength), 127
Norma (Bellini), 189–192
Notre-Dame de Cléry, 98–99
nous (intellect), 150
nuns, religious passion of, 44, 132–135
nursery rhymes, 94
Odd Fellows, Independent Order of (IOOF), 174
On Love (Capellanus), 47–48
On the Motion of the Heart (Alfred), 150–151
“open heart,” 123
Openhertighe Herten (Openhearted Hearts), 122–123, 123(fig.)
opera
Lucia di Lammermoor, 194–195
Norma, 189–192
of Richard Wagner, 202–204
orgasm, eighteenth-century literature depicting, 169
Othello (Shakespeare), 139, 143–144
O’Toole, Lawrence, 102
Ottoman Empire, 102–103
Ovid, 9–13, 16, 118–119
Oxford University, 84
Pamela: or Virtue Rewarded (Richardson), 161–163, 165–167
Panofsky, Erwin, 78–79, 81–82
pantheism, 224
papyrus, 3(fig.)
“Parliament of Fowls” (Chaucer), 207–209
Pascal, Blaise, 157
Pason, John, III, 211–212
passion
moderation and good judgment, 121–122
Saint Gertrude’s Sacred Heart, 5, 61–65
Teresa of Ávila (saint), 132–133
Les passions de l’âme (The Passions of the Soul) (Descartes), 156
Pennsylvania Dutch, 171–173
Pepys, Samuel, 212–213
Persian artifacts, 25–26
Petrarch, 115
Phaedra, 17
phallic symbols, 56
Philippe III of France, 97
Philippe IV (the Fair), 97
pineal gland as the source of the soul, 156
pinecone, heart shape as, 52–56, 75–76, 92
Pisano, Andrea, 75
Plato and Platonic love
Ibn Hazm advocating noncarnal love, 23–24
main function of the heart, 150
situating the soul in the head, 156
the heart as the seat of emotion, 9
playing cards, heart icon on, 93–94
Plutarch, 8
pneuma (air animating the soul), 150
poetry
Brontë’s admiration of George Sand, 199
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 200–202
French troubadours, 34–35
gendered division of the male brain and the female heart, 188
heart in dialogue with lover, 106–108
heart motif in fourteenth-century Italian poetry, 70–73
history of Valentine’s Day, 207–208
legendary lovers in Arab culture, 21–22
medieval Arabic culture, 19–20
of Germany’s Minnesingers, 37–40
of Shelley and Bryon, 201–202
on mass-produced valentines, 216
Sala’s miniature book of love poems, 89–90
sexual love in Arabic poetry, 19–21
the Romanticism of Lord Byron, 192–194
Villon’s incarnation of the independent heart, 110–112
popes, heart burials among, 102
postage stamps, 220(fig.)
pregnancy, 11, 160–161
Pride and Prejudice (Austen), 184–186
Propertius, 9–10
Protestantism
emblem books, 129–131
heart icon in Protestant art, 126–129
Protestant emblem books, 129–131
See also Catholicism; Christianity; religion and religious life
psyche, heart as the location for, 9
Publilia, 15
Puritanism, 130–131
“Quas Iam Quaeras Latebras” (engraving), 128(fig.)
“The Queen of Hearts” (nursery rhyme), 94
rape in eighteenth-century English novels, 164–165
Raphael, 114–115
rational thought, 150, 157
Reformation
Catholic Counter-Reformation, 131–132
destruction of Catholic symbols and images, 126–127
increasing prestige of marriage, 140
love as a prerequisite to marriage, 182
religion and religious life
emergence of the heart icon, 5–6
fin’ amor and, 35–36
handfasting as betrothal ritual, 180–181
history of the heart as the repository of love, 2–4
history of Valentine’s Day, 206–207
Ibn Hazm’s rejection of sexual love, 23–24
legendary lovers in Arab culture, 22
Mormon iconography, 175–176
nature in digital heart images, 224
Norma’s tension between romantic love and, 191–192
refined view of women in poetry, 41
replacing amorous love for Bedouins, 19–20
Shakers’ heart-in-hand symbol, 174–175
Shelley’s revolt against, 201–202
stained glass, 125(fig.)
Villon’s independent heart, 112
world religions’ connection to the human heart, 225
See also Catholicism; Christianity; Protestantism
religious heart, 60–68
Renaissance
amorous love in Renaissance literature, 47
Charles d’Orléans’s poetry and, 107
classical art, 114–115
emblem books, 117–118
Florentine artists, 76–77
heart icon in Renaissance art, 115–116
the function of the human heart, 155
understanding the human heart and body, 151–152
René d’Anjou, 98, 105(fig.), 106, 108–110
Richard I of England (Lionheart), 50, 95–96
Richardson, Samuel, 161–166
ring as token of love, 14
for abandoned and orphaned children, 159–160
heart motif in fourteenth-century jewelry, 88
the Irish Claddagh, 183–184
ring finger, 14
Le Roman de la Poire, 43(fig.), 52–53, 57, 75
romance, etymology of, 44
The Romance of Alexander, 83(fig.), 84–85, 93
The Romance of the Pear, 43(fig.), 52–53, 57, 75
The Romance of the Rose, 56–58
Romani, Felice, 189–192
romantic love. See amorous love
Romanticism
Bellini’s Norma, 189–192
Charlotte Brontë, 199–200
eighteenth-century erotic literature anticipating, 169
Englishmen and women’s flight to Italy, 201–202
French novels, 195–199
gendered division of the male brain and the female heart, 188
Lord Byron’s works, 192–194
Scott’s Waverley novels, 194–195
Wagner’s Tristan and Isolde, 202–204
Rome, ancient
as model for Renaissance art, 114–115
Bellini’s Norma, 189–192
Dutch emblem books drawing on art forms, 121
gods’ responsibility for love between humans, 16–17
hearts and hands signifying marriage, 179–180
history of Valentine’s Day, 206–207
love as a prerequisite of marriage, 181
marriage customs, 13–16
writings on the associations between the heart and love, 9–13
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 139–140, 147, 163
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 166
Sacred Heart of Jesus, 59(fig.), 61, 65–68, 130–132, 134–135
Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de, 168
“Saint Valentine’s Dream” (Grandson), 208
Sala, Pierre, 89–90
Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone, 10(fig.)
Sand, George, 196–197, 199–201
Sappho, 7�
�8
Sassanian empire, 26–27
Saturnalia (Macrobius), 14
Schola Cordis (The School of the Heart), 129–130
The School of the Heart, or, The Heart of It Self Gone Away from God (Harvey), 130, 131(fig.)
Scott, Walter, 194
secular courts: medieval German songs, 39
secular humanism, 109–110
seduction
Abélard’s seduction of Héloïse, 44
eighteenth-century novels, 160–168
sensual love
Catholic Church frowning upon, 60
Catholic Church replacing with caritas, 73–74
fin’ amor, 34–37
George Sand’s fictive works, 196–197
Greco-Roman gods, 16–17
heart metaphors, 169
love relationships with Jesus, 65
Lupercalia, 206–207
mystical spiritual love, 62–63
Ovid’s Art of Love, 12–13
troubadours expressing, 35–37
Wagner’s Tristan and Isolde, 202–204
See also amorous love
September 11, 2001, 221
Ser Sozzo, Niccolò di, 81, 82(fig.)
sexual desire
Antony and Cleopatra, 142
Cupid’s darts inflicting, 118
in eighteenth-century English and French novels, 161–168
orgasm in eighteenth-century literature, 169
See also sensual love
sexual images of the heart icon, 5–6
Shakers, 174–175
Shakespeare, William, 138–147, 154–155, 163, 182
Shamela (Fielding), 161
The Shape of the Heart (Vinken), 27
Shelley, Mary Godwin, 201
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 201
silphium plant, 10, 10(fig.), 11, 31
The Singer of Amun Nany, 3(fig.)
sisterly and brotherly love: Bellini’s Norma, 191–192
Song of Songs, 4, 65
Sordello, 36
soul/spirit
Cartesian view of, 155–157
Immaculate Heart, 66
medieval view of the human heart and body, 150–151
the function of the human heart, 150–151
the heart as the seat of, 2–3, 9
Spiritual Exercises (Exercita spiritualia), 62, 64
spiritual love in George Sand’s fictive works, 196–197
stained glass, 125(fig.)
status, social
in Arab love, 23–24
in eighteenth-century French novels, 166–167
notions of feminine virtue in eighteenth-century novels, 161–164
staying in love, 225–227
stigmata, 60–61
stil nuovisti poets, 73
Suleiman the Magnificent, 103
Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 74
Sidney, Philip, 137–138
symbolic meanings and metaphor
assuming new meanings, 93–94
The Commentary on the Apocalypse, 27–28
exchange of hearts between lovers, 137–139
for sensual love, 169
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 28–31
Girona Beatus, 28–30
global popularity and diversity, 226–227
heart in Martin Luther’s theological seal, 126–127
heart-in-hand symbol, 174–175, 174(fig.)
hearts and hands signifying marriage, 179–181
medieval depictions of the heart motif, 27–28
religious meanings of the heart icon, 125–135
Romantic writers, 200–201
the Irish Claddagh, 183–184
See also heart icon
Tabulae anatomica sex (The Six Anatomical Tables) (Vesalius and Calcar), 153
The Taming of the Shrew (Shakespeare), 141
tapestries, 85–88
The Tempest (Shakespeare), 145, 147
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 188
Terentia, 15
Teresa of Ávila (saint), 132–133
“The Legacy” (Villon), 110–112
Tibaud, 52
Timaeus (Plato), 9
tombstones, heart motif on, 176–177, 177(fig.)
Tristan and Isolde (Wagner), 202–204
Tristan and Isolde, the story of, 50–51
Troilus and Cressida (Chaucer), 88
Trojan War, 17
troubadours, 34–37, 44, 77
true love in medieval storytelling, 47–50
Twelfth Night (Shakespeare), 143, 147
Umar Ibn Abi Rabi’ah, 20
unconditional love, 34–37
University of Leiden, Holland, 118
“Unter der Linden” (Walther von der Vogelweide), 39–40
unwed mothers, 160–161
uterus, beliefs about connection with the heart, 153
Vaenius, Otto, 113(fig.), 118–120
Valentine (saint), 206
valentines
contemporary paper and digital cards, 217–218
decorated nineteenth-century American folk art, 176
early written cards, 211–212
eighteenth-century example, 205(fig.)
embellishment and mass production of, 213–216
first known example, 209
French mass-produced cards, 216–217
Valentine’s Day
around the world, 217
as vice-laden holiday, 210–211
Emily Dickinson’s celebration of, 214–215
exchange of gifts among the wealthy, 212–213
historical origins of, 206–208
poetry celebrating, 208–210
van Calcar, Jan, 152–153
van der Velde, J., 123(fig.)
van Eyck, Barthélemy, 105(fig.), 110
van Haeften, Benedictus, 129–130
Van Severen, Henri, 59(fig.)
vena amoris (vein of love), 14
Venus (goddess of love), 9, 114–115
Vesalius, Andreas, 151–153
Villon, François, 110–112
Vinken, Pierre, 27
virgin/whore dichotomy in eighteenth-century novels, 161–168
visual representations of the heart, 25–26. See also graphic arts; heart icon; valentines
La Vita Nuova (The New Life) (Dante), 71–72
Vorschriften, 172
Voyage of the Argo (Apollonius), 8–9
Wagner, Richard, 202–204
Walther von der Vogelweide, 39–40
Waverley novels (Scott), 194–195
weighing the heart, 121
White Day (Japan), 217
Whitney, George C., 215–216
Wierix, Antonius, 129–130
William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, 34
The Winter’s Tale (Shakespeare), 139
Woeiriot de Bouzey, Pierre, 127
women
caritas depicted as a, 75–76
Christine de Pizan, 208–210
Dante’s view of the ideal woman, 70–73
dependence on marriage, 186–187
fate of unwed mothers, 160–161
gendering the heart with women and the brain with men, 201
in fin’ amor portrayals, 40–41
in medieval Arabic poetry, 19–21
lack of rights in marriage, 187–188
lack of voice in sentimental novels, 169–170
Ovid on the woman’s heart, 12–13
properties attributed to the uterus, 153
romantic novels from the perspective of, 184–187, 196–199
Shakespeare’s heroines, 140
the ideal of the Roman wife, 14–16
valentine guides, 214–215
woodcuts, 115
The Young Man’s Valentine manual, 214
Yvain (Chrétien de Troyes), 47, 49
Zuhair, Ka’b Bin, 19–20