Stalin’s last years are only now beginning to be studied. Fundamental is Yoram Gorlitzki and Oleg V. Khlevniuk, The Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle 1945–1953 (2004). For the Cold War itself, David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: the Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939–56 (1994), makes compelling reading. Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali recount the Soviet side of the Cold War in Khrushchev’s Cold War (2006), with many revelations, especially for those who lived through it. William Taubman’s Khrushchev: the Man and His Era (2003) is fundamental. For the last years of the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia reliable studies are hard to find. A fascinating introduction to life in the provinces, popular culture, and the origins of the post-1991 oligarchy is provided by Sergei I. Zhuk, Rock and Roll in the Rocket City: the West, Identity and Ideology in Dniepropetrovsk, 1960–1995 (2010). The best all around account remains Steven Kotkin, Armageddon Averted: the Soviet Collapse 1970–2000 (2d. ed. 2008). On the origins of the post-Cold War order new perspectives are in Mary Elise Sarotte, 1989: the Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe (2009). Typical Western views of Russian leaders are provided in Archie Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (1996); Timothy J. Colton, Yeltsin: a Life (2008); and Richard Sakwa, Putin: Russia’s Choice (2d ed. 2008). CULTURE
An excellent introduction to a major component in Russian culture is William Brumfield, History of Russian Architecture (1993). For music, Richard Taruskin’s studies of Mussorgsky and Stravinsky are fundamental but daunting for the non-musician. For other composers see Roland John Wiley, Tchaikovsky (2009); Stephen Walsh, Stravinsky: a Creative Spring, Russia and France 1882–1934 (1999); Harlow Robinson, Prokofiev (2002); and Laurel E. Fay, Shostakovich: a Life (2000). Russian art has only recently come to the attention of English speaking scholars. Pioneers are Camilla Gray, The Russian Experiment in Art 1863–1922 (1986) and Elizabeth Valkenier, Russian Realist Art: the State and Society: the Peredvizhniki and their Tradition (1989) as well her Ilya Repin and the World of Russian Art (1990) and Valentin Serov: Portraits of Russia’s Silver Age (2001). Another source is David Jackson, The Russian Vision: the Art of Ilya Repin (2006). For the emergence of modernism see John Bowlt, Moscow and Saint Petersburg 1900–1920: Art Life and Culture of the Russian Silver Age (2008). On Sergei Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes see Sjeng Scheijen, Diaghilev: a Life (2010). The best introduction to Russian literature is to read it. Otherwise see Joseph Frank, Dostoyevsky (2010), and Ernest J. Simmons, Leo Tolstoy (1946).
On the culture of the Soviet era a good place to start is Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (1989) and Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society Since 1900 (1992). The best attempt to understand Socialist Realism is Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (2000), and for visual arts there is Matthew Cullerne Bown, Socialist Realist Painting (1998). Film was one of the USSR’s main cultural efforts. The classic study remains Jay Leyda, Kino: a History of the Russian and Soviet Film (last edition 1983). For Eisenstein see David Bordwell, The Cinema of Eisenstein, 2nd ed. (2005). Much of the drama of the history of Soviet culture is found in Soviet Culture and Power: a History in Documents: 1917–1953 (2007) edited by Katerina Clark and Evgeny Dobrenko with Andrei Atizov and Oleg Naumov. On Soviet physics see Paul R Josephson, Physics and Politics in Revolutionary Russia (1991); Alexei B. Kojevnikov, Stalin’s Great Science: the Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists (2004); and for biology and the Lysenko affair David Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair (1970) and Nils Roll-Hansen, The Lysenko Effect: the Politics of Science (2005). The connection of science and technology is treated in Paul R Josephson, Red Atom: Russia’s Nuclear Power Program from Stalin to Today (2000).
Index
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abkhazia 328, 451
Adams, John Quincy 147
Adashev, Aleksei 50, 51
Adenauer, Konrad 439
Adzhubei, Aleksei 406
Afghanistan 266–267
Soviet war in 412, 446, 449
Akhmatova, Anna 340, 345, 414, 421–423
Aksakov, Ivan 202
Aksakov, Konstantin 162, 164
Alaska 153, 252
Albania 402, 441
Alekseev, Mikhail 306, 308
Alekseev, Nikolai 231
Aleksei, Saint, Metropolitan of Kiev 29, 31, 35
Aleksei I, Tsar 64–74, 108
Aleksei Alekseevich, Tsarevich (son of Aleksei I) 71, 73
Aleksei Petrovich, Tsarevich (son of Peter the Great) 79, 82, 90–92
Alembert, Jean d’ 125
Alexander I, Tsar 130, 141–154, 160, 173, 176, 232, 254, 256–257
Alexander II, Tsar 174, 176, 187–196, 190, 203, 205–206, 257, 259, 272–273
Alexander III, Tsar 206–207, 234, 238–239, 242–243, 259–260, 272–277
Alexander Nevsky, Saint, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Novgorod 22, 27, 31, 95, 418–419
Alexandra, Tsaritsa (wife of Nicholas I) 176
Alexandra, Tsaritsa (wife of Nicholas II) 278–279, 290, 297
Alexei, Tsarevich (son of Nicholas II) 279, 290
Algirdas, Grand Prince of Lithuania 28
Allende, Salvador 444
All-Russian Peasant Union 287–288
All-Union Institute of Plant-Breeding 348
Amvrosii, elder 161
Anastasiia, Tsaritsa (wife of Ivan the Terrible) 48, 51, 53, 55
Andrei Bogoliubsky, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Kiev 12
Andropov, Yurii 411–412
Anna, Empress 99–102, 104
Anna, Duchess of Brunswick-Bevern-Lüneburg 102
Anna Petrovna, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp 113
Anthès, Georges-Charles d’ 178–179
Anti-Comintern Pact (1936–37) 374
Antonii, Saint 8, 16
Apraksin, Fyodor and Petr 75, 87
Arakcheev, A.A. 151, 153–154
Araya, Francesco 104–105, 126
Argunov, Ivan 131
Aristotle 5, 10, 72, 296
Armenia 167, 449, 458
Armenian Church 16, 168, 265
Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutiun) 265
Armenians 62, 167–168, 223, 263, 265, 282, 284, 316, 330, 366
arms race 409, 429–431, 437–439, 443, 445
Asaf’ev, Boris 418
Assembly of the Land 55, 58, 64
Astrakhan’ 37–38, 49, 66
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 316
Atkinson, John Augustus 124, 144, 158
Augustus of Saxony, King of Poland 83–84
Austerlitz, Battle of 146, 148
Austria (Austria-Hungary) 77, 81–82, 91, 104, 113, 114, 118, 137, 171, 250–251, 262, 274, 286
Napoleonic wars and 140–141, 146, 149–152
partitions of Poland and 121, 135
WW I and 291–294, 297, 306
WW II and 374, 391
Averbakh, Leopold 414–415, 420
Avvakum, Archpriest 68–70
Azef, Evno 281
Azerbaidzhan 21, 167, 449
Azeris 167, 223, 263, 265–266, 284, 288, 316, 327–328
Azov 80–81, 83–84, 102
Babel, Isaak 345, 420
Baku 220, 222–223, 265–266, 284, 316, 327–329, 386
Bakunin, Michael 162–164, 183, 203
Balakirev, Milii 232–234, 337
Balanchine, George 236, 342
Balkans 5, 46, 152, 274–275, 291–294, 377, 389
Balkan Wars (pre-1914) 121, 133, 169, 239, 249–251
Ballets Russes 334, 339, 342
Baltic provinces (republics) 1, 83, 85, 87, 93, 111, 120, 139, 254–256, 271, 274, 284, 302, 306, 312, 315, 375–376
collapse of USSR and 450–452
defined 254n
emancipation of serfs in 150, 166, 188, 254
Barclay de Tolly, Michael 147–148
Bariatinskii, Prince Alexander 264
Bashkirs 62, 67, 111,
123–124, 124, 263, 288, 327
Batu, Mongol ruler 20–21
Bayle, Henri 114
Beccaria, Cesare 119
Beiliss, Mendel 290
Bekbulatovich, Semen 52
Belarus (Belorussia) 28, 29, 121, 135, 253, 289, 306, 315, 326–327, 379, 383, 391, 452
Beliaev, Mitrofan 336–337
Belinski, Vissarion 162–163, 175, 181–183
Belov, Vasilii 426
Belyi, Andrey 340, 346
Benckendorf, Alexander von 156, 160, 172, 178, 252
Beneš, Edvard 433
Benois, Alexander 338
Beria, Lavrentii 363, 366, 394, 397, 399, 401, 430
Berlin 392, 434, 437, 439–440
Wall 440, 442, 450
Berlin, Treaty of (1878) 251
Berlioz, Hector 174, 233, 337
Bessarabia 146, 148
Bestuzhev-Riumin, Aleksei 103, 114–115
Bielfeld, Baron J.F. von 119
birch bark letters 25–26, 25
Birger, Earl of Sweden 27
Biron, Ernst-Johann 101–102
Bismarck, Otto von 201, 250–251, 274
Black Hundreds 285, 289
Blok, Alexander 336, 341, 346
Bobrikov, N.I. 258
Bolsheviks xviii, 280, 285, 288, 291, 294–297, 299–315, 321, 326, 330–331, 335, 340–345, 348–350, 360–361
See also Communist Party
Bolshoi Theater 417, 457
Bolyai, Janos 185
Boris, Saint 11, 16, 31
Borodin, Alexander 232, 234
Borodino, Battle of 148
Borovikovskii, Vladimir 131
Bortnyanskii, Dmitrii 130
Bosnia 250–251, 292
Botkin, V.P. 164
Brahe, Tycho 72
Brandt, Willy 444
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 305–306, 316
Brezhnev, Leonid 401–402, 406–410, 412, 425–426, 443–444, 446
Briullov, Karl 173
Brodsky, Joseph 425
Brusilov, Aleksei 297, 301
Budennyi, Semen 313–314
Bukhara 251, 266, 269, 329
Bukharin, Nikolai 306, 310–311, 321, 323–324, 352, 357, 360, 416
Bulgakov, Mikhail 345–346, 414–415, 420, 425
Bulganin, Nikolai 394, 398, 401
Bulgaria 121, 250–251, 274–275, 293, 373, 389, 391, 432
Bulgarin, Faddei 159, 181
Bunin, Ivan 342
Bürger, Gottfried 175
Byzantine Christianity 8–10, 13–16, 18, 26
Byzantine Empire 4–9, 35–36
Cadet Corps 104–105, 107, 125–126
Campbell, Thomas 175
Caresano, Aloisio da 43
Casimir the Great, King of Poland 28
Castro, Fidel 443
Catherine I, Empress 80, 88–92, 99
Catherine II, the Great, Empress, 89 113–137, 127, 143, 148, 152, 194
Catherine, Duchess of Mecklenberg 102
Caucasian Wars 177, 263–265
Caucasus 6, 49, 249, 284, 302, 316, 327–328, 386, 459
Central Asia 20–21, 249, 251, 263, 266–269, 316, 327, 329, 367, 385, 450, 452, 455
Central Committee of the Communist Party 310, 325, 327–328, 358–360, 397, 401–402, 406–407, 416
Central Executive Committee of the Soviets 311
Chagall, Marc 340
Chamberlain, Neville 374–375
Chancellor, Richard 42
Charles XII, King of Sweden 84–87
Charter of the Nobility 132–133, 139
Charter of the Townspeople 132–133
Chateaubriand, François-René de 152
Chechens (Chechnia) 49, 168, 264, 302, 453–456
Cheka (later GPU) 304–305, 308, 312, 315, 319–320
Chekhov, Anton 336
Cherkasskii, Prince Mikhail 76
Chernenko, Konstantin 412, 447
Cherniaev, Mikhail 266
Chernobyl disaster 408, 448
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai 197–199, 201, 226, 241
Cherubini, Luigi 174
Chesme, Battle of 121
Chiang Kai-shek 332, 434–435
Chicherin, Boris 199–200
China 2, 19–20, 61, 82, 270, 276–277, 332
Communist xviii, 400, 402, 434–436, 440–443, 445–446
Chubais, Anatolii 455
Churchill, Winston xviii, 387–389
Church Slavic 8, 26, 68, 106
Chuvash 49, 67, 111
Circassians 49, 62, 67, 168, 264, 302
Civil War (1918–20) 304–310, 312–314, 319, 326–328, 341–344
Clinton, Bill 454
Cold War xvi, xvii, 412, 429–446
collective farms (kolhoz) 324, 351–357, 361, 369, 383, 396, 398–399, 403, 409–410
Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces 347
“communes” of 1930s 355
Communist International (Comintern) 311, 320, 331–333, 372–374, 389–390, 440
Communist Party
See also Bolsheviks, Central Committee of the Communist Party , Politburo
centralization of 317, 319–325, 328
Gorbachev reforms and 450
terror of 1936–38 358–360
Communist Party Congresses
of 1922 321
of 1952 396
of 1956 (Twentieth) 399, 438
Congress of People’s Deputies 450, 453–454
Congress of Soviets 302–304
Congress of Soviet Writers 415–416
Constant, Benjamin 152
Constantine XI, Emperor of Rome 35
Constantinople 6–9, 35–36, 38, 140
Constituent Assembly 299, 303–304, 306, 308
constitutional monarchy 144–145, 150, 152–154, 163–164, 187, 199–200, 257
Nicholas II and 285–292
copper revolt 66
Cossacks 55–61, 65–68, 74, 86, 110–111, 149
Civil War and 306, 308–309, 312–313, 327
revolts of 56–60, 66–67, 65–66, 123–125
Revolution of 1905 and 284
Council of Ministers 394
Council of People’s Commissars 363, 364
Council of State 138, 144, 191, 208, 286, 289
Councils of the National Economy 400
Crimea 6, 21, 34, 37–38, 48, 67, 73, 77–78, 121–122, 133, 288, 314–315, 400
Crimean War 168, 170–171, 184, 186–189, 196, 212–214, 244, 249–250, 253, 257, 261–264
Crusaders 26–27
Cuban missile crisis 402, 407, 443
Cui, Cesar 232–234
Czartoryski, Prince Adam 143
Czechoslovak Corps 306–307
Czechoslovakia 432–433, 373–375, 388
Prague Spring of 1968 443
Dagestan 168, 264, 327
Daniil, Prince of Moscow 22
Darwin, Charles 199, 230
Dashkova, Princess Elizabeth 115, 116, 129
Decembrist revolt 152–156, 165–166, 176–178
Deng Xiaoping 445
Denikin, Anton 308–309, 312–314
Denmark 4, 39
war of 1700 and 83
war of 1762 and 115
Depression 332, 372
Derviz, P.G. von 214
Derzhavin, Gavriil 129–130
de-Stalinization 401, 424, 441
détente 445
Diaghilev, Sergei 337–339, 342
Diderot, Denis 125
Dimitrov, Georgii 364, 373
dissidents, Soviet 411–412, 426, 428, 445, 449
Dmitrii, Tsarevich (son of Ivan the Terrible) 53–54
See also False Dmitrii
Dmitrii Donskoi, Grand Prince of Moscow and Vladimir 23, 31
Dokuchaev, Vasilii 229
Dolgorukii, Prince Iakov 74, 77, 87
Dolgorukii, Prince Vasilii 87, 91–92, 99
Donbass (Don River basin) 213, 219, 222, 271, 312, 330, 357
, 363, 366
Don Cossacks 304, 308–309
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 165–166, 182, 201, 230, 240–243, 290, 424
Dubelt, General 160
Dudaev, Dzhokhar 454
dumas
See also Russian Duma
boyar 40, 53, 55, 60, 83, 176
city 274
Dutch East India Company 42
Dzerzhinskii, Felix 305
Eastern Europe 389–390, 398, 400, 409, 431–434, 437, 441, 444
collapse of Communism in 450
Eastern Slavs 1, 3, 7
East Slavic language 1, 28
Editorial Committee 189
Egypt 140, 169–170, 441
Ehrenburg, Ilya 423–424
Eisenhower, Dwight 438, 442
Eisenstein, Sergei 27, 51, 284, 344, 385, 418–419, 421
Ekaterina, Tsaritsa (wife of Alexander II) 205
Ekaterina Pavlovna, Grand Duchess (sister of Alexander I) 145
elections
of 1906–17 286–289
of 1996 455
Gorbachev reforms and 450
Elena Glinskaia, Grand Princess of Moscow (wife of Vasilii III) 47, 48
Elena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess 161, 174, 189, 231
Elizabeth, Empress 89, 99, 102–106, 113–115, 122, 126, 131, 302
Elizabeth I, Queen of England 50
Elphinstone, John 121
Emancipation Statute 216, 233
Engelhardt, V.V. 174
English Bible Society 150
English Muscovy Company 42
Erevan 167–168, 265
Estonia 26–27, 51, 84, 150, 254–256, 284, 314
Ethiopia 444
Etholén, Arvid Adolf 252
Evdokiia, Tsaritsa (wife of Peter the Great) 79, 82
Ezhov, Nikolai 358–360, 363
Factory Inspectorate 226
Falconet, Etienne-Maurice 89, 131
A Concise History of Russia (Cambridge Concise Histories) Page 56