Bühler, Professor Georg, 286, 287, 295, 311, 314, 315, 327–8
Burgess, James, 90–2, 117, 303–5
Burma, xiii, 78, 80, 186, 300, 333
Burnouf, Eugène, 128, 184, 185–6, 187, 196, 200, 222, 223, 225
Burt, Lieutenant Thomas, 138, 139, 221, 269
Calcutta (now Kolkata), 26, 70, 71, 81, 87, 115, 121, 142, 154, 183, 263; Bengal Supreme Court, 25–6, 29, 30; Christian cemetery, 28–9; eclipse of by Bombay in Indian studies, 285–6; Fort William College, 73, 74, 121, 130; Indian Museum in, 276, 322; Mint, 74, 124, 129, 130; Prinsep memorial structure, 121–3, 122; Sanskrit college, 75, 310
Cambridge University, 310
Canna dynasty, 36
Canning, Lord, 252, 263
Carllyle, Archibald, 263–4, 269, 291–5, 293
caste system, xix, 264, 286, 287, 357, 368, 369, 371, 400; authority of the Brahman order and, xv, xviii; Buddhist criticism of, 126, 357; caste rules of kingship, 34–5, 76; Dalit untouchable caste, 357; intolerance and, 22, 205; Kshatriya caste, 34–5, 76, 193, 209–10, 308, 357, 363, 364, 373; Shudra caste, 34, 291; Vaisya caste, 32, 364; see also Brahman caste
caves: of Ajanta, 72, 116–19, 117, 288; at Barabar Hills, 38, 39, 225, 298; Ellora cave temples, 41, 109, 288; Hathigumpha or ‘Elephant’s Cave’ (Khandagiri, Orissa), 108–9, 110, 112–13, 133, 154, 155; inscriptions in, 38–40, 108–9, 112–13, 133, 225, 268, 269, 295, 304; Kanheri caves (near Bombay), 116; Lomas Rishi Cave, 39; MRE sites, 349, 350, 351, 352, 376; at Nagarjuni Hills, 38–40, 39, 41, 169, 225, 395; paintings in, 115–19, 117, 294; Panguraria site, 349–51, 376; Sassaram cave inscription, 268, 269, 351
Ceylon, xiii, 78, 98–100, 102–4, 116, 141, 199, 310; Anuradhapura, 104–5, 147, 149, 150, 151; Ashoka and, 147–50, 151, 199, 296, 298, 386, 387, 390; becomes crown colony (1796), 97–8; Buddhism in, 98–102, 104–5, 116, 164–5, 186–7, 199; Mahinda’s mission to, 148–9, 152, 296, 386; see also Mahavamsa (’Great Dynastic Chronicle’)
Champollion, Jean François, 250
Chanakya, Brahman, 35, 66–7, 83, 101, 143, 363–5, 366, 368, 371, 372, 373, 375; Arthashastra (’Treatise on State Economy’), 306–9, 365, 367, 369, 372, 375
Chandagirika, 190, 191
Chandragupta, King (also Androkottos/Sandrokoptos/Sisikottos/Siso costus/Sashigupta): abdication of, 84, 372; administrative system of, 307, 370–1; Alexander the Great and, 50–1, 53, 55, 57–8, 365–6; arrival of Buddhim in Lanka and, 199; background of, 363–4, 366; Brahman Chanakya and, 35, 66–7, 83, 101, 143, 306, 363, 364–5, 366, 367; chronology of reign, 178, 296, 297, 366–7; as founder of Maurya dynasty, 35, 36, 200; as Jain devotee, 84, 372, 374; as Meroes, 53, 58, 365; omitted from Legend of King Ashoka, 188; overthrow of Nanda dynasty by, 35, 66–7, 68, 83–4, 143, 306–7, 363, 365, 366; in the Puranas, 35, 68; Rudradaman inscription, 289; rule of, 369–71; Seleukos and, 57–8, 59–61, 67, 68, 176, 367–9, 376; twelve-year famine during reign of, 316
Chandragupta II, King, 205
Chapman, Captain J. J., 104–5
Chennai Museum, 88, 90, 91, 92
Chetiyagiri (’the Hill of the Stupa’), 148, 152, 244, 248; see also Sanchi (chaitya giri or ‘hill of shrines’)
Childers, Robert, xvii, 310
China, 78, 186, 201, 202, 203, 210, 211, 219; Buddhist pilgrims to India, 201, 203–9, 210–19, 235, 253, 317, 318 (see also Faxian; Xuanzang); Cultural Revolution, 203
Chola tribes, 175
Christianity: Capuchin mission (from 1707), 22–3; English Puritanism, xv; evangelical Anglicisation of India, 114–15, 154; William Jones and, 37; Tibet-Hindustan Mission of the Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith in Rome, 23
Claphamite Sect, 114
coinage, 111, 113, 131–2, 135, 221, 238, 276–7, 289; Bactrian, 133, 134, 163, 229, 234, 262; Cunningham and, 134, 201, 234, 261–2, 276, 302; Hellenistic, 46, 60, 113, 133, 163, 234, 262, 276, 336; Mackenzie and, 83, 110, 133; Prinsep and, 129, 133–4, 135, 137, 161, 163, 201; punch-marked coins, 133–4, 135, 261–2, 285, 314, 371–2
Colebrooke, Henry, 42, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 113–14, 137
Collège de France, 184
constitution, Indian (November 1949), 357
Cook, Captain James, 25
Cornwallis Permanent Settlement (1789), 37
Court, General Claude Auguste (French mercenary), 131, 132, 229, 260, 261
Cowell, Edward, 310
cricket, 7
Cunningham, General Sir Alexander: archaeology and, 136–7, 235–6, 237–40, 243, 244, 245, 246–9, 261, 270–6, 295, 304; on Asiatic Society of Bengal, 285–6; Bharhut excavation site, xvii, 269–78, 319, 377; classical Gandharan art and, 338; coinage and, 134, 201, 234, 261–2, 276, 302; Director of the Archaeological Survey of India, 252–63; Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, xvii, 236, 263–78, 291, 294–302, 304, 305, 312, 318–19; Inscriptions of Asoka (1877), 295–7; military career, 134, 137, 221–2, 228, 235, 252, 252–3; public indifference to discoveries of, 249–50; rivalry with Kittoe, 221–2, 224, 225–6; at Sanchi, 236–41, 243, 244, 245, 246–9, 274, 334, 335, 382, 387; at Sankisa, 206, 220–1, 255–7, 255–7, 256; at Sarnath, 136–7, 226, 237, 333; Shahbazgarhi inscription and, 228, 230, 231–2, 233; shrine of Rupnath and, 264–6, 266, 268
Cunningham, Joseph, 236
Curtius (Quintus Curtius Rufus), 45, 49, 50, 51, 54
Curzon, Lord, 332
Cyrus the Great, 363
Dalit underclass, Indian, 357
Damodara, King, 77
Darius (last Achaemenid emperor), 47, 56
Darjeeling, 183, 184
Dasharatha, King, 36, 169, 225, 378, 395, 396
Dayan Ta (’Wild Goose Pagoda’, China), 203, 219
de Joinville, Joseph, 98
de Koros, Csoma, 128–9, 130, 138
Deimachos, 61, 369
Delhi, 7–15; Timurid sacking of, 15–16; see also Lat of Firoz Shah (Delhi)
della Tomba, Father Marco, 23, 38, 138
Deorkothar monastic complex, 358–9, 397
Devanamapiyatissa, King, 147–8, 149–50, 151, 164–8, 390
Devi (wife of Ashoka), 144, 148, 152, 248, 376, 379
Dhammika, Venerable Shravasti, 171–2, 405
Dhanyakataka, 91, 305
Dharma, concept of, xviii–xix, 335, 339, 355–6, 369, 380, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387; Hindu and Jain ethics and, xviii–xix, 358; mahamatras (special religious officers), 283, 383, 389; in Pillar or Rock Edicts, xix, 165, 167, 171–5, 176–8, 179–80, 358, 383, 389; Sakyamuni Buddha and, xix, 78, 165, 335, 386, 387
Dharmapala, Angarika, 301, 302
Dharmekh stupa at Sarnath see Sarnath complex of ruins
Didarganj Yakshi, 322–4, 335
Diodoros Siculos, 54, 61
Diodotos Soter, 62, 260
Dowson, John, 229–30
D’Oyly, Sir Charles, 39, 63, 79
du Perron, Abraham Anquetil, 24
Duncan, Jonathan, 43–4, 85, 136, 225, 286
Dutch East India Company, 97
East India Company (EICo), 17, 24, 25, 29, 37, 71–4, 110–11, 184; Anglicisation of India and, 43–4, 115, 250; archaeological enquirers, 221, 224; army campaigns (early nineteenth-century), 71–2, 105–8; end of rule of, 252; Mints, 74, 120, 124–5, 129, 130; Mughal dynasty and, 21, 32; surveying and, 64, 65, 73, 78–81, 82, 85, 292; wars (1845-9), 228
Ellenborough, Lord, 183–4
Elliot, Walter, 88, 280–2, 285, 304
Elphinstone College (Bombay), 286, 288
Enlightenment, European, 24, 26–7
epigraphy, 111, 166, 200, 236, 286, 288, 295, 315, 327–8, 350; Epigraphia Carnatica (Lewis Rice), 305
Eudemos (Macedonian general), 54, 55, 57, 59, 68, 366
Falconer, Dr Hugh, 131
Falk, Harry, 311, 313, 350
Fateh Khan, 15
Faxian (Chinese Buddhist), 203–9, 211, 212, 225, 253, 260, 296, 302, 312, 317; Foguo-ji (’A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms’), 200–1, 204, 206, 220–1, 224; King
Wuyou and, 205, 206–9, 210, 212, 213, 216
Fell, Captain Edward, 140
Fergusson, James, 117, 281, 304
Feroz Shah Kotla stadium (Delhi), 7
Finch, William, 13, 16
Firdusi (Persian poet), 24
Firishta (Persian historian), 33
Firoz Shah Tughluq, Sultan, 6, 7, 8–14, 15–16, 20, 24, 296; hunting lodge (North of Delhi), 13, 20; see also Lat of Firoz Shah (Delhi)
Fleet, Dr John, 286
Fort William College (Calcutta), 73, 74, 121, 130
Foucher, Dr Alfred, 337–8, 339, 343, 344, 346, 348; The Monuments of Sanchi (with John Marshall), 339–46
Fox, Reverend William Buckly, 99–100, 101, 104, 105, 141, 168–9; Dictionary of the Ceylon–Portuguese, Singalese and English Languages (1819), 99
France, 24, 72, 98, 114, 200–1, 220, 337–8, 339; Hodgson and, 128, 184, 185, 186
Franklin, Major William, 107–8, 108, 340
Führer, Dr Anton, 303, 310–14, 311, 322, 326, 327, 328
Gallé (Buddhist priest), 103, 104
Gandhara, 132, 209, 243, 273, 328, 338, 339, 399; Alexander the Great and, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 59; Faxian and Xuanzang in, 204–5, 211–12; Macedonian rule, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 131–2, 133, 262, 367; Seleukos’s surrender of, 60, 367
Gandhi, Indira, 355, 357
Gandhi, M.K., 348, 356
Gerard, Dr James, 131, 132
Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq, 8
Ghulam Qadir, 40
Girnar edict rock, 112, 230, 231, 232, 257, 266, 279, 282; dating of, 178, 260, 268; Prinsep’s reading of inscription, 163, 170, 171, 175, 176, 177–8; REs 1–14 on, 170, 171, 174, 175, 177, 357, 380; Rudradaman inscription, 288–9; Tod’s discovery of, 111–12, 114, 133, 158, 177
Gorkhas of Nepal, 106
Gosala, Maskarin, 225
Greek mercenaries in India, 189, 272, 377
Guimet, Musée (Paris), 89, 92
Gupta era (330–550 CE), 136, 137, 160, 205, 209, 246, 294, 306, 324, 333, 385
Halhed, Nathaniel, 32, 99
Harrington, John, 37, 38–40, 41, 42, 169
Harris, Lieutenant J., 106
Harsha the Great, 209–10, 214, 218, 390–1, 399
Hastings, Warren, 29, 30, 31, 33, 43, 114, 115, 332
Heber, Reverend Reginald, 22
Hemachandra, Acharya, 83
Herodotus, 45, 47
Hinduism: Bhagavad Gita, 19, 33; Buddha in texts of, 37, 41–2; Dharma concept and, xviii–xix, 358; female infanticide and, 43–4, 115; Hindu-Muslim violence in Varanasi (1805), 21–2; Indian nationalism and, xiii, 348, 357–8; Mahabharat, 7, 31–2; Maratha warlords, 21, 72, 105; Muslim iconoclasm and, xv, 7, 9, 19–20, 21; in Nepal, 22; Ramayana, 31–2, 354, 356; Sanskrit and, 23–4, 32–3, 348; sati (immolation of widows), 115; Shaivite, 19, 21, 228, 254, 396; Staff of Shiva at Varanasi, 19–20, 21, 22; temples, xiii–xiv, xv, 9, 19–21, 28, 109–10, 126, 216, 228, 255, 318–19, 322, 359; see also Brahmanism; caste system; Puranas
Hindutva movement, xiii, 357, 358
Hoare, Captain James, 71, 139, 140
Hodgson, Brian Houghton, 123, 125–8, 131, 138–9, 140, 183, 184–5, 185; Csoma de Koros and, 128–9; gifts to French scholarship, 128, 184, 185, 186; Nepal and, 123, 125–6, 184
Hoey, Dr William, 314–17, 315
Hultzsch, Dr Eugen (Ernst), 309–10
the Huns, 209–10, 211
Hunter, Sir William, 184
India Act (1813), 115
Indian Antiquary (journal), 282, 304
Indian Civil Service (ICS), 37, 73, 282, 286
Indian Mutiny (1857-8), 252
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), 29, 122–3
Indian scholars, native, 286–91
Indraji, Bhagavan Lal, 288–90
Indraprastha, 7
infanticide, female, 43–4, 115
Ipsus, battle of (301 BCE), 368
Islam, xvi, 31–2, 33; conquests of India, xii–xiii, 1–5, 7, 234; ‘Mosque of the Staff’ in Varanasi, 19–20, 21, 125; religious intolerance/iconoclasm, xv, xvi, 9, 19–20, 298; see also mosques
Jaffna, old fortress, 97
Jagannath temple at Puri (Orissa), xiii, 9
Jaggayyapeta monument (’Hill of Wealth’), 92, 93, 305
Jainism, 51, 108, 109, 125, 177, 271, 290, 363, 391, 396; Chandragupta and, 84, 372, 374; Dharma concept and, xviii–xix, 358; Mackenzie and, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86; Mahavira, 84, 225, 366–7; Parisishtaparvan (The Lives of the Jain Elders), 83–5, 366–7, 395; sculpture, 298, 336; temples, 7, 111
Jalauka, King (son of Ashoka), 77, 228, 396
Jambudwipa (’Blackberry Island’, Indian subcontinent), 34, 100, 101, 143, 144, 151, 198, 203, 208, 248
Japan, 186, 219
Jaugada, 279–80, 281, 281–2, 284–5, 352
Jehangir, Emperor, 16, 19, 138
Jesuit order, 23
Jetavana monastery at Sravasti, 151, 214, 274
Johnston, Alexander, 98–100, 113–14
Jones, Anna Maria, 31, 70
Jones, Sir William, 24–7, 26, 29–38, 40–3, 369; as Asiatic Society President, 30, 41, 67–8, 70–1, 77; death of (27 April 1795), 70; Digest of Hindu and Muslim Law, 70; Lat or pillar inscriptions and, 38, 40–1, 137; Macedonian invasions of India and, 45, 48, 51, 63; Sanskrit and, 32, 33, 65, 75, 101; synchronology and, 44–5, 63–8, 178
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal JASB), 119, 130–1, 132–3, 138, 140, 141, 230, 235
Julien, Stanislas, 200, 201, 253
Justin (Marcus Junianus Justinus), 49, 57, 58
Jwalamukhi temple in Kangra, 276
Kalhana, Rajatarangini or ‘River of Kings’, 76–7, 141, 228
Kalinga, 9, 360, 373, 383, 397; conquest of, 176–7, 179, 187, 282–4, 285, 298, 361, 380; omission of REs 11–13 in, 170, 177, 282–3, 348, 416–18; Separate Rock Edicts (SREs 1 and 2), 170, 282–4, 348, 352, 416–18
Kalsi, 257–9, 258, 260, 266, 268, 282, 380
Kandahar, xix, 47, 151, 338, 339, 352, 367
Kanishka, King, 204, 210, 212
Kapilavastu, 19, 191, 214, 312, 313, 317, 322, 326, 327, 329, 330
Kashmir, 141, 151, 189, 197, 366, 396; Buddhism and, 76–7, 213, 228
Kasia, statue of the Buddha at, 294
Keay, John, India Discovered (1981), xv
Kendriya Vidyalaya Government School (Kolkata), 121
Keralaputra tribes, 175
Kern, Johann Hendrik, 297
Khosrau (Chosroes), King, 209
Kipling, Rudyard, 29
Kittoe, Markham, 112, 155–8, 169–70, 201, 221–2, 224–6, 254, 280, 360
Kolkata see Calcutta (now Kolkata)
Konarak, temple of Surya at, xiv
Korea, 186, 219
Kosambi, 151, 253, 257, 269
kotla of Firoz Shah (Delhi), 6, 13, 15–16
Kukkutarama (Cock) monastery see Ashokarama monastic complex (Kukkutarama, ‘Cock’ monastery)
Kumrahar village (Patna), 319–24, 321, 325
Kunala (Ashoka’s son), 36, 192–4, 298, 391, 394, 396; blinding of, 193–4, 198–9, 213, 298, 392, 395; as governor of Taxila, 193, 298, 392, 395
Kushans, 134, 204, 205, 285, 294, 298, 300, 328, 330, 385
Kushinagara, 191, 207, 215, 294
Kyd, Colonel, 71
Laidley, J.W., 224
Lal Kot (Red Fort) (Delhi), 7, 40
Lalat Indra Kesari, Raja, 108
languages and scripts/alphabets: Aramaic, 133, 229, 262, 338, 339, 363, 370; Ashokan Brahmi, xi, 163, 299, 314; Bengali, 32; Devanagri, 38; Grammar of the Bengali Language (Nathaniel Halhed), 32; Kharosthi, xviii, 133, 230, 273, 306, 353–4, 370, 381; Pali, xvii, xviii, xix, 42, 99–100, 103, 128, 142, 161, 185, 187, 286, 310, 348; Persian, 10, 24, 31, 133, 376; Prakrit, xviii, xix, 42, 142, 162–3, 187, 230, 315, 329, 351, 354, 363, 371, 381; Sinhalese (today Sinhala), 99, 103; Tibetan, 128–9, 138–9, 162, 197; see also Brahmi No. 1 script (Brahmi Lipi); Sanskrit
Langudi Hi
lls, 360–2
Lanka see Ceylon
Lat of Firoz Shah (Delhi), 6, 11–16, 40–1, 85, 90, 109, 129, 133, 152, 170–1; eye-copies/rubbings of inscriptions, 24, 40, 71, 139; PE 7 on, 353, 388; Prinsep’s translation of inscription, 137, 139–40, 162, 163–8
Lauriya-Araraj pillar, 106, 140, 292
Lauriya-Nandangarh pillar, 17–18, 18, 38, 138, 139–40, 246
Law, Thomas, 18, 37–8
Lawrence, Lord, 263
Layard, Henry, 249
Leyden, John, 73–5, 232
London University, 310
Lumbini, 191, 207, 298, 317, 330; Garden, 312–13; pillar at, 214–15, 303, 312–13, 326, 387
Lumsden, Captain Harry, 230, 234
Macaulay, Thomas, 154
Macedonian Wars of the Diadochi/Successors, 56, 57, 62, 367–8
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 309
Mackenzie, Colonel Colin, xiv, 69, 82–3, 84, 85–9, 98, 109, 110–11, 133, 280–1
Magadha, kingdom of: Ashoka as king of, 178, 189–96, 197–9, 207–9, 213, 222–3, 260, 268, 269, 377–95; Chandragupta’s usurption of throne, 363–5, 366–7; end of Maurya dynasty, 36, 218, 396–7; in Great Dynastic Chronicle, 101, 142, 143–5, 147–8, 149; language of, 142, 162–3, 329, 354, 381; in Legend of King Ashoka, 188–96; origins of Buddhism and, 42–3, 78, 101; overthrow of Nanda dynasty, 66–7, 83, 365, 366; Piprahwa inscription, 329–30; in the Puranas, 34–6, 68, 77, 80, 169, 373, 395, 396–7; Rajagriha as first capital, 224; Xuanzang in, 216–19; see also Mauryan dynasty; Pataliputra (capital city of Magadha)
Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor Page 40