Magas (half-brother of Ptolemy II), 259, 260
Mahabharata, 7, 31
Mahabodhi temple at Bodhgaya see Bodhgaya, great temple at
Mahabun mountain, 230, 231, 233–5, 364, 365
Mahasthan walled city, 316
Mahavamsa (’Great Dynastic Chronicle’), 99, 187, 197, 296, 387; Ashoka in, 100–2, 141, 144–52, 164–5, 186, 249, 267–8, 284, 375, 378, 379, 382, 395; Bindusara in, 101, 143–4, 145, 368; Chetiyagiri/Sanchi in, 148, 152, 248; Dipavamsa (Island Chronicle) as early source for, 143, 168, 379; early Buddhist elders and missionaries in, 247, 248, 387; Fox’s purported translation of, 100–2, 104, 105, 141; Turnour’s translation of, 103–4, 105, 141–52, 164–5, 168, 186, 229
Mahavira, 84, 225, 366–7
Mahinda (son of Ashoka), 144, 150, 248, 296, 297, 351, 376; Buddhism and, 146, 148–9, 186, 296, 298, 379; mission to Lanka, 148–9, 152, 296, 386
Mahmud of Ghazni, xii–xiii, 234
Maisey, Fred, 237, 240–3, 245, 247, 249, 334, 342, 343, 345, 387
Majumdar, N.G., 340
Manikyala Tope, 129, 260
Manjusri-mula-tantra (The Root of the Doctrine of Manjusri), 373
Manu (son of god Brahma), 34, 37, 308, 369
mapping of India, 64, 82, 125
Maratha warlords, 21, 72, 105
Marco Polo, 37
Marshall, John (1876-1958), 262, 326, 332–3, 336, 337, 339, 348; The Monuments of Sanchi (with Alfred Foucher), 339–46
Marshall, John (first British Orientalist), 17–19, 23, 138, 332
Masson, Charles (James Lewis), 131, 228, 229, 260
Masulipatam town square, 87–8, 281
Mathura, holy city of, 111, 188, 197, 205, 277, 298–9, 336, 359, 382, 387
Matyendranath, yogi, 264
Mauryan dynasty, xix, 77, 126, 127, 143–5, 299, 300, 326, 336, 338, 353; administrative system, 315, 316, 370–1, 388–9; Brahmanism and, 370, 371, 372–3, 378, 379, 384–5, 391, 396; Brahmi alphabet and, 133; caste system and, 369–70; chronology of, 35–6, 68, 296–8, 366–7; coinage, 262, 285, 371–2; end of, 36, 91, 196, 200, 218, 246–7, 277, 278, 288, 304, 359, 396–7; fine sculpture and, 322–4, 335; founding of, 35, 36, 67, 68, 83, 143, 200, 296, 297, 363; modern scholarly publications on, 309–10; origins of family, 364; peacocks and, 83, 364; succession to Ashoka, 395–6; yakshi fertility goddesses, 318, 322–4; see also Ashoka; Bindusara, King; Chandragupta, King
Megasthenes, India, 45, 61–2, 64, 65, 176, 273, 320, 369–70, 372
Mehta, Gita, 355–6
microliths, 294
Mieza, school at, 47
‘Might of Islam’ mosque, Delhi, 7–8, 10
Mill, Reverend William, 142
Minhaj-ud-din (a judge of Ghor), 4
Minto, Lord, 74
Mishra, P.K., 358–9
Mitra, Mrs Debala, 285
Mitra, Rajendra Lala, 277, 291, 295, 300, 301; The Antiquities of Orissa, 291
Moggaliputta Tissa, 145, 146, 147, 148, 186, 187, 248, 296, 382
Mohenjo-Daro excavations (1922), 332
The Monkey King (Chinese novel), 202, 220
Moodaliar, Murugesa, 88, 90, 91
Mookerji, Dr Radhakumud, 347, 387
mosques: in Delhi, 7–8, 9, 10, 15–16; in Varanasi, 19–20, 21, 22, 125
Mughal dynasty, xv, 15, 16, 20–1, 32, 40, 74, 138, 232–3
Muhammad, Prophet, 210
Muhammad Bakhtiyar, 1–3, 4–5, 7, 81
Muhammad bin Tughluq, 8
Muhammad Hasan Nizami, Sadruddin, 2
Muhammad of Ghor, Sultan, 2, 4
Mukherjee, B.N., 361
Mukherji, Babu Purna Chandra, 317, 321–2, 324
Müller, Max, 249, 295, 310
Murray, William, 96, 159, 341–2
Mutasiwo, King, 147
Mysore, 72, 73, 82, 305–6, 307, 336, 372, 373
Naga snake cult, 199, 240, 272, 275, 340, 341, 342
Nalanda, Mahavihara of, xvi, 1, 3–5, 81, 218–19, 254, 400
Nalanda International University, 400
Nanda dynasty: Dhana Nanda (also Nandrus, Xandrames or Aggrames), 54, 58, 59, 66, 67, 83, 143, 306, 363–4, 365, 366, 368; overthrow of, 35, 66–7, 68, 83–4, 143, 306–7, 363, 365, 366; usurption of throne, 34–5, 76
Nath order of ascetics, 264
nationalism, Indian, xiii, xv, 291, 326, 347–8
Nearchos (Macedonian admiral), 54, 273, 354
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 309, 355, 356
Neil, Robert Alexander, 310
Nepal, xiii, 182, 186, 197, 216, 288, 292, 294, 322, 399; Buddhism in, 78, 80, 126–8, 127, 186, 216; Capuchin mission to (1715), 22; Hodgson and, 123, 125–8, 138, 184; Lumbini Garden, 312–13; Nigliva Sagar inscription, 310–12, 311, 313, 327, 387; Patan, 126–7, 127, 182; surrender of North Bihar to EICo, 106
Nigrodha (Ashoka’s nephew), 145, 187, 268, 379
Nirgranthas (sect), 386
Nodaris, George, 168
Norris, Edwin, 228, 229, 230
North, Frederick, 98
Nysa, city of, 49
Oertal, F.O., 333–4, 336
Old Testament, 37, 250
Omphis of Taxila, King, 46, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55
Orientalism, European, xv–xvii, xix, 43, 78, 113, 123–31, 200, 249, 332; in Ceylon, 98–100, 102–4; hostility of local inhabitants, 155–7, 339–40; John Marshall as first Orientalist, 17–19, 23, 138, 332; opposition to Anglicists and evangelicals, 115, 154; Sanskrit and, 23–4, 31–3
Oxford History of India, 315
Padmavati (Ashoka’s queen), 192, 298
Pakse, Rajah, 99
Pala dynasty, 3
paleontology, 294–5
Palibothra or Palimbothra see Pataliputra (capital city of Magadha)
the Pandavas, 7, 10–11, 17–18
Pandya (Pida) tribes, 175
Panguraria MRE site, 349–51, 376
Panini (grammarian), 363
Parkham giant, 299, 335, 336
Parthia, 62–3, 260
Parvataka, King, 83–4, 366, 367
Pataliputra (capital city of Magadha, also Palibothra or Palimbothra), 80, 342, 363, 368, 376; archaeological excavations, 317–26, 325; Ashoka seizes power in, 144, 189–91, 377–9; after Ashoka’s death, 395, 396; blinded Kunala returns to, 193–4, 392; Chandragupta’s attack on, 66, 83; Faxian and Xuanzang in, 207–8, 216, 317; geographical location of, 61–2, 64–5; Great Assembly Hall, 325, 326, 386–7; Patna as site of, 64–5, 68, 224, 317–20, 387; Seleukos and, 59, 61; in Taranatha’s History, 197–9; see also Ashokarama (monastic complex)
Patna, 17, 34, 38, 63, 317–20, 322, 323, 326, 339; Kumrahar village, 319–24, 321, 325; as site of Pataliputra, 64–5, 68, 224, 317–20, 387
Peithon (Macedonian general), 57, 59, 68
Peppé, William Claxton, 326–8
Perdiccas (Macedonian general), 56
Persepolis, 55, 324
Persia, 46–7, 50, 51, 55–6, 164, 321, 326, 336; Achaeminids, 46, 324, 354, 363; language and, 10, 24, 31, 133, 376; Sassanid emperors, 209, 211; Seleucid Empire, 57, 58, 59–60, 61, 62–3, 176, 335, 367, 368, 374
Peterson, Dr Peter, 286–7
Petissa the Second, King of Lanka, 100–2
Philippos (Macedonian general), 53, 54, 55, 59, 366
Pillar Edicts, xi–xii, 186, 388–90, 418–25; in Afghanistan, 338–9; Ashoka revealed as author of, 168–9, 179–80, 249; compared to Rock Edicts, 170–1; condition of those surviving, 352–3; dating of, 268, 296, 298, 381–2, 385; deliberate destruction of, 352, 353, 354, 359, 397; at Deorkothar monastic complex, 358–9; Dharma concept in, xix, 165, 167, 171–5, 176–8, 179–80, 358, 383, 389; Gotihawa, 327; influence of Arthashastra on, 307–8; at Kosambi, 257; Lauriya-Araraj pillar, 106, 140, 292; Lauriya-Nandangarh pillar, 17–18, 18, 38, 138, 139–40, 246; Lumbini pillar, 214–15, 303, 312–13, 326, 387; Nigliva Sagar inscription (Western Nepal), 310–12, 311, 313, 327, 387; Prinsep’s translations of, 159–68; production of, 353–4; Rampurva pillars, 292�
��4; royal highway in North Bihar, 387; at Sanchi, 244–6, 245; sanctity of, 340; at Sarnath, 215, 226, 331, 334; Schism Edicts, 244–5, 257, 334, 352, 382; size of, 353; tally of known Edicts (in 1877), 295–6; transportation of, 295–6, 353
pillars, monumental: at Allahabad, 16, 71, 85, 109, 137–8, 140, 159, 163, 244, 294; at Bhaskareshvara, 109–10; at Delhi Ridge, 13, 85; seen by della Tomba and Law, 23, 38; at Hisar, 10, 15; John Marshall sees (1670s), 17–18; at Kushinagara, 215; at Sankisa, 207, 213–14, 255–7, 259; Staff of Shiva at Varanasi, 19–20, 21, 22; at Vaishali, 151, 215; Xuanzang and, 213–14, 215, 216, 226, 253, 255, 312–13, 334; see also Lat of Firoz Shah (Delhi); Pillar Edicts (PE 1–7)
Pindaris (marauding gangs), 105–6
Piprahwa stupas, 326–30
Pliny the Elder, 58, 59–60, 61
Plutarch (Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus), 50, 54, 57, 58
Polier, Antoine, 40
Poros, King, 16, 46, 52–3, 54, 56, 57, 365
Pradhan, D.R., 361
Pradotya dynasty, 34
Prinsep, Henry Thoby, 154
Prinsep, James, 123–5, 129–42, 225, 226, 229, 268, 295, 341; as Asiatic Society Secretary, 130–3, 138, 139, 141–2, 154–5, 159–65; Brahmi No. 1 script and, 138–41, 153, 158–68, 169–78, 179–80; coinage and, 129, 133–4, 135, 137, 161, 163, 201; death of, 123, 180–1, 183, 201; drawings/engravings by, 28, 96, 120, 129, 135, 138, 153; Kharosthi language and, 133, 230; memorial structure (Kolkata), 121–3, 122; mistakes Devanamapiyatissa for Ashoka, 164–8; proto-Sanskrit languages and, 137, 230; reading of Girnar and Dhauli rock inscriptions, 158, 163, 170–8, 282; Sanchi inscriptions and, 153, 158–62, 163, 168, 236, 238; translation of Firoz Shah Lat inscription, 162, 163–8
Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha, 22
Ptolemy (Greek geographer), 45, 290
Ptolemy II Philadelphos, 178, 179, 259, 260
Ptolemy III, 62, 179
Ptolemy of Egypt, 49, 62, 178, 368
Punjab, 15, 21, 53–4, 57, 131, 132, 205, 228–35, 260–2
Puranas, 28, 76, 80, 141, 142, 200, 221, 238, 306; Ashoka in, xi, 35, 36, 68, 77, 169; Ashoka’s successor in, 395, 396; Bindusara in, 35, 36, 68, 373; Chandragupta in, 35, 36, 67, 68; ‘chronology’/lists of kings in, 33–6, 169, 196, 296
Puritanism, English, xv
Purnavarman, King, 218
Purushpura (modern Peshawar), 204, 212
Pushpagiri, Great Monastery of, 360
Pushyamitra, King, 195–6, 200, 246–7, 254, 277, 278, 359, 397
Queen’s College (Benares), 225, 297
Qutb-ud-din Aybak, 2, 7–8, 9
Radhacant, Pandit, 33, 34
Radhagupta, 189–90, 195, 372, 375, 377, 393, 394
Raja the Great, King, 218
Rajagriha, 208, 224
Rajaguru Sri Subuthi Maha Vihara monastery (Waskaduwa, Sri Lanka), xvii
Rajgir, town of (’House of Kings’), 80, 151, 224, 342
Rakshasa Katyayan, 66–7, 369, 372
Ram Mohan Roy, 73, 130
Ramagrama relic stupa, 340, 341, 342
Ramayana, 31, 354
Ramlochan, Pandit, 32, 33
Rampurva pillars, 292–4
Rana, General Sumsher Khadga, 303, 312
Ranjit Singh, Maharaja, 132, 261
Rashtrapati Bhavan residence, 294
Ratna Paula, 163, 166
religious intolerance, xiii, xiv–xv, xvi, 9, 19–20, 22, 43, 298
Renaissance, Bengal, 73, 121
Rennell, Major James, 64–5
Rhys Davids, Thomas, 310, 330, 346
Rice, Benjamin Lewis, 305–6
Rock Edicts, xi–xii, 186, 388, 389, 405–15; in Afghanistan, 338–9; Ashoka revealed as author of, 168–9, 179–80, 249; Bairat-Calcutta Minor Rock Edict, 221–3, 268–9, 352; carved on slabs, 348; compared to Pillar Edicts, 170–1; dating of, 178, 260, 268, 296, 298, 381–2, 383, 385; Dharma concept in, xix, 165, 167, 171–5, 176–8, 179–80, 358, 383, 389; Dhauli Rock Edict, 155–8, 169–71, 174, 177, 201, 232, 258, 266, 268, 282–3, 284, 352, 360; edict sites found since independence, 348–51; elephant images, 157, 157, 231, 232, 257–9, 258, 360, 360, 397; Erragudi RE, 337; influence of Arthashastra on, 307–8; at Jaugada, 279–80, 281, 281–2, 284–5; at Kalsi, 257–9, 258, 260, 266, 268; Khandagiri (Orissa), 108–9, 110, 112–13, 133, 154–5; Mansehra, 262, 364; Maski MRE, 337; Minor Rock Edicts (MRE), 110–11, 266–7, 268–9, 298, 305–6, 336–7, 348, 349–52, 379, 380–1; in Mysore State, 305–6, 336–7; omission of REs 11–13 in Kalinga, 170, 177, 282–3, 348, 416–18; Prinsep’s translations of, 158, 163, 170–8; production of, 353–4; in Punjab, 132; sanctity of, 340; Sannati, 348, 352; Sassaram cave inscription, 268, 269, 351; second tranche of, 383–5; Separate Rock Edicts (SREs 1 and 2) in Kalinga, 170, 282–4, 348, 352, 416–18; Shahbazgarhi inscription, 228–33, 231, 260, 262, 268, 364; at shrine of Rupnath, 264–8, 269, 337, 351; Sopara rock edict, 290; specific references to the Buddha, 223–4; tally of known Edicts (in 1877), 295–6; see also caves; Girnar edict rock
Rosetta Stone, 250
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (RAS), 104, 113–14, 118, 184, 228–30, 282, 288, 330; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (JRAS), 118, 140, 160, 169, 181, 222, 228, 291
Royal Society, 25, 26
Rupnath, shrine of, 264–8, 269, 337, 351
Russia, 196–7, 200
Sahni, Dr Daya Ram, 293, 332
Said, Professor Edward, xv, xvi
Salomon, Richard, 329
Samprati, King (Sampadin/Samgata, Ashoka’s grandson), 36, 194, 195, 298, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396
Samudra (monk), 187, 190–1, 379
Sanchi (chaitya giri or ‘hill of shrines’): archaeological excavation (1851), 236–49, 334, 382, 387; Ashoka evidence at, 240–2, 241, 244–6, 248, 278, 340–6, 375, 387, 391; Ashokan lion capital at, 245, 245–6, 334, 335, 340; Cunningham and, 236–41, 243, 244, 245, 246–9, 274, 334, 335, 382, 387; destruction of, 397; discovery of, 106–8; Fell’s account of visit to, 140; great stupa at, 96, 237–47, 270, 339, 391; inscriptions at, 153, 158–62, 163, 168, 236, 275, 328, 340, 343; John Marshall’s restoration work, 339; in Mahavamsa (as Chetiyagiri), 148, 152, 248; The Monuments of Sanchi (Foucher and Marshall), 339–46; on-site museum, 336; phased building of, 246–7; Pillar Edicts at, 244–6, 257, 334, 340, 352; Prinsep and, 153, 158–62, 163, 168, 236, 238; reliquaries at, 247–8, 382, 387; sculpture at, 96, 106–8, 158–60, 227, 237, 239–47, 275, 278, 334–6, 340–6, 397–8; toranas (gateways) at, 96, 107–8, 237–43, 247, 339, 340–6, 348, 375, 391, 397–8
Sandrokoptos, King see Chandragupta, King
Sangha, Buddhist see Buddhism
Sanghamitta (daughter of Ashoka), 144, 146, 148, 149, 186, 248, 297, 351, 376, 379
Sankisa, 206, 206–7, 213–14, 220–1, 255–7, 259
Sanskrit, xviii, xix, 31–3, 42, 128, 138–40, 286, 363; Boden Chair at Oxford, 129, 249; Buddhist Mahayana tradition, 185–6, 187; close affinities to Latin and Greek, 33, 36–7; grammars and dictionaries, 32, 75–6; Hinduism and, 23–4, 32–3, 348; William Jones and, 32, 33, 65, 75, 101; Mackenzie collection, 110; Mysore Oriental Library collection, 306; Prinsep and, 137, 161, 162, 230
Sanskrit College in Benares, 44, 225, 297, 337
Sanskrit College in Calcutta, 75, 310
Sarmanes, 51–2
Sarnath complex of ruins, 85–6, 86, 87, 191, 336; Ashokan lion capital at, 331, 334–5, 355, 356; Cunningham’s excavations at, 136–7, 226, 237, 333; ‘Deer Park’ at, 207, 215, 226, 334; human remains at, 44, 125; Oertal discovers main shrine (1904-5), 333–4, 336; Schism pillar Edict at, 244, 352
Sasanka, King of Bengal, 218, 254, 399
Satakarni I, King, 238, 247, 397–8
Satavahana (Andhra) dynasty, 36, 91, 238–9, 247, 288, 304–5, 397–8
sati (immolation of widows), 115
Satiyaputra tribes, 175
sculpture, 235, 291, 335–6, 385; at Amaravati, 87–9, 89–95, 280–1, 304–5, 397–8; at Bharhut
, 251, 270–6, 278, 397–8; at Bodhgaya, 300–1; Didarganj Yakshi, 322–4, 335; at Kumrahar, 320, 321, 322, 323; at Langudi, 360–1; Nirvana statue of the Buddha at Kasia, 294; Parkham giant, 298–9; Rampurva capitals, 292–4; at Sanchi, 96, 106, 107–8, 158, 159, 160, 227, 237, 239–44, 245–7, 334–6, 340–6, 397–8; at Sankisa, 255–6, 256; at Sarnath, 331, 334, 355; at Shitala Devi temple (Patna), 318–19
Scythians, 66, 113, 132, 134, 234, 289, 366
Seleukos (Macedonian general), 56, 57, 59, 60, 60–1, 62, 176, 178, 376; alliance with Chandragupta, 57–8, 59–61, 68, 367–9; invasion of India by (305 BCE), 57–8, 59–60, 63, 68; Seleucid Empire, 61, 62–3, 335, 374
Sen, Babu Ramkomal, 130
Sennart, Émile, 295, 309
Shah Alam II, 32, 40
Shah Jehan, xv, 16
Shams-i Siraj ‘Afif, 11–12, 14, 15
Shankacharya, Adi, xiii, 228, 399, 400
Shankacharya, Shaivite temple of, 228
Shastry, Shama, 306
Shishunga dynasty, 34
Shitala Devi temple (Patna), 318–19, 322
Shore, Sir John, 31, 70
Shrinagar, 76
Shunga dynasty, 36, 200, 238, 246–7, 277, 278, 294, 359, 397
Siam, 168, 186, 327
Sikhism, xviii–xix, 21, 40, 233, 235
Sircar, C.D., 405
Sisikottos (Sisocostus/Sashigupta) see Chandragupta, King
slavery, 1–2, 7, 9, 13, 22, 98, 115
Smith, Edward, 158
Smith, Vincent, xvii, 315, 327, 330, 346
Société Asiatique (France), 114
Sohgaura plate, 314–17, 315
Somadeva (poet), 66
Sopara rock edict, 290
Spooner, Dr David, 324–6, 325, 387
Sravasti, 151, 214, 253, 269, 274, 285, 312, 315
Sri Lanka, xvii; see also Ceylon
Srinagar, 228
Srivastiva, K.M., 328
St Paul’s (public school, Darjeeling), 183
Stirling, Andrew, 108–9, 110, 112–13, 133, 154
Strabo (historian), 45, 58, 61
Strong, John, 190, 200
Stuart, General Charles ‘Hindoo’, 154–5
stupas (also topes: brick and plaster structures), 106, 117, 182, 212, 213, 243, 290, 320; in Afghanistan, 132; Amalaka stupa, 216; Ashoka’s building programme, 191–2, 195–6, 210, 268, 298, 385, 386, 387, 393; Ashoka’s relic stupas, 204–5, 207–8, 215, 216, 247–8, 328, 340, 341, 342; at Assandh, 377; Buddhist stupa cult, 294, 340, 385; in Ceylon, 150, 151; chaityas in Nepal, 126, 127; evidence of deliberate iconoclasm, 291; at Kapilavastu, 312, 313; Kesariya stupa, 294; at Lumbini pool, 214–15; at Piprahwa, 326–30; Pushyamitra’s destruction of, 196, 246–7; Ramagrama relic stupa, 340, 341, 342; see also Amaravati Maha Chaiyta or ‘Great Stupa’; Bharhut stupa; Sanchi (chaitya giri or ‘hill of shrines’); Sarnath complex of ruins
Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor Page 41