Perilous Question: Reform or Revolution? Britain on the Brink, 1832
Page 38
Mahon, Viscount (later 5th Earl Stanhope) 84
A Leaf from the Future History of England, 102–3
Maidstone, 28
Manchester, 19, 26, 60–1, 80, 100, 103, 139, 170, 171, 196; see also Peterloo Massacre
Manchester Guardian, 75
Manners-Sutton, Charles, 78, 109, 232, 241
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 2, 7, 74, 187, 193, 228, 250, 258
Martin, Harry, 255
Martineau, Harriet, 58, 220
Marx, Karl, 52n
Marylebone, 250
Masham, Samuel, 185
Meiningen, 7
Melbourne, 2nd Viscount
description of cities, 19
on Whigs’ family ties, 52
becomes Home Secretary, 58
appearance, 60
private life, 60
earlier career, 60
view on appropriate response to civil disturbances, 61
comment relating to Munster, 116–17
as Old Etonian, 127
concerns about plans of political unions, 138
in indirect contact with Radical opinion, 138
and disagreements among Cabinet members, 175
and ‘the Goodwood Set’, 183
sets up special commission to hand out exemplary punishments to rioters, 196
and Durham, 206, 266
Haydon’s description of, 261
later becomes Prime Minister, 275
Merthyr Tydfil, 121, 138
Midlands, 13, 15, 162, 171, 172; see also names of places
Milborne, 160
Mill, James, 75, 101, 159, 270
Milton, Viscount (later 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam), 156
Moncrieff, W.T.: Reform, or John Bull Triumphant, 91–2
Moore, Thomas, 73, 229
Morning Chronicle, 67, 75, 76, 151, 228, 245
Morning Herald, 196
Morning Post, 63
Morpeth, Viscount (later 7th Earl of Carlisle), 180
Moseley, Revd Thomas, 120
Mundy, Harriot, 152
Mundy, William, 152
Munster, George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of, 73, 116–17, 243
Musters, Mr, 152
Napoleon, 134, 135
Nash, John, 194
National Gallery, 272
National Political Union, 160, 196, 220, 245
National Union of the Working Classes, 157, 171, 208–9, 212
Nelson, Admiral, 4
Newcastle, 4th Duke of, 16, 119, 152, 162, 254
Newcastle upon Tyne, 250, 274–5
Newhall Hill
meetings at, 143–4, 219–24, 227
Haydon’s depiction of, 221, 260
Newtown, Isle of Wight, 17, 88
Norfolk, civil disturbances in, 61
Norfolk, 12th Duke of, 9
Norman, Richard, 172–3, 176
North, John Henry, 91
Northumberland, 17–18, 120
Norwich, 181
Norwich, Henry Bathurst, Bishop of, 262
Nottingham, 162, 170, 171, 196
Nottingham Journal, 75
Nottinghamshire, 13
O’Connell, Daniel, 2, 10, 20, 66, 93, 98, 125, 189, 224
Old Sarum, 19, 80, 263
Owen, Robert, 152
Oxford, Countess of, 135
Oxford University, 81, 116, 122
Paganini, Nicolo, 126
Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount
relationship with Emily Cowper, 51, 59
becomes Foreign Secretary, 57
believes in need for Reform, 59–60
and Queen Adelaide’s outfit allowance, 74
loses seat at Cambridge University, but is found a seat at Bletchingley, 123
and Cabinet disagreements, 130
and discussions about date of next meeting of Parliament, 175
and ‘the Goodwood Set’, 183
and Cabinet discussions about creation of new peers, 187
painted by Haydon, 261
and Durham, 266
later becomes Prime Minister, 275
brief references, 16, 160, 186, 206
Panshanger, 69
Parkes, Joseph
expresses hopes about Reform, 67
background, 137
involvement in Birmingham Political Union, 137–8, 220
description of Newhall Hill, 143
estimates size of crowd at Newhall Hill in 1831, 143
Place describes meeting with Grey to, 159
Althorp writes private letter to, 177
letter to Harriet Grote about creation of new peers, 183, 184
and Cobbett’s conversation in bookseller’s shop, 217
fund-raising efforts, 220
at meeting at Newhall Hill in May 1832, 222
attends meeting at Place’s house, 233, 234
subsequent career, 268
important role of, 277
Parliament; see Commons, House of; 1834 fire; Lords, House of
Parsons, Revd, 161–2
Partington, Dame, 155
Peel, Edmund, 58
Peel, Jonathan, 58
Peel, Sir Robert
and Catholic Emancipation, 9–10
and 1830 Revolution in France, 11
Stanley and Graham make secret approach to, 34
background and character, 34–5
speech in Commons (November 1830), 46
conversation with Princess Lieven after Government defeat in Commons, 48
and promotion of relatives, 58
speech after Althorp’s presentation of budget, 76
and Tory discussions before the presentation of Reform Bill, 77
and the introduction of Reform Bill to Commons, 79, 84
and loss of Oxford University seat, 81
attack on Reform Bill, 85, 86, 87
and dissolution of Parliament, 109
responds to second Reform Bill, 124–5
attends opening of new London Bridge, 128
speech in Commons on the day before vote in Lords, 135
concerned about public riots, 171
response to third Bill, 179, 182–3
reluctant to head new administration, 230–1
refuses to head new administration, 240, 241–2, 271
views on how to calm public unrest, 271–2
later becomes Prime Minister, 275
brief references, 33, 90, 98, 197
Peel, William, 58
Pelham, John Cresset, 194
Penny Papers for the People, 152
Pepys, Samuel, 31
Perceval, Spencer, 198–200, 207
Peterloo Massacre 1819, 13–14, 75, 76, 81, 85, 100, 135–6, 142, 237
Phillpotts, Henry, Bishop of Exeter, 155, 174, 213–14, 215
Place, Francis
reaction to 1830 Revolution in France, 12
background, 37–8
avidity for learning, 38
on Duke of Wellington, 38–9
and popular violence, 43
hostility to cliques, 54
Parkes expresses hope of Reform to, 67
enthusiasm for Reform Bill, 87
regarded as ‘political father’ by Parkes, 137
Lamb in contact with, 138
view of Anglican Church, 142
meeting with Grey, 158–9
enjoys hospitality of the Grotes, 159
founds National Political Union, 160
on Queen Adelaide, 203
on the peers as a class, 210
letter to Parkes about his work, 220
and decision to take financial action, 232–3, 233–4
and the possibility of Wellington’s return to power, 245, 248
hopes for further reforms, 265
subsequent career, 268
important role of, 277
brief references, 40, 51, 151, 157, 258, 259, 271
Poland, 224
Political Register, 101, 217
Ponsonby, Geor
ge, 58
Ponsonby, Mary; see Grey, Mary, Countess
Poor Man’s Guardian, 75, 152–3, 173–4, 208, 217
Powell, John, 151, 157, 158
Protheroe, Edward, 167
Radicals, 12 and n, 38, 40, 51, 75, 87–8, 99, 100, 102, 137, 138, 144, 152, 157, 159, 217, 232–5, 277; see also names of individuals
Radnor, 3rd Earl of, 62, 89
Reform Bill
political and social context, 1–29, 33–9
differing views on subject of Reform, 33, 36–7, 38–9, 40–2, 43, 44, 45–6, 47
Government defeated over Whig motion about Reform, 47–9
Committee of Four formed to consider Reform, 62–7, 68
expectations of Reform, 67–8
draft proposals, 69
correspondence between William IV and Grey before introduction of, 69–71
shown to William, and approved, 71
announcement of forthcoming presentation of, 76
Tories meet to plan response to, 77
presented to Commons by Russell, 77–80
reactions to, 80–5
and Radicals, 85, 87–8
Peel mounts official Tory attack on, 85, 86–7
supported by The Times, 88
debate in Commons on, 88–9, 90–1
discussed in fashionable London, 91
supported by Birmingham Political Union, 92–3, 98
supported by Irish MPs, 93–4, 98
debate on second reading summed up by Russell, 95
Commons vote in favour of, 95–7
enters Committee stage, 98
Cabinet remains united about, 99
Hunt turns against, 100, 101
Tory opposition to, 102–4
Whigs agree to make some changes to, 104
Government defeated over Gascoyne’s amendment, 104
dissolution of Parliament after defeat of, 107–11
1831 General Election fought on issue of Reform, 115–16, 118–20
Gladstone’s views on, 121–2
majority of Commons in favour of, 122, 123
concerns about possibility of House of Lords refusing to pass, 122, 130
idea of creating new peers expressed by Grey in a letter, 122–3
introduction of Second Bill into Commons, 123–4
response of the Opposition expressed by Peel, 124–5
passes in Commons, 125
attempts to prevent Bill from going to Committee stage, 126
Committee stage, 127, 130
Chandos clause, 130
passes Committee stage, 131
passes in Commons, 134
Tories remain opposed to, 134–5
success celebrated at Whig dinner, 135–6
fears expressed about consequences of rejecting, 138
debated in House of Lords, 139–43, 144–9
Lords vote against, 149–50
aftermath of Lords vote, 151–66, 167–74
William prorogues Parliament, 165–6
Cabinet discussions on the way ahead for, 175
introduction of Third Bill to Commons, 177–9
debated, 179–83
passed by Commons, 183
creation of peers considered as solution to problem of getting through Lords, 184–9, 190–3
remains topic of concern to the public, 195–6
Wellington maintains opposition to, 196–7
Committee stage, 197–8
reasons for opposition to, 200–1
Grey declares unalterable commitment to, 202
tensions and apprehensions, 202–9
third reading passes in Commons, 209
formally presented to Lords, 209
canvassing of support of uncommitted peers, 209–10
prevarication of the King, 210–11
debate in House of Lords, 211–15
vote on second reading in Lords, 215–16
passes into Committee stage, 216
and disagreements among reformers, 217
Cabinet agrees changes to, 217–18
debated in Lords, 218–19
Government defeated over, 219
public meeting in Birmingham in support of, 219–24
Government resigns after defeat of, 224–5
days of crisis between Government defeat and the return of Grey, 226–48
Tory reactions after Grey’s return, 250–1
no further official confrontations over, 252
debate at third reading of, 252–4
passes in House of Lords, 254
the King refuses to attend House of Lords for Royal Assent, 255–6
Royal Assent to, 257–8
crucial role of public opinion, 258
triumphal arch proposed to celebrate, 258–9
celebratory banquet at Guildhall, 260
artistic depictions to commemorate, 260–2
countrywide rejoicing about, 263
misgivings about, 263–4
whole Reform Bill eventually passed throughout British Isles, 265
General Election under new rules, 266–8
achievement of, 269–71
impact of character and personality on events, 271–4
avoidance of revolution, 276–8
Reform Club, 55n
Richmond, 5th Duke of
Goodwood estate attacked by rioters, 29
background, 45
views about Reform, 45–6
included in Grey’s Cabinet, 58, 99
Brougham’s comment on, 99
Lyndhurst shows anger towards, 109–10
and disagreement in the Cabinet, 130
and discussion about date of next meeting of Parliament, 175
and colonies, 180
and ‘the Goodwood Set’, 183
and Cabinet discussions about creation of new peers, 187, 188
and Durham, 206
possibility of continuing in office under a new administration, 226
informs Althorp of Wellington’s decision not to attempt to from new administration, 241
painted by Haydon, 261
visits Althorp, 266
Riot Act, 162
Riviere (gunmaker), 171
Robespierre, Maximilien de, 52
Rochdale, 179, 237
Rogers, Samuel, 36, 273
Rothschild, James, 113–14, 130
Rothschild, Nathan, 113, 233
Rotunda, Blackfriars Bridge, 44
Roy, Rammohun, 145
Royal Coburg Theatre, 91
Royal Hospital, Chelsea, 61
Russell, G.W.E., 35
Russell, Lord John (later 1st Earl Russell of Kingston Russell)
own bill for Reform, 11, 100
and East Retford, 20
emotional courage, 33
voice, 33, 65
lack of independent wealth, 50, 65
as member of Committee of Four, 62
background, 3, 64–5
determination and intelligence, 65
and draft proposals of Committee of Four, 69
Grey’s announcement of presentation of Reform Bill by, 76
presents Reform Bill to Commons, 77–80, 270
speech reported in The Times, 88
Croker’s attack on, 89
sums up debate on second reading of Bill, 95
introduces second Reform Bill, 123–4
letter to Attwood, 153, 164–5
and Cabinet discussions about moderating the Bill, 175
presents new Bill, 177–8
perceives real peril in ‘Days of May’, 238
conversation with Haydon, 261
depictions of, 262
later becomes Prime Minister, 275
brief references, 26, 84, 86, 90, 179–80, 219, 240, 252, 259, 268
Rutland, 269
Rutland, Duchess of, 9
Rutland, 5th Duke of, 13, 37, 77, 117, 172, 176
St Giles (racehorse), 257
St James’s Chronicle, 19
5–6
St James’s Palace, 43–4, 107–8, 126, 157, 194
Sandon Hall, 178
Satirist, The, 236–7
Saville, John, 142
Saxe-Meiningen, Duke of, 7
Scarbrough, 6th Earl of, 254
Scholefield, Joshua, 26, 267
Scorton Green, 263
Scotland, 15, 19, 59, 269
Scotsman, 143
Scottish peers, 16, 186, 192
Scottish Reform Bill, 265
Secret Ballot, 87, 88, 101–2, 160
Sefton, 2nd Earl of, 24
Septennial Act 1716, 20, 102
Seymour, Robert, 203
Shakespeare, William
Coriolanus, 82
Macbeth, 135
Sheffield, 19
Shelley, Frances, Lady, 37
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 14
The Masque of Anarchy, 237–8
Sherborne, 161–2
Sherborne Castle, 161
Sherborne Journal, 161–2
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 181
Sidmouth, 1st Viscount, 81
Skipworth, Sir George, 153
Smith, Hon. Robert, 111–12
Smith, Sydney, 17, 52, 53, 65, 83, 102, 142, 155, 156, 160, 177, 217, 277
Soane, Sir John, 276
Society of the Friends of the People, 23
Somerville, Alexander, 97, 150, 153, 171, 222
Sophia, Princess, 106
South Shields, 139
Southwark, 181, 228
Spectator, 92, 93, 98
Spencer, 2nd Earl, 54, 62, 129, 150
Spencer, John, Viscount Althorp; see Althorp, John Spencer, Viscount
Spencer, Lavinia Bingham, Countess, 52
Standard, 176
Stanhope, Lady Hester, 84
Stanhope, 5th Earl, 34
Stanley, Edward (later Lord Stanley and 13th Earl of Derby)
on the buying and selling of boroughs, 17
background and career, 33–4
becomes Chief Secretary for Ireland, 59
speech in debate following introduction of Reform Bill, 89
and O’Connell, 93
criticizes idea of Secret Ballot, 101–2
and conditions in House of Commons, 125
enables Whig contact with Waverers, 178
speech in debate about new Reform Bill, 180, 181–2
reports on events in Ireland, 189
during Lords debate, 212
subsequent career, 275
brief references, 99, 130, 195, 232
Stormont, Viscount (later 4th Earl of Mansfield), 82, 236–7
Strangford, 6th Viscount, 197
Stratfield Saye, 47
Strutt, Edward, 82, 214, 229
Suffolk, 61
Sun, 151
Sussex, civil disturbances in, 28, 29
Sussex, HRH Prince Augustus, Duke of, 57, 73, 78, 125, 139, 218, 257, 262
Swing, Captain, 14–15, 29, 277
Talleyrand, Prince, 3, 39, 53
Taunton, 155
Tavistock, 89
Taylor, Sir Herbert, 41, 74, 108, 138, 163, 210, 211, 242, 246, 252