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literary value: experts on publications and, 101–4, 106–8, 117–20, 138–39, 143, 185–87, 230n5; film books and, 185–87; public opinion or national standard for publications and, 102, 108, 113–14, 115–16; radical literature and, 167; vulgar modernism and, 21, 123–24
literature: aesthetic, sexual and political convergence in, 45–46, 120; avantgarde and, 12, 15–17, 24–25; editor/editorial assistant roles and, 198; film books in context of categories of, 176–77, 178, 180–81, 181–83, 184, 185–86; gender politics and, 214–15; homosocial networks and, 123–28, 196–98, 209–12; performance interplay with, 66, 84–86, 86, 87, 92–93, 94–95; postmodern, 214–15; temporality and, 12, 83–84; writer/reader roles and, 198; writer/translator roles and, 198. See also radical literature and revolution movements; sexually explicit (adult) writing and film; underground literature; world literature
Living Theatre, 88, 90, 122
Lockhart, William, 129
London, Ephraim, 105–6, 113
Lorca, Federico García, 58–60
MacKinnon, Catherine, 196
MacLeish, Archibald, 34–35, 60, 105, 108–9, 112
McCarthy, Albert, 63, 64
McClure, Michael, The Beard, 67
McClure, Robert, 129
McGurl, Mark, 34
McKissick, Floyd, 151, 155–56
Mailer, Norman, 81–83, 117–21, 189, 209, 211–12
Malcolm X, 13, 152–57, 153, 159, 162, 213, 213n17
Malina, Judith, 90
Marcus, Stephen, 138–40
Margin, Marcel, 233n75
marketing strategies, 97–99, 128–29, 151–52, 234n83
Marranca, Bonnie, 66
Martin, Adrian, 186–87
Massin, Robert, 77
Maupassant, Guy de, 185
men: as European modernist writers, 39–41, 42, 43–47, 62–63; homosexual writers and, 123–27; homosocial networks and, 123–28, 131, 196–98, 207–12, 209–12. See also homosexuality in literature; women
Menand, Louis, 29–30
Menza, Claudia, 205, 207–9
Mercier, Vivian, 73
Merlin journal and collective, 18–20, 69, 133, 135–36, 142
Mexican literature, 55–56, 59, 61–62
Mexico, in context of world literature, 55–56, 59, 61–62
MidCentury Book club, 135, 193
Miller, Henry: biographical information about, 111; Black Spring, 112–13, 209; collegestudent circuit and, 116–17; Girodias’s relationship with, 20; homosocial networks and, 209–11; obscenity trials and, 101, 111–16, 115; personality description of, 111–12; Rosset and, 3, 20; The Rosy Crucifixion, 116; Sexus, 209; Tropic of Cancer, 3, 20, 101, 111–16, 115
Millett, Kate, Sexual Politics, 209–12
Mishkin, Edward, 128–30
Mitchell, Joan, 4, 10
modernism: collegestudent circuit and, 30, 33; European, 34–35, 37, 44, 46, 49, 55, 58; European male writers and, 39–41, 42, 43–47, 62–63; experts on literary value and, 103; Grove and, 20, 37; homosocial literary networks and, 210; incorporation of avantgarde and, 3; modern classics classification and, 103, 117–18, 208–9, 230n10; obscenity law trials and, 103–4, 111, 112–13, 120, 122–23; underground literature and, 132, 135–36. See also vulgar modernism
Moore, Harry T., 105, 109, 113, 135
Moore, Richard, 146–47, 155
Morgan [Pitchford], Robin, 195–96, 198, 201–3, 208–9
Myerberg, Michael, 69–70
National Defense Education Act (NDEA), 29–30
national standard or public opinion, and obscenity law trials, 102, 108, 113–14, 115–16
“Negro,” as term of use, 79–80, 146–47, 155, 159. See also African Americans
Nelson, Truman, 152, 157
neo-African literature (African), 53–55, 54
Neruda, Pablo, 36, 58–60
Nevelson, Susan, 50
New American Library, 15, 23, 108–9, 110, 208, 209, 223n15
New Directions Press, 15, 58, 111, 232n54
New Left: avantgarde and, 117; challenges to Cold War consensus by, 12, 21–22; Evergreen and, 155, 213; gender politics and, 194–96, 201–2; radical literature and, 145–46, 155, 169, 170–71; world literature and, 51
New Novel, and film books, 44–45, 160, 175–78
New Wave cinema, 175, 177–78. See also film books
New York City, 9–10, 12–16, 201
Nobel Prize winners, 36, 40, 43, 52, 57, 59
Nouvelle revue française (journal), 21, 197
obscenity law trials: Attorney General v. A Book Named “Naked Lunch” (1966) and, 117–20, 231n58; Attorney General v. A Book Named “Tropic of Cancer” (1962) and, 115; collegestudent circuit and, 101, 116–17; Comstock Act and, 6, 101, 106, 132; copyright protection and, 103, 105, 116, 133, 230n11; counterculture experience arguments and, 118–20, 123, 233n70; design of books and, 107, 108, 109; erotica and, 20, 22; experts on literary value and, 101–4, 106–8, 117–20, 230n5; financial cost of, 112, 120; Franklyn S. Haiman v. Robert Morris et al. (1962) and, 115; freedom to read and, 114–15, 122–23, 136–37, 232n51; Ginsberg v. New York (1968) and, 191; Grove Press, Inc. v. Robert K. Christenberry (1959) and, 101, 108; Grove Press v. Gerstein (1964) and, 115; homosexuality in literature and, 123, 124–28; intellectual property and, 108–9; Jacobellis v. State of Ohio (1964) and, 115–16; Lady Chatterley’s Lover (Lawrence) trials and, 21, 101, 104–9, 110, 230n5, 231n17; Mishkin v. State of New York (1966) and, 128; modern classic classification argument and, 103, 117–18, 230n10; modernism and, 103–4, 111, 112–13, 120, 122–23; professional-class solidarity, 113–14; public opinion or national standard and, 102, 108, 113–14, 115–16; “redeeming social importance” issue and, 102, 106; Roth v. United States (1957) and, 102, 105–7, 119–20, 129; Stanley v. Georgia (1969) and, 191; summary of, 20–22, 101–4, 122–23, 230n5, 233n70; Tropic of Cancer (Miller) trials and, 101, 111–16, 115; United States of America v. A Motion Picture Entitled “I Am Curious, Yellow” (1968) and, 174–75, 189, 190, 237n1; The United States of America v. One Book Called “Ulysses” (1933) and, 102–4; United States v. Ginzberg (1964) and, 128–29, 234n83. See also vulgar modernism
Oe, Kenzaburo, 51–52
off-Broadway theater. See plays as printed text and playwrights
Oglesby, Carl: feminist takeover and, 202–3; The New Left Reader, 168, 170, 170–71
O’Hara, Frank, 23, 39, 51, 125
Olympia Press, 10, 16, 20–21, 38–39, 131, 133, 135, 230n5. See also Girodias, Maurice
paperback bookstores, as network, 25, 28–29. See also quality paperbacks
Paris: Evergreen’s colophonic network and, 21–22; Grove’s colophonic networks and, 9, 10, 16–22, 199; literary avantgarde in, 9, 10, 83; plays as printed text and, 83; sexually explicit writing and, 21; world literature networks and, 38–39, 230n5; writers as exiles in, 18–19. See also France; and specific artists and writers
parodies (satire), 143, 167–68, 169
Paulhan, Jean, 21, 57, 134, 199
Pauvert, Jean-Jacques, 21, 135, 197, 199
Paz, Octavio, 36, 55–57, 61–62, 225n76
Pearson, Christopher, 35
PEN (International Progressive Educational Network), 59–60, 226n97
performance and print interplay, 66, 84–86, 86, 87, 92–93, 94–95. See also plays as printed text
Peters, John Durham, 137
Peters, Julie Stone, 66–67
photographic styles: film books and, 176–81, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183; Kuhlman’s covers and, 41–43, 71, 72, 80, 81, 85, 86, 88, 88, 124, 125, 149, 150, 151, 178, 179, 182, 183; power of images and, 152–54, 153
Pinter, Harold: The Birthday Party, 83–88; The Birthday Party & The Room, 85–86, 86; The Caretaker, 84; cover designs and, 85, 86; design of book and, 85–86, 87; performance and print interplay and, 84–86, 86, 87; The Room, 86, 87; temporality and, 83–84; views of playwrights and, 83–84
pirated literature, 102, 116, 123, 124, 128–29.
See also underground literature Piscator, Erwin, 90, 93
Pitchford, Robin Morgan, 195–96, 198, 201–3, 208–9
plays as printed text and playwrights: avantgarde theater and, 66–69, 97, 99; Black Power movement and, 79–80, 83; collegestudent circuit and, 70, 73–75, 79, 95, 96–97; cover designs and, 42, 71–73, 72, 76, 76–77, 80, 81, 85, 86, 88, 88, 183; design of books and, 71–73, 72, 76, 76–77, 80, 85–86, 87; epic scale and, 93, 229n77; Evergreen Originals and, 67–68, 71, 74, 75, 77; German-language dramas and, 93–95, 229n77; location of Grove and, 67; marketing avantgarde theater and, 97–99; paratextual material and, 78, 80; Parisian playwrights and, 83; performance and print interplay and, 84–86, 86, 87, 92–93, 94–95; photographs of playwrights and, 41, 42, 43, 71; poets as playwrights and, 68–69, 73, 78, 91;
plays as printed text and playwrights (cont.): political and literary alliances and, 95–96; printing issues and, 67, 95; publishers’ relationship with readers and, 66–67, 73–74; race relations and, 79–83; reviews and, 81–84; summary of, 20–21, 65–69, 214; temporality and, 83–84; theater of the absurd and, 65–66, 68, 70, 74, 78, 90–91, 94, 97; typographic styles and, 71, 72, 73; UK and, 83; underground literature and, 90; US and, 88; views of playwrights and, 40, 74, 75, 78, 83–84; white Americans and, 79–83. See also specific playwrights
Plumb, J. H., 140
poetry: Evergreen and, 23, 61; Japanese Symbolist, 48–49; Latin American, 58–60; playwrights as poets and, 68–69, 73, 78, 91; translations of, 58–60; U.S., 62–64
Poggioli, Renato, 220n30
politics: aesthetic and sexual convergence with, 45–46, 120, 189–90; avantgarde and, 12, 22; Black Power movement and, 79–80, 83, 151, 155–57, 158, 159, 212–13; countercultural capital and, 212–13; geopolitics and, 52, 55, 60, 164, 201; literary and political alliances and, 14, 19, 21–22, 61–62, 95–96; paratextual, 58–59; pornography, 21, 196–97, 197–201, 200, 213, 239nn12–13. See also New Left
Pollinger, Laurence, 105, 109
pornography. See sexually explicit (adult) writing and film
pornography politics, 21, 196–97, 197–201, 200, 213, 239nn12–13
postmodern literature, 214–15
postwar liberalism crisis, and underground literature, 137–38
power discourse: Black Power movement and, 79–80, 83, 151, 155–57, 158, 159, 212–13; feminism and, 196–97, 200–201; photographic styles and, 152–54, 153
preface or foreword, and translations, 58–59
Présence Africaine, 148
Preston, William, 35
primitivism, 53, 54, 140
privatization of film viewing, 174–75, 186, 190–91, 239n32. See also sexually explicit (adult) writing and film
prizes and contests: essay contest by Grove and, 97–99; films and, 181; Grove and, 37–38, 56–57, 97, 223n19; Indian literature, 37–38, 223n19; International Publisher’s Prize and, 56–57; literary prestige and, 7, 56–57, 225n85; Nobel Prize winners and, 36, 40, 43, 52, 57, 59
professional-class solidarity, and obscenity law trials, 113–14
public opinion or national standard, and obscenity law trials, 102, 108, 113–14, 115–16
publishers and publishing: colophonic branding in, 8–9, 219n23; conglomerates and mergers and, 208, 215; corporations and, 208; Grove’s position in, 7–8, 219n17; New York locations of, 15, 16; readers’ access to publications and, 144; readers’ relationship with, 66–67, 73–74; social role of, 7, 219n17; unions and, 194–96, 198, 203–5, 207, 208, 240n34. See also specific publications; and specific publishers and publishing houses
quality paperbacks, 12, 16, 24–26, 26, 28–32, 222n75. See also Black Cat; Evergreen Originals
race relations: Black Power movement and, 79–80, 83, 151, 155–57, 158, 159, 212–13; plays as printed text and, 79–83
radical literature and revolution movements: African American readers and, 146–49, 150, 151–57, 153, 158, 159; Black Power movement and, 151, 155–57, 158, 159, 212–13; collegestudent circuit and, 154, 168, 170, 170–71, 212–13, 236n17; countercultural capital and, 212–13; covers and, 157, 158; Cuban revolution and, 159–66; design of books and, 157, 158, 159; erotica and, 167; geopolitics and, 164; Guevara and, 13–14, 160–65, 161; handbooks and, 151, 154–55, 162, 164–71, 169, 170; literary value and, 167; marketing strategies and, 151–52; New Left and, 145–46, 155, 169, 170–71; paratextual material and, 149; power of writing and, 152, 154; readers and reading and, 160; satirical (handbooks or self-help guides) and, 167–68, 169; summary of, 145–46, 171; typographic styles and, 170, 170; Vietnam War and, 145, 146, 166–68; white people and, 147–49, 151–52, 156–57, 159
Rahv, Philip, 111–12
Randall, Margaret, 160
Random House, 8, 15, 22, 103–4, 145, 168, 208, 213
Rat (newspaper), 195–96, 202–3
readers and reading: film books in context of, 184–85
readers and reading books: democratization of, 16, 77, 117, 160, 196, 200–201, 240n24; homosocial networks and, 131; literary roles of writer and, 198; publications access for, 144; publishers’ relationship with, 66–67, 73–74; revolution and, 160; writer/reader roles and, 198
Readers’ Subscription, 29, 41, 73, 106, 108, 197
Réage, Pauline (Anne Desclos or Dominique Aury). See Desclos, Anne (Dominique Aury or Pauline Réage)
Rechy, John: City of Night, 121, 125, 233n75; homosexuality in literature and, 124–25, 125–26, 126–27, 197; Numbers, 125
“redeeming social importance” issue, and obscenity law trials, 102, 106
Rembar, Charles, 101, 106–8, 230n11
Resnais, Alain: Hiroshima mon amour (Duras and Resnais), 175–77, 180, 182, 184; Last Year at Marienbad (Robbe-Grillet and Resnais), 44, 175–76, 177–82, 179, 181, 184
revolution movements and radical literature. See radical literature and revolution movements
Rexroth, Kenneth, 23–24, 112
Richie, Donald, 173–74, 185
Robbe-Grillet, Alain: Barthes’s essay in Evergreen on, 44; Cuban revolution and, 160; “Declaration concerning the Right of Insubordination in the Algerian War” and, 160; European male modernists and, 44–45, 47; Evergreen and, 44; Jealousy /La jalousie, 44; In the Labyrinth, 44, 238n9; Last Year at Marienbad (Robbe-Grillet and Resnais), 44, 175–76, 177–82, 179, 181, 184; For a New Novel, 44, 45; Two Novels by Robbe-Grillet, 44–45, 179, 238n9
Rodman, Selden, 53, 60
Rodríguez Monegal, Emir, 56, 59
Rosenthal, Arthur, 106
Rosenthal, Irving, 117
Rosset, Barney, Jr.: African literature and, 53; avantgarde covers and, 10, 11; on Beckett as translator, 43; Beckett’s relationship with, 17; biographical information about, 1–5, 143, 173, 213, 218n2, 218n13; censorship challenges by, 3; as editor of Evergreen, 1; employee relationships and, 6–7, 205–6; feminist takeover of Grove and, 202, 215; film production and, 173; finances and, 4–5, 194, 215; Genet’s relationship with, 18; Girodias’s relationship with, 20; on International Publisher’s Prize, 57; international writing contests and, 37–38, 223n19; Jewish literary and academic community and, 14; on Lady Chatterley’s Lover (Lawrence), 109, 111; Miller and, 3, 20; modernism and, 20; obscenity law battles and, 101–2; personality descriptions of, 5–7, 14–15, 143, 196, 218n13, 235n118; on plays as literary texts, 69; on poetry of U.S. anthology and, 64; as president and owner of Grove, 1, 2; on quality paperbacks, 28–29; Seaver’s relationship with, 18; testimony in Lady Chatterley’s Lover (Lawrence) trials by, 106–8; on Two Novels by Robbe-Grillet (Robbe-Grillet), 44–45; on unionization efforts, 207. See also Grove Press
Roth, Samuel, 21, 102, 123, 129
Rowohlt publishers, 56, 111
Rubin, Jerry, “A Yippie Manifesto,” 167
Sade, Donatien-Alphonse-Françcois de, 10, 11, 132–38, 136, 144
San Francisco scene, 10, 23–26, 26, 27
Sartre, Jean-Paul: Cuban revolution and, 160; “Declaration concerning the Right of Insubordination in the Alg
erian War” and, 160; political and literary alliances and, 19, 21–22; preface to The Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), 148; Saint Genet, 21, 46, 78–79, 123–24, 211
satire (parodies), 143, 167–68, 169
Schauer, Frederick, 102
Schiller, Herbert, 35
Schneider, Alan, 65, 174, 182
Schorer, Mark, 22, 57, 104–5, 107–9, 113
Schryer, Stephen, 30
Schuyler, James, 62
Seaver, Jeanette, 6
Seaver, Richard: Beckett’s relationship with, 18; employee relationships and, 18, 195, 206; on Evergreen Club, 130; as executive editor at Grove, 6; film books and, 176; literary reputation of Grove and, 19, 57, 225n85; pseudonym for, 198, 239n13; on Rosset’s relationship with Girodias, 20; Sade publications and, 133–38; sexually explicit writing and, 130; as translator, 80, 166, 198, 212, 239n13; writers as exiles in Paris and, 18
Seix Barrel publishers, 56–57
Selby, Hubert, Last Exit to Brooklyn, 121, 125–26, 127–28
self-help guides (handbooks), and radical literature, 151, 154–55, 162, 164–71, 169, 170
sex, aesthetic and political convergence, 45–46, 120, 189–90. See also homosexuality in literature; obscenity law trials; underground literature; vulgar modernism
sexually explicit (adult) writing and film: Evergreen Book Club and, 129–30, 135, 139, 141–42; film books and, 188–91, 238n30; Grove and, 20–21, 129, 131, 214; as legitimate industry, 191; Olympia and, 20; Paris and, 21; readers’ access to publications and, 144; underground literature distribution and, 106, 128–32, 234n89
Shakespeare, William, 67, 95–98, 133
Shapiro, Karl, 116
Shapiro, Myron, 15, 135, 195, 202
Shattuck, Roger, 68–69
Signet paperbacks, 108–9, 110
Singh, Khuswant, 37–38
Sjoman, Vilgot: 188–89, 491; I Am Curious, Yellow, 174–75, 188–90, 237n1, 238n30; My Sister, My Love, 188
Snow, Edgar, 145, 204
Snyder, Gary, 23, 51
Sobel, Nat, 6, 15, 143, 195, 205–6
Solanis, Valerie, 195
Solotaroff, Theodore, 209
Sontag, Susan, 47, 188
Stewart, Susan, 104
Stoppard, Tom, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, 96–99