Caribbean: and American imperialism, 341, 342, 345, 347; and American Revolution, 255, 262–63; and Columbian Exchange, 144, 147; and European colonization of Americas, 195, 205–7, 229; and Spanish imperialism, 180; sugar commerce, 205; and wars of colonial expansion, 237–44, 246–48, 251–52, 254; and wars of liberation in the Americas, 235, 276; and yellow fever epidemics, 23
Carson, Rachel, 397–99, 401, 428
Cartagena, Colombia, 84, 238–39, 242, 262
Carter, Jimmy, 401
Carthage and Carthaginian Empire, 82, 83–85, 95–96, 117
Cartier, Jacques, 190, 190n
Castleman, Alfred, 314
Catalhoyuk, 51
Catholicism, 110, 164–65, 175, 217, 219, 227
Cayenne settlement, 249
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 366, 393, 414–15, 418
Chagas disease, 13
Chaldean culture, 48, 76
Charlemagne, 114–15, 118
Charleston, South Carolina, 170, 183–84, 184n, 229–30, 255, 264, 267
Charters, Erica, 242
Chase, Salmon P., 317, 318–19
Chernow, Ron, 325
Chesapeake Bay, 200, 207, 267
chikungunya, 20, 22, 285, 420
China, 38, 45, 53, 370
chloroquine, 36, 366, 367, 392, 401–2
Christianity: and Crusades, 79, 104, 113–14, 118–30, 135; and expansion of Roman Empire, 112–14; as healing religion, 105–10; and insect/disease connection, 48–49; and Roman Empire, 98–99, 103; and spread of mosquito-borne diseases, 112
Church, George, 435
Churchill, Winston, 134
cinchona bark and powder: and American Civil War, 321, 323, 329; and American Revolution, 255; and the countess of Chinchon, 161–64, 353; cultivation and mass production, 173, 174, 372; discovery as malaria suppressant, 40; and English Civil War, 219; and European colonialism in Africa, 173–75; and Second World War, 375. See also quinine
Clapper, James, 433
Clark, Achilles V., 334
Clark, David, 107
Clark, Ryan, Jr., 30–35, 42, 54, 436
Cleopatra, 51n, 78, 78n
climate change, 3, 93, 132, 138, 149, 202, 278, 438
Clinton, Henry, 263–64, 267–69
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L., 67, 101, 109
Cobb, Howell, 333
Cochrane, Alexander, 293–94
Cody, William “Buffalo Bill,” 344
Coelho, Philip, 178, 180
Coenus, 73–74, 75
coffee, 38, 40–42, 159–60, 178, 258, 281, 329–31
Coffee: A Dark History (Wild), 159
Columbian Exchange, 142–65; and African slavery, 140–41, 151, 164–65, 173, 177–78; and coffee trade, 41; Crusades’ impact on, 129; and European colonialism in Africa, 176–77; and European colonization of Americas, 184, 189, 212, 216, 234; and hereditary defenses to mosquito-borne disease, 36; and mosquito-borne disease in the Americas, 140–41; and wars of liberation in the Americas, 274, 278, 289
The Columbian Exchange (Crosby), 145
Columbus, Christopher, 119, 140–41, 143–44, 146, 148–49, 155, 172–73, 177
Communicable Disease Center, 393
Confederacy, 231, 308, 313, 331, 333. See also American Civil War
conquistadors, 147–48, 152–53, 165
Constantine, 96–97, 108–10
Constantinople, 96–97, 121
Cooper, Mary, 225
Cornwallis, Charles, 235, 264–68, 287, 338
Coronado, Francisco Vazquez de, 152–53
Corps of Discovery Expedition, 271–73
Cortes, Hernan, 147, 154
cotton cultivation, 157, 231, 275, 292, 295–98, 302, 308–11, 330, 338–39, 343
Crazy Horse, 296, 344
“Crisis of the Third Century,” 96, 105–6, 127
CRISPR technology, 15, 428–30, 432–35, 437–39
Croatan people, 197–98
Cromwell, Oliver, 217–19
Crosby, Alfred W., 18n, 44, 120–21, 128, 145
Crosby, Molly Caldwell, 340, 344
Crucible of War (Anderson), 251, 253
Crusades, 79, 104, 113–14, 118–30, 135
Cuba: and African slaves in the Americas, 170; and American imperialism, 340–50, 354–60, 356, 362, 365; and American Revolution, 262; and Columbian Exchange, 142; Cuban Missile Crisis, 355; Cuban Revolution, 355; and El Niño events, 278; and English Civil War, 218; and Spanish imperialism, 180; and wars of colonial expansion, 239, 243–47, 250–51, 253
Culex mosquitoes, 19–20, 23, 414–15, 431
Culler, Lauren, 14
Cultural Revolution (China), 405–6
Custer, George Armstrong, 344–45
Cyprian Plague, 95–96
Cyrus the Great, 52, 60–61, 61n, 64, 73, 75
Dachau concentration camp, 388–90, 389, 392
d’Aguilers, Raymond, 121
Daileader, Philip, 137–38
Dante Alighieri, 110
Danzig, Richard, 416
Darien settlement, 143, 220–24, 361
Darius I, 61–62, 64
Darius III, 59, 72–73
Dark Ages, 79, 104, 113–14, 130
Darwin, Charles, 13, 18–19, 37, 37n, 156, 175, 435
Daughters of Hecate (Luijendijk), 107
Davis, Jefferson, 301, 301n, 308, 313, 316, 321, 333, 339–40
DDT: and evolution of resistant mosquitoes, 397–401, 409, 412, 420, 436, 439; promotion of, 395, 407; and Second World War, 366–68, 374–75, 377, 379–82, 380, 384–85, 388, 392–96
dengue fever: Aedes mosquito as vector, 20; and American imperialism, 360; and American Revolution, 262, 265, 266; and Cuban Revolution, 348; current extent of, 439, 440; and evolution of mosquitoes, 438; in the Far East, 182; first arrival in Americas, 222n; historical impact of, 22; and interwar period, 369; and recent US military deployments, 402; relationship to yellow fever, 23; and Second World War, 378; and wars of colonial expansion, 250; and wars of liberation in the Americas, 285; and West Nile virus, 418; and Zika virus, 419–20
Devil’s Island, 242, 248, 250, 250n
Diamond, Jared, 4, 55, 56, 147–48, 157, 169
Diller, Barry, 422
dinosaurs, 13–17, 28–29
Doudna, Jennifer, 428, 430, 432–33, 434
Douglass, Frederick, 334
Drake, Francis (El Draque), 193–94, 211–12, 220
Drummond, Henry, 24
Duffy negativity, 35–36, 129, 168, 181, 332, 421
Dutch colonialism, 55, 174, 175
Eastern Roman Empire, 98, 101–2
Ebola virus, 96, 410, 412, 417, 432
Ecuyer, Simeon, 237
Egypt, 41, 50–52, 68, 77–78, 91
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 86
El Niño, 28, 218, 244, 278
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 122–23, 125
Elizabeth I, 192–93, 194–95, 196–97, 198
Elmore, Day, 330
Emancipation Proclamation, 304, 307, 317–19, 318n, 325, 331–35
encephalitis and encephalitides, 17, 20, 22, 414, 431. See also specific forms of encephalitis
England, 141, 180, 224. See also Britain
English Civil War, 216–19, 224
Enlightenment, 139, 159
Epidemic Intelligence Service, 393
Era of Migrations, 96, 106, 116
Eradication (Stepan), 400–401
An Essay of the Principle of Population (Malthus), 20
Essay on Diseases Incidental to Europeans in Hot Climates (Lind), 253–54
evolution and natural selection: and African slavery, 177–78; and Columbian Exchange, 162; and CRIS
PR technology, 434–36, 437; and DDT resistant mosquitoes, 397–401; and extinction of the dinosaurs, 16–17; and hereditary defenses to mosquito-borne disease, 2–5, 2n, 18n, 29, 30–56, 129, 168–69, 181, 298; and insect/disease connection, 11–13; of malaria parasite, 17–19, 25–26, 29; and scientific racism, 332; and “survival of the fittest,” 37n. See also hereditary defenses to mosquito-borne disease
falciparum malaria: and American Revolution, 266; and artemisinin-based combination therapies, 402–3; climate limits of, 112; and Crusades, 124; disease symptoms, 48; and early human civilizations, 51; and English colonists, 216; and European colonization of Americas, 193–94, 225, 229–31; and hereditary defenses to mosquito-borne disease, 32–33, 35, 42–43, 45; historical impact of, 51; life cycle of, 25–27; and rise of agriculture, 45; and Roman Empire, 101; typical progression of disease, 48; and wars of Alexander the Great, 76; and wars of liberation in the Americas, 285
“The Farewell” (Whittier), 298
Farragut, David, 316–17
The Fate of Rome (Harper), 79
Faust (Goethe), 103
favism, 36, 129
Febris cult, 90–91, 106, 108–10
Fenland marshes, 204, 212–16, 225–27, 235
Ferdinand II of Aragon, 142, 144–45
The Fever (Shah), 258
52 Prescriptions (Chinese text), 39, 403
filariasis (elephantiasis): and American imperialism, 345; described, 23–24, 24; discovery of mosquito as vector, 350–51, 354; disease symptoms, 48; drug treatments for, 408–9; and early human civilizations, 50–51; and eradication efforts, 432; in the Far East, 182; and fossilized mosquito specimens, 15; and interwar period, 369; and Second World War, 378; testing for, 423
Finlay, Carlos, 358–59, 359n, 367
First Peoples of the Americas, 145–46, 145n
First Punic War, 80, 81–82, 83–84, 87
First World War, 86, 124, 345, 362, 367–68, 440
Fish, John, 332
Fleming, Alexander, 138, 372
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 334–35
fossilized mosquitoes, 11, 15
1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created (Mann), 155
France: and American Revolution, 258–59, 261, 266–68, 270–71; Continental System, 285–86; and European colonization of Americas, 191; French Revolution, 167, 250, 271, 274, 276; fur trade, 201–2; and Spanish imperialism, 180; and wars of colonial expansion, 236–37, 239–43, 246–52. See also Seven Years’ War
Franklin, Benjamin, 66, 167, 246, 253, 259
Frederick I (Barbarossa), 118–19, 123
French, Howard, 412
Früh, Klaus, 424–25
Fuller, Simon, 423
fur trade, 190–91, 198, 201, 240
G6PDD (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; favism), 35–36, 129, 179
Galen, 48, 90
Gama, Vasco da, 172
Gates, Bill, 419, 423, 429, 434
Gates, Horatio, 261, 265
Gaul, 87–88, 96–99
Geisel, Theodore (Dr. Seuss), 381–82, 385
Geiseric, 98, 100–101, 117
genetics: and African slavery in the Americas, 177–78; descendants of Genghis Khan, 137; gene-drive technology, 428, 430–31, 433–34, 438; and hereditary immunological defenses, 2n, 18n, 29, 30–56, 129, 162, 168–69, 181, 298, 332, 437
Genghis Khan (Temujin), 77, 130–35, 137, 364, 425
George III, 259
germ theory, 47–48, 55–56, 350–51
Germanicus Caesar, 92
Geronimo, 296, 358
Gilbert, Humphrey, 196
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, 421, 422, 424
Global Malaria Action Plan, 420
global warming, 93, 438. See also climate change
Goldsworthy, Adrian, 88
Gorgas, William, 233, 359, 360, 362, 363
Grant, Ulysses S., 299–301, 317–21, 323–28, 336–37, 346
Grassi, Giovanni, 352, 353, 362, 367, 390n
Great Expectations (Dickens), 215–16
Great Famine, 138, 219, 370
Greco-Persian Wars, 59–60, 62, 64
Greece and Greek culture, 57–80, 89
Greely, Henry, 432
Greene, Nathanael, 265, 266
Gregory VIII, Pope, 118, 119, 123
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 420
Gurwitz, David, 433
Guy of Lusignan, 123
Haiti, 192, 233, 241, 253, 254, 271, 274–90, 346
Halleck, Henry, 316
Hammond, William A., 319
Hancock, John, 257
Hannibal Barca, 80, 81, 84–88, 99, 103, 117
Hansen, Judy, 397
Harari, Yuval Noah, 43, 158
Harper, Kyle, 79, 93n, 94, 100
Harriot, Thomas, 199
Harrison, Mark, 309, 387
Harrison, William Henry, 291
Havana, Cuba, 239, 243–47, 250–51, 253, 262, 278, 347, 349, 359–60
Hawaiian Islands, 346, 364–65
Hawks, Henry, 194
He Jiankui, 434–35
Hearst, William Randolph, 349
Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 174
Hellespont (Dardanelles), 63
hemorrhagic fevers, 22, 96. See also Ebola virus
Henriquez de Ribera, Dona Francisca, Countess of Chinchón, 162–63, 163
Henry, Patrick, 257
Henry II, 117, 122–23
Henry IV, 117
Henry the Navigator, 172
Henry VIII, 155n, 192, 192n
Henson, Josiah, 302
hereditary defenses to mosquito-borne disease, 2n, 18n, 29, 30–56, 129, 162, 168–69, 181, 298, 332, 437
Herodotus, 52, 57, 61–62, 65, 79
Hinduism, 136, 139
Hippocrates, 48, 57, 65–67, 79, 89–90, 110, 350
Hispaniola, 142, 145–47, 166–67, 275
Hitler, Adolf, 86, 118
HIV/AIDS, 7n, 35, 408, 412, 421, 424, 431–32, 434
Ho Chi Minh, 405
Hobbes, Thomas, 46–49
Holy Land, 119–20, 124, 135
Holy Roman Empire, 110, 114–18
hominids, 17–18, 29, 34
Homo erectus, 158
honeybees, 160
Horwitz, Tony, 145
How to Survive Under Siege (Aeneas Tacticus), 417
Humanity’s Burden (Webb), 18
Humphreys, Margaret, 327
Huns, 103, 116, 117
hunter-gatherers, 37, 43
Hussein, Saddam, 415, 416
Hyams, Godfrey, 337
Hydatuis, 99
Iliad (Homer), 65
immune system and immunizations, 4, 148, 154, 268–69. See also hereditary defenses to mosquito-borne disease
Inca people, 153, 291
India: and American Revolution, 255, 262; and cinchona plantations, 372; and DDT use, 394, 400–402; and European colonialism, 162–64; and global imperial competition, 345–46; and malaria research, 352; and Mongol Empire, 133; and Portuguese slave trade, 172; and Roman Empire, 102; and Second World War, 376; and wars of Alexander the Great, 74–75; and wars of colonial expansion, 247; and wars of liberation in the Americas, 285; and West Nile virus, 418
Indian Removal Act, 296, 306
Indus River Valley, 54, 56, 73–74
influenza, 44, 147, 166, 369, 412
Integral Reclamation Program, 373
Into the Land of Bones (Holt), 74–75
Intolerable Acts, 252, 256–57
Iraq War, 417–18
Iroquois Confederacy, 201, 240, 257n
Isabella I of Castile, 142, 144–45
Isl
am, 41, 97, 104, 113–14, 135, 172
ivermectin, 408
Jackson, Andrew, 294–97, 306
Jackson, Thomas J. “Stonewall,” 301, 312–13
Jamaica, 142, 218, 222
James, Anthony, 430
James, Bartholomew, 277
James I, of England, 198–99
Jamestown, Virginia: and American Civil War, 314, 324; and American colonial mythologies, 199; and American Revolution, 267–68; and Columbian Exchange, 151; diseases and epidemics, 201–4, 206–8, 225–26; and European colonization of Americas, 184–85, 186–89; extent of wetlands, 200n; founding of, 184n; population growth, 228; and tobacco cultivation, 211–12, 295
Jamestown Canyon virus, 432
Japan, 45, 230, 364, 366–67, 375–76, 378, 382–83, 391–92
Japanese encephalitis, 22, 391
Jefferson, Thomas, 151, 167, 246, 259–60, 267, 273, 280, 282, 346, 357
Jenner, Edward, 268
Jerusalem, 50, 119, 121, 123–24
John, King of England, 123, 125–27
John of Patmos, 427
Johnston, Joseph E., 301
Jones, Richard, 19
Justinian, 101–2
Kaffa, 133, 137
Kaldi, 40–41, 159–60
Karakorum, 39, 139
Keegan, John, 135, 319, 326
Kennedy, John F., 378
Kesselring, Albert, 385
Keyes, Erasmus, 315
Khmer civilization, 136
Khoisan people, 42, 54–56
Kies, John, 329
King, Albert Freeman Africanus, 351–52
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 54
Koch, Robert, 350–53, 390n
Kotansky, Roy, 107
Kourou, 249–50
Kublai Khan, 135–36, 140
Kuhl, Charles, 378
La Mal’aria (Hébert), 111
Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de, 261, 267–68
Langland, William, 126
Las Casas, Bartolomeo de, 142–44, 166, 220
Laveran, Alphonse, 351–52
Leclerc, Charles, 282–83
Lee, Robert E., 88, 301, 315, 320, 324–25, 330–31, 333, 337
Leo I, Pope, 99–101
Leo III, Pope, 114–15
Leonidas I, 63
Leopold II of Belgium, 173–74
Leopold V of Austria, 119, 123
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 361
Levant, 118–22, 124–25, 128, 130, 135, 368n
Lewis and Clark expedition, 271, 273, 285, 290
Lifeblood (Perry), 258, 422
Lili’uokalani, Queen, 365
Lincoln, Abraham: and African American soldiers, 317–20, 325, 332; and Civil War strategies, 311–13, 315–16, 318–20, 328–29, 331; and Emancipation Proclamation, 304, 307, 317–19, 325, 331–35; and Grant, 324–26; and origins of the Civil War, 302, 304, 305–9
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